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OBJECTIVE
1. To study numerical modeling and its role in the field of heat transfer and fluid flow.
2. To understand the various discretization methods and solving methodologies.
3. To solve complex problems in the field of heat transfer and fluid dynamics by using high
speed computers.
Basics of computational fluid dynamics Governing equations of fluid dynamics Continuity, Momentum
and Energy equations Chemical species transport Physical boundary conditions Timeaveraged equations
for Turbulent flow Turbulence Kinetic Energy Equations mathematical behaviour of PDEs on CFD
Elliptic, Parabolic and Hyperbolic equations.
Methods of Deriving the Discretization Equations Taylor Series formulation Finite difference method
Control volume Formulation Spectral method Solution methodologies Direct and iterative methods
Thomas algorithm Relaxation method Alternating Direction Implicit method.
Finite difference and finite volume formulation of steady/transient onedimensional conduction equation
Source term linearization Incorporating boundary conditions Finite volume formulations for two and three
dimensional conduction problems
Finite volume formulation of steady onedimensional convection and Diffusion problems Central, upwind,
hybrid and powerlaw schemes Discretization equations for two dimensional convection and diffusion.
Representation of the pressure Gradient term and continuity equation Staggered grid Momentum
equations Pressure and velocity corrections Pressure Correction equation, simple algorithm and its
variants Turbulence models mixing length model Two equation (k) models.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
REFERENCES
1. Versteeg, H.K, and Malalasekera, W., An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The
Finite Volume Method, Longman, 1998
2. Ghoshdastidar, P.S., "Computer Simulation of flow and heat transfer", Tata McGrawHill
Publishing Company Ltd., 1998.
3. Patankar, S.V., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, McGrawHill, 1980. AneBooks2004
Indian Edition.
4. Muralidhar, K and Sundarajan .T., Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer, Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi, 1995.
5. Bose, T.K., Numerical Fluid Dynamics, Narosa publishing House, 1997.
a. continuity,
b. momentum
c. Energy equations.
(1) Choose the appropriate fundamental physical principles from the laws of
physics, such as
(a) Mass is conserved.
(b) F = ma (Newtons 2nd Law).
(c) Energy is conserved.
(2) Apply these physical principles to a suitable model of the flow.
(3) From this application, extract the mathematical equations which embody such
physical principles.
4. Define control volume?
A closed volume drawn within a finite region of the flow. This volume is defines as
a control volume, V.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
The closed surface which bounds the volume. The control volume may be fixed in
space with the fluid moving through it; it is define as a control surface, S.
D/Dt is the substantial derivative, which is physically the time rate of change
following a moving fluid element.
/t is called the local derivative, which is physically the time rate of change at a
fixed point.
V is called the convective derivative, which is physically the time rate of change
due to the movement of the fluid element from one location to another in the flow field
where the flow properties are spatially different.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
Non-conservation form
Conservation form
Conservation form
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
Non-conservation form
Conservation form
Non-conservation form
Conservation form
Conservation form
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
Non-conservation form
Conservation form
(1) They are a coupled system of non-linear partial differential equations, and hence
are very difficult to solve analytically. To date, there is no general closed-form
solution to these equations.
(2) For the momentum and energy equations, the difference between the non
conservation and conservation forms of the equations is just the left-hand side.
The right-hand side of the equations in the two different forms is the same.
(3) Note that the conservation form of the equations contain terms on the left-hand
side which include the divergence of some quantity, such as (_V), (u_V),
etc. For this reason, the conservation form of the governing equations is sometimes
called the divergence form.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
(4) The normal and shear stress terms in these equations are functions of the velocity
gradients.
(5) The system contains five equations in terms of six unknown flow-field variables,
, p, u, v, w, e. In aerodynamics, it is generally reasonable to assume the gas
is a perfect gas (which assumes that intermolecular forces are negligible. For a perfect
gas, the equation of state is
p = RT
where R is the specific gas constant. This provides a sixth equation, but it also
introduces a seventh unknown, namely temperature, T. A seventh equation to close the
entire system must be a thermodynamic relation between state variables.
For example,
e = e(T, p)
For a calorically perfect gas (constant specific heats), this relation would be
e = cvT
where cv is the specific heat at constant volume.
(6) The momentum equations for a viscous flow were identified as the NavierStokes
equations, which is historically accurate. However, in the modern CFD literature, this
terminology has been expanded to include the entire system of flow equations for the
solution of a viscous flowcontinuity and energy as well as momentum. Therefore,
when the computational fluid dynamic literature discusses a numerical solution to the
complete NavierStokes equations, it is usually referring to a numerical solution of
the complete system of equations. In this sense, in the CFD literature, a NavierStokes
solution simply means a solution of a viscous flow problem using the full governing
equations.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
treatment to take care of the shocks themselves. Such approaches are called
shockcapturing methods.
where shock waves are explicitly introduced into the flow-field solution, the exact
RankineHugoniot relations for changes across a shock are used to relate the flow
immediately ahead of and behind the shock, and the governing flow equations are used
to calculate the remainder of the flow field. This approach is called the shock-fitting
method.
