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A Novel Correlation for Prediction of Gas


Viscosity

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DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2011.601798

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A Novel Correlation for Prediction of Gas Viscosity

A. Sanaei, S. H. Yousefi, A. Naseri & M. Khishvand

To cite this article: A. Sanaei, S. H. Yousefi, A. Naseri & M. Khishvand (2015) A Novel Correlation
for Prediction of Gas Viscosity, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental
Effects, 37:18, 1943-1953, DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2011.601798

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Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 37:19431953, 2015
Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1556-7036 print/1556-7230 online
DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2011.601798

A Novel Correlation for Prediction of Gas Viscosity

A. Sanaei,1 S. H. Yousefi,1 A. Naseri,2 and M. Khishvand1


1
Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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2
PVT Department, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran

An attempt is made to present a robust and reliable empirical correlation based on a wide range of
data sets to predict gas viscosity using pressure, temperature, and density of gas. Using an accurate
value for gas viscosity at any range of operational pressure and temperature is important to simulate
gas flow behavior properly. In this study, a novel method is developed using artificial neural
network, statistical techniques, and nonlinear optimization to predict hydrocarbon gas viscosity.
First, a data set from performed pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) and chromatography tests on
Iranian gas reservoirs are gathered and added to prepaid data sets from literature to maximize the
validity range of the correlation. Then, the important factors are selected using an artificial neural
network. Afterward, the correlation was developed using multivariable regression and nonlinear
optimization. Furthermore, the validation of this correlation was approved by drawing predicted gas
viscosity versus pressure. Results also proved that the obtained correlation has more accuracy
compared to other ones for a randomly selected test data set.

Keywords: artificial neural networks, correlation, gas viscosity, multivariable regression, nonlinear
optimization

1. INTRODUCTION

Viscosity of natural gas mixtures plays a significant role in numerical and analytical calculation
required to study the flow behavior through porous media, production/injection well, and trans-
portation pipelines. It is of particular importance in petroleum engineering to properly simulate
long-term reservoir behavior and model gas production in all types of gas reservoirs. Laboratory
techniques for viscosity measurement are expensive, tedious, and have many experimental con-
straints, such as fluid preparation and preserving equilibrium conditions. Therefore, petroleum
engineers often rely on empirical correlations (Chen and Ruth, 1993; Naseri et al., 2014) to have an
accurate estimation of fluid properties. In the absence of laboratory pressure-volume-temperature
(PVT) data and for saving time and money, fluid properties are mostly predicted from empirical
correlations as well as equation of states (Hemmati-Sarapardeh et al., 2013). The correlation should
be able to predict the effect of different parameters, including pressure and temperature, in case of
gas viscosities. Serious discrepancies in prediction of gas viscosity in high-pressure conditions

Address correspondence to M. Khishvand, Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie,


WY. 82071. E-mail: Mkhishva@uwyo.edu
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ueso.

1943
1944 A. SANAEI ET AL.

have been discussed in detail in the literature. Auxiliary correlations are presented to enable
calculations of viscosities from a knowledge of the pressure, temperature, and gravity of the
gaseous phase in a hydrocarbon mixture (Carr et al., 1954; Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem, 1975).
Empirical gas viscosity correlations can be developed as a one- or two-step procedure, which
predicts gas viscosity directly or as a function of ambient viscosity (McCain, 1990).
Many attempts have been done in the literature to predict gas viscosity with a wide variability in
terms of equilibrium conditions, i.e., temperature and pressure, using various approaches. Carr
et al. investigated the viscosity of hydrocarbon mixtures, whether in the gas or liquid phase, as a
function of pressure, temperature, and phase composition and presented methods predicting the
viscosity of the gas or less dense fluid phase over the practical range of pressure, temperature, and
phase compositions encountered in surface and subsurface petroleum production operations. They
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developed a working two-step procedure based on graphical methods as a function of temperature,


pressure, and gas specific gravity (molecular weight). The proposed correlation has a good
agreement with the experimental data at temperatures ranging from 32 to 400F and a reduced
pressure up to 20 (Carr et al., 1954).
The most popular semi-empirical correlation is Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin (LGE) correlation. Lee
provided a prediction method for experimental viscosity and density data of four natural gases for a
temperature range of 100 to 340F and pressure range of 100 to 8,000 psia (Lee et al., 1966). This
correlation is shown in Eqs. (1)(4):
g 104 K expXY ; (1)

