FM 3135

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

JUNGLE OPERATIONS

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

SEPTEMBER 169
 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF 'THE ARMY
No, 81--36 WIJIHINCTfiN, H,C" itO S .. pltmbn J!lIJ!l

JUNGlE OPERATIONS

,....
(~lIAI"TJl( l. INTkOIWCTION I I 14 I I
\I, JOtU;LI':
1'11~:
~('t!;;n t.
;.>.wul ! 2,1 ,Z :l 2 !
If. J"'''I/l, ...w\trnlmN'I1 1---4,,'lHi 2~
Ill. AInH,~... n 1unrl~. 2-11~,'l_11\ %!'l
IV. Ar,."a 1.{1 -2 21) 2-19
v. O~"'ntJlI jlmltl"" 211-- 2 lIli 2 23
VI. Ml1ttAr), uj'II!rb 2-:7-- 2,:'4 224
vn. M"V ..IMM And dlwt..n<,~ \I:lf._21; ~2~
ClIAI"TU :; (~OMRA1' AN!) CONI'I"1' lHlf'f'ORT
fh~tI"n 1, lJlfl;ntrr .1! ::-1 .1 1
II. Arm ..... :J II ,:I-ll! :1_.
Ill. AyUll<>~y :1 1:1 :1 2:1 1 'I
IV, Air ikru.... "d .ir det,,..-.:- .rtm~f)' :1-24 .. :!21i :Hfl
V, N." .. I ~,,1I1'f' .IIPJ><Irt lnd lII<,li".! .,r Bllpport :l~2(: -~ \11 :1 12
VI. Army."I&oo" :1 2R :'\.:12 ;-11
VI!. Chtol,,'iul, Rkl\o;ri<,.t. an<l k.4i1,!nlfl".t (CnR) 01'
1 '~, :1 :111 :1 17
VIIL ~nl/ln,." '; 10 :: .11\ :1-2<"'
DC (,<,mtnl.lnlf.thlN :J 1:1 :1 (,4 :I 11
X. Cnt~l!lp"f~ :! 5r._ :1-,",1 ~ t/',
XL ,,"/ilarl r(lllr~ 1-r,R :l 1111 3>27
('1I.1"'!'!!;/! !'(!MflA1' SEkVICY. SlJVroRT
1-1,,-tl<.n {, G..""u.l 4-1--4~:l

II i'lliJlP;,. 4-4--4 fl
111 MI.in;"nalK.. 4 'I .~
IV M.-dI .... 1 4 11 I'l
V. 1'ran~rw;;ttaU(\n 4 1:1 { hi
VI. ''PTO.'''''' ..! "'.MpIMM ~(\n~\Oknl"'II ntl ""rv;~~1 4 11 4 III
{'!f,Ol"Tl':lt :,. JtrNnL1': Ol'-,;kAT10Nl/.
;'l'<'t",1:, I. (;""~nd {,('I\~hwr..Uu",.
It lW~nnn.,.ur""", ~\,ITV..m."".., and _utit~ Qpt'/'j!;-
Urll1~ f>-&---- " 1 ;; II
111 0.."111' ri,ll- t, III ~-HI
IV 1).,.1.."", r. 11 r, I\) r. If.
V R.. tnow,.atlr "",vrm.. "t '. 'lli ~_1"
VI (lO.H ~"lnhI.l "r"''''lj.. "~ ;, \II :, 2/\ ~ HI
1,111 }(iv",.ln.. (),IW'r.tion. ',or ,,\ttl 1,.0
VUI ~!"bmty "jl"I'Al!Q"~ ",1<, r. :l!l '-, :It,

;w,-hon I. In,livllh... 1.nd I'Iml ~r.lnh'l Ii' 11:1 1\ I

II. Jun/ll:4< livl". (l r I; '" I; I
III, 1'tll~ki". h 11. Ii 13 Ii ;,
IV 1"l1('I't d.. tl'~Unn .nd ~nl/""~ItI~1'It r. 1,1 ,\ 111 fl.t