Mesh for the shock-fitting approach
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
The shock-capturing method is ideal for complex flow problems involving shock
waves for which we do not know either the location or number of shocks. Here, the
shocks simply form within the computational domain as nature would have it.
Moreover, this takes place without requiring any special treatment of the shock within
the algorithm, and hence simplifies the computer programming.
A disadvantage of this approach is that the shocks are generally smeared over a
number of grid points in the computational mesh, and hence the numerically obtained
shock thickness bears no relation what-so-ever to the actual physical shock thickness,
and the precise location of the shock discontinuity is uncertain within a few mesh
sizes.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
Imagine that we have an infinite number of such line sources side-by-sides, where
the strength of each line source is infinitesimally small. These side-by-side line sources
form a source sheet, as shown in perspective in the Fig.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
The system having n equation and n+1 unknowns means that system is
called over determined system.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
..(1)
..(2)
In matrix form of above equation
...(3)
..(4)
(5)
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
..(6)
The characteristic lines may be real and distinct, real and equal, or imaginary,
depending on the value of D. Specifically:
If D > 0: Two real and distinct characteristics exist through each point in the xy-
plane. When this is the case, the system of equations given by
Eqs. (1) is called hyperbolic.
If D = 0: One real characteristic exists. Here, the system of Eqs. (1) is called parabolic.
If D < 0: The characteristic lines are imaginary. Here, the system of Eqs. (1) is called
elliptic.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
a. Discretization error
b. Round-off error
..(a)
The differencing used in the above equation, where Eq. (a) is used to represent the
time derivative, is called the Lax method.
C is called the Courant number. This equation says that t x/c for the numerical
solution of Eq. (5.45) to be stable. Moreover, Eq. (5.47) is called the Courant
FriedrichsLewy condition, generally written as the CFL condition. It is an important
stability criterion for hyperbolic equations.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
(1) Some grid points fall inside the airfoil, where they are completely out of the
flow. What values of the flow properties do we ascribe to these points?
(2) There are few, if any, grid points that fall on the surface of the airfoil. This is
not good, because the airfoil surface is a vital boundary condition for the determination
of the flow, and hence the airfoil surface must be clearly and strongly seen by the
numerical solution.
This is shown in Fig. b, which illustrates a rectangular grid in terms of and . The
rectangular mesh shown in Fig. b is called the computational plane.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between this mesh, and the curvilinear mesh
in Fig. a, called the physical plane.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
For example, points a, b and c in the physical plane (Fig.a) correspond to points a,
b and c in the computational plane, which involves uniform and uniform . The
computed information is then transferred back to the physical plane. Moreover, when
the governing equations are solved in the computational space, they must be expressed
in terms of the variables and rather than x and y; i.e., the governing equations must
be transformed from (x, y) to (, ) as the new independent variables.
47.Define metrics?
The terms involving the geometry of the grids, such as /x, /y,
/x, /y, etc., are called metrics.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
An adaptive grid is expected because the grid points are clustered in regions
where the action is occurring.
These advantages are:
(1) Increased accuracy for a fixed number of grid points, or
(2) For a given accuracy, fewer grid points are needed.
C-Grid Topology
O-Grid Topology
H-Grid Topology
51.Define Unstructured Grids?
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
e denotes the values at the outer edge of the boundary layer flow and
R denotes the local radius of a body of revolution.
58.Write the governing equation of steady diffusion ?
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
The results of the calculation are displayed in Fig.a. One notices that the
perturbation on u1 gives rise to amplifying oscillations. In fact, as small as the initial
perturbation may be - and there will always be one because of round off errors it will
eventually lead to an explosion of the numerical solution. This phenomenon is clearly
inacceptable. It is named weak instability.
The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for solving partial
differential equations (PDEs).
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
The second essential characteristic of the FEM is that the solution of the discrete
problem is assumed a priori to have a prescribed form. The solution has to belong to a
function space, which is built by varying function values in a given way, for instance
linearly or quadratically, between values in nodal points. The nodal points, or nodes,
are typical points of the elements such as vertices, mid-side points, mid element points,
etc.
The third essential characteristic is that a FEM does not look for the solution of
the PDE itself, but looks for a solution of an integral form of the PDE. The most
general integral form is obtained from a weighted residual formulation. By this
formulation the method acquires the ability to naturally incorporate differential type
boundary conditions and allows easily the construction of higher order accurate
methods. The ease in obtaining higher order accuracy and the ease of implementation
of boundary conditions form a second important advantage of the FEM. With respect
to accuracy. The FEM is superior to the FVM, where higher order accurate
formulations are quite complicated.
