Integral Calculus

CHAPTER 1. Indefinite Integral as Antiderivative

Definition & Properties

Antidifferentiation

Definition: Integration or antidifferentiation is the inverse of differentiation. Differentiation is the process of

finding the derivative or differential of a given function. As an inverse operation, integration or
antidifferentiation is the process of finding a function whose derivative or differential is known.

Antiderivative

Definition: A function F is called the antiderivative or integral of the function f on an interval I if

F ( x) f ( x) , x I
Example: Given: F ( x) 5 x 3 x 2 3 , then F ( x ) 15 x 2 2 x , if f is the function defined by F ( x ) 15 x 2 2 x
, then f is the derivative of F and F is the antiderivative or integral of f.

If G ( x) 5 x 3 x 2 20 , then G is also the antiderivative or integral of f because

G ( x) 15 x 2 2 x .
If H ( x) 5 x x 23 , then H is also the antiderivative or integral of f because H ( x) 15 x 2 2 x
3 2

.
In general, any function whose function value is given by 5 x 3 x 2 C where C is any constant is the
antiderivative or integral of f. It is therefore a must to be well-versed in differentiation before
integration can be performed.

Integration

Definition: Given a function F ( x ) whose derivative is f (x) or differential is f ( x)dx , that is F ( x) f ( x) or

d
F ( x) f ( x ) , the function F (x ) is called the antiderivative or integral of f (x) .
dx

Indefinite Integral

Definition: If F ( x ) is a particular antiderivative or integral of f (x) , then all the antiderivatives of f (x) is given
by F ( x ) C , where C is any arbitrary constant.
Notation: f ( x ) dx F ( x ) C , read as the indefinite integral of f (x) with respect to x is F ( x ) C .

where , - integral sign

f (x) - integrand
F (x ) - particular integral or antiderivative
x - variable of integration
C - constant of integration
Another notation : dF ( x) F ( x) C

Examples: if d x 2 C 2 xdx , then 2 xdx x C or d x C x C
2 2 2

if d sin x C cos xdx , then cos xdx sin x C or d sin x C sin x C

d e 2 x C 2e 2 x dx , then 2e dx e C or d e C e C
2x 2x 2x 2x
if

1
Properties of Indefinite Integral

1. dx x C ex. dy dt d
d (x )
2

2. kdx k dx k x C ex. 3dx 5dv 12 dm

10dy
3. f ( x) g ( x) ... w( x) dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx ... w( x)dx
ex. x 4 x x 1 dx
3 2

BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

Power Function

x n 1 x n 1 n 1 x n dx
x dx C , n 1 Proof: Dx C x n dx
n
If n is a rational number,
n 1 n 1 n 1

Examples: Find the antiderivatives or integral of each of the following:

x y
4
1.
4
dx 5. 3 y 5 dy
d
2. 5

6. 1 3 x 2 x dx

1 3 y 2

3 2
3. x dx 7.

dy
y

2t t dt
3

v a 2 v 4 dv
2 3
4. 8.
t

Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation

Consider a more complicated integrand, f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx , let u g (x) & du g ( x)dx
f ( g ( x)) g ( x)dx f (u )du F (u ) C
1. General Power Formula

u n 1
u du C , n 1 ( Note: u is a function in general- can be algebraic or
n
If n is a rational number,
n 1
transcendental)

Examples: Find the antiderivatives or integral of each of the following:

2
 sec 2 2 y tan 2 ydy ln 2 ln xdx
1. x 2 dx cot 16.
3
6. 11. 1
3 x csc 3 1
3 xdx
sec 2 2 y 4 x ln x

e 6e ln cos 2 y
x 3 1
2. 2
2 dx 7. 3x
1 2
e 3 x dx 12. dy 17.
sin 2 y 4
5

d

ln 5
4

cosh 5tdt
x 13. e 2 x cot e 2 x csc 2 e 2 x dx
5
3. 2
2 xdx 8. 18.
3
4 sinh 5t
sin 8 ydy


3 2 cos 2 4 y 3

x 9. 3 ln cot y csc 2 y dy 14. 1 ln d

8 4 3
4. 5
10 x 4 dx 19.
x7 2x
5
dx
tan 1 4 ydy x cos 2 x dx
sin cosd 20. x x 1 dx
2
5. 10. 15.
1 16 y
2
3 x 2 sin 2 x