Awrwnu A, Rr."I':Rr,NCr,,. A I
Ih't..~ I
'"~

CHAmR 1
INTRODUCTION
1-1. hl'pOM
Th!~ mallual provitrea doctrinal KUldanet! to C:OJT!-
Tn8ndlt'rll, IItalf Qffi('It'Ni, and fltM!' pen:onn..-I con
cerned wlth tlOctkal olKlTationK in junKie areall.
1-2. k"I'o
". Thill manmll ~l\l'ri~ the ('ommon lUI well
a" lh(' ail\timlui~inl( ('hara('terillties of tJw thl'ti'
mltj,'r *If(rlOl'hind junKie art!all of tht' wurld
thlll exM in S!luthllt Allla, Latin America ana
Afrka. fl di~u!\IIt'1I the thilracter[lItk etf4lds of
junlp conditiolls fiT! troo~, equivment. oraanin-
tkm, ami "perathlTI_~. It definell the role ot the
romhHt, combllt IIUIJport, and ICUmbat ~rvice ftu,..
port flifTell and diltPulIAe1l tht' IIp(K'ialiu-d traininr
t'e'quirt'm.nta for fflrulud ~lr oper.UoM in a jun.
jotle t'nvirnnmenL
I,. The materi.1 fU"sent~ ill applieable to oper_
atiollll in limIted and ~eral war and in lI!.ablUty
ope-rati())u\. It is di:'(!('wd primarily to o(,)eratlonll
at bri.ad" Ipvel and low~r. Th~ bailie eonaJdera-
liol\l\ of dlvlftinn It'V1'1 oJl('ratiorull will be Nl\{!n-
Hally Wit' same all those in all ar.... of tlN! world.
Cummfl.ndt'TIl and IItafT officerll at an levelll mUllt
undersbnd and appreciate the etrectA of the jun.
it'le en .. lI"mment nn opttrationll III bripop k!vpl
and lower and f's:rt':tully considn them when
PM. 31-U
planninK e4wh lIlmratiull, lJnl(,MM olherwlM J;fIt'<!.
(h'd. lhe mBtf'ri.al II! uWlicBhlf' to both nuclear
lind ttnnJl1J"leaT wartarp
1-3. Opwotianal Environment
All' outiiRt'd itl FM IOO-f., tht'; operational envi.
mnt'M'nt Will. HII IIct'alli01), imJlrn!~ certain Ilmil.a-
tionll on tlw fnoooom uf at'titm of oommande1'll at
III! \(!V('''1. Slwh relltrktionft .re normal and will
nt't'ur in aU form!l' of military operaticnl. Tht! n!s.
trllintll impollt'd in general wat, however, wiU M
I;w. fnq1Jcnt Ilnd leM !I~ifk thall tholle imlXW'lfli
111 hmlted or ("old war.
1~. Cho_
t!1ieJ'!!, of thill manual are ent'ourapd to lIubmit
recommended cb$nff611 and t'ommpnt.a to improve
the manual, Comm4!nbi Ihoukt be keyed to the
.... pedfic pajl't', parliRupb and line or wxJ in whkh
chal\lte ift recommended. Reu<ml ehoold be ptl).
'ildl:!d tor elM:h ("omnwnt to inaure Imderatandin,
and ('(lmplete evaluation. Commtnta Ih(luld be
p~n>d u!linK DA Furm 2028 (Recommended
Cb.njleS to Public'ationll) and Corward+ti diHet to
the f'~mnumder, C.R Army FortU Sou\,hern
~~n;:;:' y~-::~~~mbet De\'elopmenta Oftke,
.-.

