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BRANCHING CONIFERS
ALTERNATE BRANCHING: OPPOSITE BRANCHING: BUNDLES: Groups of
A branching pattern A branching pattern needles held together
where side branches, where side branches, at the base by a small
leaves, and leaf leaves, and papery wrap called
scars do not grow leaf scars grow a fascicle.
directly across directly across
from each other. the stem from CONIFEROUS: A tree
each other. that bears cones and
has needles. Also called
evergreens.
DECIDUOUS
BROAD-LEAFED: A tree DECIDUOUS: A tree that EVERGREEN: A tree that
that sheds all of its leaves sheds all of its leaves bears cones and has
annually. They have leaves annually. These trees are needles. Also called
as opposed to needles. also called broad-leafed. coniferous.
These trees are also called SCALY: Conifer
deciduous. LEAFLETS: Smaller parts of
leaves that often resemble needles that are flat
COMPOUND LEAF: A type leaves themselves. They join and overlapping, like
of leaf that has one stem together along the petiole. fish scales.
and many smaller The leaf petiole attaches to
leaflets. A leaf the twig. SIMPLE LEAF: A type of leaf
begins where that has one blade attached
the leaf petiole PETIOLE: The to a twig by a petiole.
attaches stalk that supports
a leaf and attaches VEINS: Distinct lines of tissue
to the twig.
the leaf to the twig. that form the framework of
They can be round, a leaf. Used for food and
flat, or square. water transport.
LEAF MARGINS
SHAPE CROSS-SECTIONS
PETIOLE AND NEEDLE
a. Needles 1/3 to 3/4 inch long, twigs hairless........White Spruce (Picea glauca)
b. Needles 1/3 to 3/4 inch long, twigs have
hair, grows in wet areas ....................................Black Spruce (Picea mariana)
6. Needles 1/2 inch long with short petiole .....................Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)
6. Needles 3/4 inch to 1 1/4 inches long, no petiole,
bubbles in bark.........................................................................Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea)
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Institute, www.forestryimages.org
Photo: Gil Wojciech, Polish Forest Research
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Photo: Paul Wray, Iowa State University,
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CC = WHITE ASH • DD = WHITE SPRUCE
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www.forestryimages.org
Photo: Paul Wray, Iowa State University,
Photo: Paul Wray, Iowa State University,
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Photo: Bill Cook, Michigan State University,
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Photo: Paul Wray, Iowa State University,
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