9:4 0:02Mw T 1:5


K ; (2)
209 19Mw T
 
986
X 3:5 0:01Mw ; (3)
T
Y 2:4  0:2X ; (4)
where is density in g/cc, T is temperature in R, and Mw is molecular weight of the gas.
Standing developed equations representing Carr et al.s charts to calculate the viscosity of
natural gas at atmospheric pressure and reservoir temperature. It also describes the effect of non-
hydrocarbon components on the gas viscosity (Standing, 1977; Carr et al.1954). The validity
ranges of this equation for gas specific gravity and temperature are 0.551.55 and 100300F,
respectively. He also used the /g equation of Dempsey to obtain the gas viscosity at elevated
pressures (Standing, 1951; Standing, 1977; Standing and Katz, 1942). Equations (5)(10) show
Dempseys standing correlation:
h     i  
g uncorrected 1:709 105  2:062 106 g Tf 8:188 103
 
 6:15 103 log g ; (5)
h    i
N2 correction yN2 8:43 103 log g 9:59 103 ; (6)
h    i
CO2 correction yCO2 9:08 103 log g 6:24 103 ; (7)
h    i
H2 Scorrection yH2 S 8:49 103 log g 3:73 103 ; (8)
A NOVEL CORRELATION FOR PREDICTION OF GAS VISCOSITY 1945

g g uncorrected N2 correction CO2 correction H2 Scorrection; (9)


" ! #
 
Ln Tr b1 b2 Pr b3 Pr2 b4 Pr3 Tr b5 b6 Pr b7 Pr2 b8 Pr3
g (10)
   
Tr2 b9 b10 Pr b11 Pr2 b12 Pr3 Tr3 b13 b14 Pr b15 Pr2 b16 Pr3 ;
where Tf is temperature in F, g is gas specific gravity, and Tr and Pr are reduced pressure,
respectively.
Gurbanov and Dadash-zade used multivariable regression and take an equation from experi-
mental data with the ranges of 310.8477.4K for temperature, and 16100 for molecular
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weight of the gas. Chen and Ruth (1993) optimized this correlation given as Eqs. (11)
and (12):
p
g a1 a2 TK  a3 a4 TK Mw ; (11)
 1   1  
b1 b2 Pr b3 Pr2 b4 b5 Pr b6 Pr2 4 b7 b8 Pr b9 Pr2 ; (12)
g Tr Tr
where Tk is temperature in K, Mw is molecular weight of the gas, and Pr is reduced pressure.
Sutton (1985) presented a mathematical correlation for two gases in that a high-gravity
associated gas is typically rich in ethane through pentane, while gas condensates are
rich in heptane-plus. The method is suitable for all light natural gases and the
heavier gas/condensate gases. It should not be used for high-gravity hydrocarbon gases that
do not contain a significant heptane-plus components. Sutton investigated high-gravity gas/
condensate gases and developed methods for estimating pseudocritical properties that resulted
in more-accurate Z factors. Sutton proposed his correlation on the basis of data from both
associated gas and condensate gas (Sutton, 2007). The proposed correlation is given as Eqs.
(13)(17):
h     i
g  104 0:807Tpr
0:618
 0:357 exp 0:449Tpr 0:340 exp 4:058Tpr 0:018 ; (13)

 
g exp XY ; (14)