2-t, The Tropical Zone
rh., tr"l'lntll'''11I' 11ti~ belw('('jj tnt' Troflit r,( Cnn
('er 1(n1l ttl<' Tr"t1h' "r ('III'rl('orn 12.1.5 lLt';rn'('~
IlO/'Ih loud ""!llh nf 1h( j"IUnlt'rL Within thiK r,onc
th,'!',- Uf, 'I,wh tlln'r~' "hvIT"nm'!1tnl ..ohi!1tion'"
"lO ).'1"" "'UPlwd nl"t!H!./III'lI, hUI'n'1I dt'!l:t'rbl lUlll
THin f"n'~t~ Th1i" nmnl'll! I~ ('("W"TIW1l \\-ill! only
tl1nl PHrl "f th,' 1nlpi,,;, ",h('r,' tht' it'lnI'I'TlIillfl'
a!h! nlati\,I' hlln:hli!v Tf'mlllll hiJ(h thr"H,..hflut
tht' Y,M. AI'('u~ wilh:11 thii\ Plitt or thp lr"llil'lI RTf'
"nflKi,j,'I'<,d \0 fM' thp hlltllidlr>:JpWlI anti It ill In Ut.
hun' III lrnjH'" 11lnl Ih,' IIm;.tlf' 1'(j\'lt'<mml'nt il<
f"luuL
2-2. The Jungle
}tIll' th,' lHII'I~I"f' ,.f !ni!! ml\!lIIHL JIII1M'le I"
Illt lin I.rl'a ]'11'1111,11 !Ii tI'H' hUHlid tropit'K wtH'r..in
thl.' litHl! :>1 !"'\l'fl'(l .... ith 1<\\('h ,INI!\(! f,('n\wth fir
tn'f''' or "thr!' h'p\'~ of l\l~luwih\t<:j vrvrlution thllt
11 lmpl'1h'l'I ffllhtnry <lfJl'rut,OIU\ lind tf'lldH to oh-
/itrtwl mlHtllry lllll'-/i llr 1'()ffll'lmTIl(,lItwn, Tropl('I_1
VI'Vt>1I1lwn III jUII),(!l' nr('t\1I irrlmh'lI IQwland lind
hiVhlltlll1 tr~lpit'nl mil> rt)re~t, dr,\' df'<'idUGult Lor
~l, M'{'Ul1ollry llrQwth fqT ...ilt, /lWKmp rON\lIt lind
tT;'pienl HlIVKnUfl'l, JllilJdet' aT(' ronfint'u to thf't'e
majnr 1IrO:>I1" knnwn 1I" ttl(' AmpriC"llll, thr A(ricAfI,
lind Ow Orh'ntu\ jungl(,C'I. FiJrurl' 21 vivrll.. ~n.
~'rttl \'l;'W lJf tho:> jlll)f,('lp tI~aB af thr wodd,
2-3, fJriMipol Jungl. Area.
(t, Tllr AmrTIHf!I hll/fllt'/!,
i I) Allm,trmi;n. Formoo by the extended
Anlh.toll ba"in Ilnd 1t.'I major tributarirll,. the Am.
IlJl;!)lIillll i~ the world'" laTaMt junvle aN-A, It in.
l'IUltell the Guinnll.ll aljd lIfluthern VeIUI%UelA, t'x
lNltlill:IC if) thi' And('J< Ojj the WMt. lind 38 fAr
~!!!lth !l~ thl' {;rllll ChtlJ"1 of BoliYla, PllragUAY
lu,d Arj(f'lllilll\. Thr Tllp! Forest is a uparatE'
j,lnlClt' aTN, WIthin lhill subdivision and 11K alonfl'
the t!1\!\lerl! 1'X),a~t <)( Brazil E'ltwndinJt from juet
Mbo"e lhf' h\,lmp wheT'" the continent iut- fllrthftlt
t'/llllln a point 011 a ~Y{'I with Rin de Janeiro.
CHAPTER 2
THE JUNGlE
Sfttian I. GENERAt
L!I r;,,lIrr> 1',,;',1/>/""1'. Tni .. JUIlj(le nrtn ('J(.
1\'11\1'11'1"1>111 horth<'rn I-:'Ilm{uf (linrih or the Hum