Exercises: Find the antiderivatives or integral of each of the following:

2e 5t
x x 1 dx
8
1. 2
6. dt 11.
4
e 5t 16
y sec h 2 y 2 3 tanh y 2 dy
4

1 3 ln sec 2 x dx
2. t 2 4t 5 t 2 dt 7. 12. ln sin cot d
cot x
5e 3 x dx
cos cos x [1 ln cos x
4 1 2
3. 2 y sin 1
2 ydy 8. 13. 3 cot x csc x
] dx
4
9 12e 3x
4e 6x

cot 3 d
1
ydy e 2t
4. 9. 14. dt
3 y 3e 2t 4
5
1 9 2

h 1 5 ln h 2 3 m 3m dm
6 3
y 1 ln 3 y 2 ln 2 y ln y dy
5
5. dh 10. 15.

3
 2. Logarithmic Formula

du ln u C , u 0

u

Examples: Find the antiderivatives or integral of each of the following:

dx ( 2 y 3) 2 dy
1.
x2
6.
y
11. sec d
y2 y 2 x dx dz
2. dy 7. 12.
y 1 1 x x tan 2 z 1 2 ln sin 2 z
2 4 2
csc xdx t dt
2
3. 8. 13. 1 dx
1 cot x t 1 x
t2
e 3 dt xe
2 x
1 sin 3 d
4. 9. 2 dx 14.
2 t
x e 2 x sin 3
4e 3
sin 2d 2x 5
5. tan d 10.
1 3 sin 2
15.
x 2
2
dx

3. Exponential Formula

au
e du e C a du
u u
a. b. u
C , a 0
ln a

Examples: Find the antiderivatives or integral of each of the following:

e e 4
3x 2 2
1. dx 6. 2y
e 2 y dy 11. x
dx

2. 5
2 y
dy 7.
2t
e dt 12.

3 4e z 2
dz
1 et ez
csc 52 x cot 25 xdx
e a
sin 2
3. cos 2d 8. 13.
sinh 4 x
cosh 4 xdx
csc 2 x
3
e 5
1

dx 10 sin 3t dt
4. 9.
5x
3 dx 14.
1 e 2 x 1 9t 2
3
e x
dx e y dy x3
5. 10. 4 15. x 2 e e x3
dx
x y

4
Exercises: Find the antiderivatives or integral of each of the following:

ln ln t dt
x
2 1
1. e x dx 11. csc 2tdt 21.
t ln t
y 4 dy xdx
5
tan 2 t
2. e tan 2 t sec 2 2t dt 12. 22.
y 5
2
4x2 5
2
e1sin y dy cot xdx
sin 1 2 x cos1 2 x dx
3
3. csc 2 y 13. 23.
4 5 ln sin x
1
cot 3
e d y2 x a dx
4 4
4. 1 9 2 14. dy 24.
y2 x3
2
sec 2 x tan 2 xdx x 5 dx
15. y 5
5. 25. 7
2y dy
3 2 tan 2 2 x 2 x

sec 4 12 tan 12 d dx
2
7
sec 3 x tan 3 x dx

3 3
4
6. 16. 26. x2 e4x e x
sec 2 3 x 9

ydy
27. e
2
7. 1
3t 1 dt 17. 2
3 p
dp
t y 2y 1
43 y 4 y
2 e
dx
8. dy 18. 28.
x
e x cosh x dx
y 1 cos x
y 1 e y e sin 2 w dw
sinh 4 cosh 4 d
3
dy
9. 19.
e ln y
y

1
29.
e sin w
2

e 2e dx
2 2x x

tan x ln x ln x csc2 2 x x 1 ln tan x dx

ln x 1 dx
10.. 3 20. 30.
2 ln x x ex 1

Applications:

1. For the first 10 days in December, a plant cell grew in such a way that t days after Dec. 1, the volume of the
cell was increasing at a rate of 12 t 2 cubic micrometers/day. If on Dec. 3, the volume of the cell was
3m 3 , what was the volume of Dec. 8?

2. If f ( x ) tan x sec xdx and f (0) 3 , find f .
2 2

4
3. The point (3,2) is on a curve and at any pt. (x,y) on the curve, the tangent line has a slope equal to 2 x 3 .
Find an equation of the curve.