!1=6
Tpc
 0:949 ; (15)
Mw 3 Ppc
4

 
1:588
X 3:47 0:0009Mw ; (16)
T
Y 1:66378  0:04679X ; (17)
where Tpr is pseudo-reduced temperature, Ppr is pseudo-reduced pressure,  is viscosity normalizing
parameter, Ppc is pseudo-critical pressure in psia, and Tpc is pseudo-critical temperature in R. A database
of associated gas compositions containing more than 3,200 compositions has been created to evaluate
suitable methods for estimating PVT properties for this category of gas. Many other studies focused on
presenting a proper relation between parameters and gas viscosity. However, most of them suffer from
localized validity and cannot be generalized to crude oil with different compositions produced from
different fields over the world (Dempsey, 1965; Londono et al., 2005; Jossi et al., 1962; Diehl et al., 1970;
Golubev, 1959).
1946 A. SANAEI ET AL.

In this article, a new empirical correlation was developed to rigorously estimate the viscosity of
hydrocarbon gas mixtures with or without non-hydrocarbon component, using a one-step proce-
dure. To do this, important parameters were first determined using artificial neural network (ANN)
having more effect on gas viscosity, which indicated input parameter for final correlation.
Nonlinear multivariable regression combined with multivariable optimization was then employed
to obtain the new correlation form and its optimized coefficients accurately estimating gas viscosity
in different conditions.

2. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANN) AND NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING


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OPTIMIZATION

ANN is a computational model, which is inspired by the structure and/or functional aspects of
biological neural networks. A neural network consists of an interconnected group of artificial
neurons, and it processes information using a connectionist approach to computation (Figure 1).
ANN has widely been used by scientists in petroleum engineering to predict asphaltene deposition
(Nokandeh et al., 2012), geological study of lithology from well logs (Rogers et al., 1992),
geophysical applications (van der Baan and Jutten, 2000), and so on.
In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or
internal information that flows through the network during the learning phase. ANN has a good
capability to determine the relevant parameters to be fed to other programs. This parameter can be
defined in a regression form to nonlinear programming algorithm to find the best empirical
correlation for a target property.
Optimization is one of the most important areas of modern applied mathematics, with applica-
tions in different fields, such as engineering and economics. The general nonlinear convex
optimization problem is to minimize or maximize an objective function in the form of Eqs.
(18)(20):

minmax f x; (18)
Subject to:

FIGURE 1 A schematic of an artificial neural network.


A NOVEL CORRELATION FOR PREDICTION OF GAS VISCOSITY 1947

gi x  0 i 1; 2 . . . ::; m1 ; (19)
gi x 0 i m1 ; m1 1; . . . ::m;
(20)
X 2 Rn :
The problem is called nonlinear optimization if the objective function or at least one of the
constraints is a nonlinear programming problem, which may have local and/or global optimum
points (Khishvand and Khamehchi, 2012). In particular, if m = 0, the problem is called an
unconstrained optimization problem. Nonlinear programming has been widely used by scientists
in petroleum engineering to solve optimization problems with various ranges of objective function
corresponding to different applications in reservoir characterization (Romero et al., 2001), artificial
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lift (Khishvand and Khamehchi, 2012), prediction of PVT properties (Hemmati-Sarapardeh et al.,
2013), and petroleum economy (Assareh et al., 2010).
To find a solution for this problem, many approaches have been developed and successfully
performed including mathematical solution, e.g., simplex and Lagrangian decomposition, or
evolutionary algorithm, e.g., genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. In this study,
mathematical programming of the problem was used with especial definition to solve constraints
convex nonlinear problem and find global minimum using LINGO software to determine coeffi-
cients for gas viscosity correlation.