A final essential characteristic of the FEM is the modular way in which the
discretization is obtained. The discrete equations are constructed from contributions on
the element level which afterwards are assembled.
It is important that the conservation laws in their integral form are represented
accurately. The most natural method to accomplish this is to discretize the integral
form of the equations and not the differential form. This is the basis of a finite volume
method.
63.Define cell?
The flow field or domain is subdivided, as in the finite element method, into a set
of non-overlapping cells that cover the whole domain. In the finite volume Method
(FVM) the term cell is used instead of the term element used in the finite Element
method (FEM).
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
64.Define node?
The conservation laws are applied to determine the flow variables in some discrete
points of the cells, called nodes. As in the FEM, these nodes are at typical locations of
the cells, such as cell-centres, cell-vertices or mid sides
65.Define cell-centres,cell-vertices?
The choice of the nodes can be governed by the wish to represent the solution
by an interpolation structure, as in the FEM. A typical choice is then cell-centres for
representation as piecewise constant functions or cell-vertices for representation as
piecewise linear (or bilinear) functions. However, in the FVM, a function space for the
solution need not be defined and nodes can be chosen in a way that does not imply an
interpolation structure. Figure shows some typical examples of choices of nodes with
the associated definition of variables.
The finite volume method (FVM) tries to combine the best from the finite element
method (FEM), i.e. the geometric flexibility, with the best of the finite difference
method (FDM), i.e. the flexibility in defining the discrete flow field (discrete values of
dependent variables and their associated fluxes).
69.What is CFD?
CFD is the simulation of fluids engineering systems using modeling
(mathematical physical problem formulation) and numerical methods (discretization
methods, solvers, numerical parameters, and grid generations, etc.)
Historically only Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD) and Experimental Fluid
Dynamics (EFD).CFD made possible by the advent of digital computer and
advancing with improvements of computer resources (500 flops, 194720
teraflops, 2003)
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
Part B :
23. Derive the energy equation for a viscous flow in partial differential non-conservation form.
24. Derive the continuity equation for inviscid flow in partial differential non-conservation form.
25. Write down elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic partial differential equations as applicable to CFD.
26. Explain the grid generation technique based on PDE and summarize the advantages of the elliptic grid
generation method.
27. Obtain the 2D steady compressible continuity equation in transformed coordinates for the
transformation.
28. Write down the procedure for the calculation of pressure coefficient distribution around a circular
cylinder using the source panel technique.
29. Discuss the vortex panel method applied to lifting flows over a flat plate.
30. Discuss the source panel method for the flow past an oscillating cylinder.
31. State and explain the difference between explicit and implicit methods with suitable examples.
32. How do you determine the accuracy of the discretization process? What are the uses and difficulties of
approximating the derivatives with higher order finite difference schemes? How do you overcome these
difficulties?
33. Explain the strong and weak formulations of a boundary value problem.
34. Explain the description of Prandtl boundary layer equation and its solution methodology.
35. Study the stability behaviour of second order wave equation by Von-Neuman stability method.
36. What are quadrilateral Lagrange elements and isoparametric elements in FEM?
37. Solve the simplified Sturn-Lioville equation :
With boundary conditions y(0) = 0 and ; using Galerkin finite element method.
38. What is strong formulation? Explain with the help of one dimensional boundary value problem.
39. Explain Runge-Kutta and multi-stage time stepping.
40. Discuss the properties of discretization schemes and explain upwind discretization applied to FVM.
41. What is cell cantered formulation? Explain with the help of using control volume, semi discretization
equation,
42. State and explain the spurious modes for Runge-Kutta cell vertex formulation in FVM.
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
2. Describe the various flow models used to investigate a fluid flow. State what are
conservation and non conservation form of the governing equations? [8]
3. Obtain the momentum equation for an infinitesimally small fluid element fixed in
space. [10]
4. What is discretization? Comment further on it in relation with consistency and
stability of governing equations.[8]
5. Derive the following finite difference approximation for applications in two
dimensional fluid flow at point (i,j)
(8)
6. Explain what you mean by an implicit solution method and an explicit solution
method. Also discuss merits and demerits of these two methods. (8)
7. Why relaxation techniques are needed in numerical calculations, explain how
under- relaxation and over relaxation works in numerical calculations. (8)
8. Solve following Tri-diagonal Matrix system using Thomas algorithm (10)
9. For one dimensional Transient heat conduction, formulate the finite difference
expression
i) Explicit form
ii) Crank Nicholson (Semi Implicit) form [8]
10.Explain the solution algorithm for Tri-diagonal Matrix encountered in CFD
calculations. (8)
11. Write down the Navier Stokes equations for incompressible flow. Develop the
solution algorithm for the same. [12]
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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
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