3. METHODOLOGY

To generate any type of empirical correlation, the most important requirement is having a
reliable data set of target variables as well as physical properties of hydrocarbons and experi-
mental conditions. The wider the data set is prepaid, the more the correlation will be accurate
and generalized. In the course of this study, a large data set was prepared with 2,300 data
points of Iranian and worldwide wet, dry, and condensate reservoir gases. Gas viscosity tests
were performed by applying different measurement methods in the Research Institution of
Petroleum Engineering (RIPI) or from literature sources. Furthermore, other hydrocarbon
properties were determined by applying gas chromatography and PVT tests. An extensive
data base gathered from various sources containing 2,300 points involving binary hydrocarbon
gas mixtures as well as natural gas samples containing non-hydrocarbon components, e.g., CO2
and N2, was used. Different composition of the test samples helped to extend the range of
validity range of the correlation for temperature, pressure, and molecular weight as mentioned
in Table 1. To examine the effectiveness of different variables on the gas viscosity, a neural
network tools is used for 400 randomly selected data and the relevancy of each factor has been
determined by computational approaches discussed before. These parameters are believed to be
the most affective ones and will be fed as input of the regression.

TABLE 1
Ranges of Different Gas Properties

Gas Property Minimum Maximum

Temperature (F) 100 460


Pressure (psia) 14.7 10,000
Molecular weight (lb/lb-mole) 16.043 53.915
Density (g/cc) 0.001 0.571
CO2 content 0% 3.2%
N2 content 0% 4.8%
1948 A. SANAEI ET AL.
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FIGURE 2 Relative impact factors of variables on gas viscosity obtained from ANN.

The software gets 500 points as training data and 100 points as testing data set. A network
was developed based on back-propagation approach accepting independent or dependant
variables. Input variables involve molecular weight (Mw), pressure (P), temperature (T), gas
density (), pseudo-critical temperature (Tpc), pseudo-critical pressure (Ppc), pseudo-reduced
temperature (Tpr), and pseudo-reduced pressure (Ppc). The neural network investigated these
correlations and relation of these variables with gas viscosity and selected variables with the
highest correlation factor. Figure 2 depicts the correlation factors for different variables
obtained from ANN. Note that these variables are not absolutely independent, for example
Tpc, Tpr, and T are dependent, but the neural network judges which one must be entered to final
correlation.
To develop the new correlation, multivariable regression is used in combination with
multi-variable optimization with four input parameters, including T, P, Mw, and . Afterward,
the best function between different possible alternatives is selected based on minimum average
absolute relative error (AARE) and R-square. The nonlinear programming model is solved to
minimize AARE for each case and form the general form of a model. To obtain optimized
coefficients for predicting function, LINGO software has been used. Coefficients were chosen
free in sign.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the results of performing the aforementioned ANN as well as optimization approach
are presented and the optimum variables determined by the optimization solution, which forms the
general form of the correlation, are shown. The accuracy and validity of the data are also tested and
the work with sensitivity analysis on different parameters is followed. This will show a trend for
each defined variable in formula and confirms the validity of the study in and out of training data
range.
Developed ANN introduces density, temperature, molecular weight, and pressure as the four
most important parameters to develop correlation. The error for training and testing data from ANN
A NOVEL CORRELATION FOR PREDICTION OF GAS VISCOSITY 1949

TABLE 2
Results Obtained from Developed ANN for Training and Testing Data Sets

Summary Training Testing

Number of data points 500 100


Bad predictions (10% Tolerance) 0% 9.33%
Root mean square error 0.0012 0.0033
Mean absolute error 0.0008 0.0022
Standard deviation of absolute error 0.0009 0.0026
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were 1.75 and 1.96%, respectively. Some results of predicted data using this method are shown in
Table 2.
A combination of multivariable regression and nonlinear optimization of the best
function was applied to obtain the formula ascribing gas viscosity. The new correlation
shows encouraging results with an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 2.49% for 300
testing data and 2.55% for all 2,000 training data points, which is an acceptable error in
comparison with other correlations. The proposed correlation is formulated as shown in Eqs.
(21)(26):
 
Mw  
P3 P3 P3 Tf P3 P P3 Mw ; (21)
Tf

P3 a0 a1 a2 2 a3 3 ; (22)

     2  3
Mw Mw Mw Mw
P3 b1 b2 b3 ; (23)
Tf Tf Tf Tf

     2  3
P3 Tf c1 Tf c2 Tf c3 Tf ; (24)

P3 P d1 P d2 P 2 d3 P 3 ; (25)

P3 Mw e1 Mw e2 Mw 2 e3 Mw 3 ; (26)

where:

a0 =1.977132 E-2, a1 = 2.274942 E-2, a2 = 2.726357 E-2, a3 = 4.218326 E-1,


b1 = 1.290755E-1, b2 = 5.052971E-1, b3 = 6.643018E-1, c1 = 0.00358553,
c2 = 3.939443E-4, c3 = 7.274715E-6, d1 = 5.501917E-4, d2 = 2.12763E-6,
d3 = 1.946208E-9, e1 = 0.002651898, e2 = 2.93349E-4, e3 = 5.214413E-5.

The correlation obtained by nonlinear regression must be tested numerically to be high-


lighted in terms of accuracy compared to other ones. It also should give confidence that the
predicted trend using the correlation will be reasonably understandable with the known
physics. To this end, validation and accuracy tests were carried with a certain number of
exemplary data to elucidate the correlation accuracy and profound its validity for a range of
data and input parameters.
1950 A. SANAEI ET AL.
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FIGURE 3 Predicted gas viscosity at different pressure and temperature.

To validate the new correlation, some exemplary data points are selected and the obtained gas
viscosity values from the new correlation were plotted with respect to pressure in different temperature
conditions (see Figure 3). Generally speaking, at low temperatures, increases in pressure bring the gas
molecules closer to each other and consequently increase. Typically higher temperature increases the
gas viscosity increases at low pressures. As molecules move faster in higher temperatures, their
interchange will be higher and the gas will be more viscous. At high pressures, gas tends to show
the same behavior as liquid and its viscosity decreases as temperature increases (McCain, 1990).
To test the accuracy of the proposed correlation, gas viscosity was calculated using this
correlation and other ones. The results were plotted with respect to experimental data and presented
in Figure 4, demonstrating over and underestimation for Dempseys and Gurbanovs correlations.
Suttons formula predicted values less than experimental data in all cases. Lees correlation and
predicted values by this work showed much better accuracy with few underestimated values.
Relative error of predicted values in Figure 5 approves the accuracy of proposed correlation in
this work for a wide data range compared to others. Numerical values are addressed in Table 3
showing average absolute relative error (AARE) and standard deviation (SD) for predicted gas
viscosities using introduced and proposed correlations. This table confirms that the results of this
work are the most accurate ones for prediction of gas viscosity. Also, the residual range in this new
correlation has the lowest values compared to other ones.

5. CONCLUSIONS

A new correlation for gas viscosity by means of artificial neural networks, multivariable regression,
and nonlinear optimization is proposed. The correlation is derived with an extensive data base for
all kinds of hydrocarbon gas mixtures with a wide range of validity for temperature, pressure, and
molecular weight.
A NOVEL CORRELATION FOR PREDICTION OF GAS VISCOSITY 1951
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FIGURE 4 Accuracy of gas viscosity correlations.

This correlation can be used to predict the gas viscosity without calculating gas viscosity
using a one-step procedure. This new correlation is the most accurate one among discussed
correlations. The proposed correlation has no overestimation nor underestimation, therefore, it
can be used.
1952 A. SANAEI ET AL.
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FIGURE 5 Relative error of predicted gas viscosity correlations.

TABLE 3
Accuracy of the Proposed Correlation and Other Correlations

Correlation AARE% ARE% SD%

Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin 4.84 3.28 3.39


Dempsey-Standing 35.16 28.66 18.71
Gurbanov-Dadashzade 14.97 1.19 15.63
Sutton 24.38 18.01 16.67
New correlation 2.49 0.07 2.20
A NOVEL CORRELATION FOR PREDICTION OF GAS VISCOSITY 1953

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr. Ehsan Davani for his support and data preparation that
helped to propose this new correlation.

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