b"ldt i"l'tf<'IIt) thl""!OJ.(h jlill'b; of Colombin, V('f\\'".
1.!H<1> ;n;;! 0:(" Ih" hlhnl!!.~ .. f i'nulImlt
t:U !'",fr<l/.llllf'll''I1/. :-lnrth fr1.m l"mn.mll,
11'1" ('"Hnd Am"rkull ]11111[1(' l'pr<'1tds h' ch" ")l"t
I'rn ...... I!. of !hl' ~!"ITII 1I1ud(f' Orwllhll ol M(''I(if''
'!!Id ii,' r:ll" "'wtn 't'. TlI!lIpi(". Th,' Plllj,d,' orr!!)! "f
,11(' AUtl]II'!! 1,1"<' "I"" 11II'Im],'/1 ""'Ithit! thi~ l'iuodl\'i.
~i"t!
h 7'11, .\11"/""" J'II':lit',~
ill U',.,t .I(""tII Bt'gillllltl!{ ~mHh "f
11ukrH, tl:!' WI"" i\rrl\"lt~ )HI!!{il' ITll'rp!I>lell in
d"1'11! ,11Hi knJtth II~ Oil!' ITh~,'Il< ~,,\!jhwlird nlHl
I'l\Hi""Jlf<; lil;,:",,1 lnl' 1",11111'1'111111 11\11\tl' uut)l tlw
hll'h,'r 1<11111 '1\ Su'rm L!'OIlI' il' ct>d('ht'{1 Annther
tlf'fined h.,11 ~tr<:'kh1'" 0'11,,1 I.. th!' W('l<tl't'll {'lImllrW)TJ bal'.
d\'l"
l:ll f,"/lllr/,,,,,,1 ..1{, 11:(1, 11l'ltinninlt ill Cama
1'''<>11. thl' limvj!' l'lnkh"j; t" th, flrl'ut ImTrier n{
\{!l'AI'l!jtnTI, IIml lrlt'll "\il'!I<J:.; ~(lIIthwllnl a('TO~1I
OW ('\ll!!tH 1" th!' \\.'",,1 .,( La)...' TillI\ta:l;vika.
(!l) Hfflll (wd ("'lllrld Ajru'ttll, l""rmll!d by Q
f,'w Wldt'I~' lU'l)<IT!lt~l ,~rn,dl (uno;;b< IInli lIeveral 111-
lund 1I1-e11~, the IIII'JtI'I4I pfl.r1 !If tlli'< IlT'!.1 ti6 In
l)"I'lht'I'1j Ith'1I1cl4in ~(J\lth (If I...ukt, Tallj(anyikl!.
Anothl'r purli"ll Il('tl l\lnlllCl.hr Wi'~t "h",..- of Luk;>
!'J,Val<H I1l1d u thirt! ill tht> hl'lln ()f llorth('rn Mu1.-
lI1'Hhl'lIli'. Mllllr M('llttt'feQ P>ltthl"~ or junlllt' urt'
fouu!!!!' tht> I....... "ltlludl' vAlitYII fll"nl( the I'Oftlltlil
I'toVI!>jj nf Tam,/lIli1l lind M()%ltmbiqllt', while hl.M'h~
IflllO 11.10)'(11'1> mn 1)(' found f)1) ":lllon, Kell,V1t And
l":iHmll.njflTn. AI!'!) inrlllrlt>d in ,hi!' Junlllt> !',ub<lj.
V1NIOn j,. fl ~tTip on thl;' Nllltern silk and notthenl
tip of tho:' iiolluHd III Mtldtlj(tlscar, ronfint'G to the
mouutain ANiall of nil' lIellrby t~ltllld~ betweeo the
mKinllwcI tlnd MndullAlk'tlr
r. Tilt' Oril'lIInl Jfmgil'f1.
(II JlldiMI-C1'1J/rm1'JI' Thit. flren l'ontAin" ..
"ttlp tllonll the wellt COlUlt of fndl. Itflown BJI the
Gna,""," The jUII:IC!t' ("ontinut1l akinil' theo lIOutherll
tq) and lip fllonll' th(' EMt CrniIlt nr fndia into
1';811t I'lIki"lallaml ill ff;1HUm('d II! CeylOn.

(2) ."1JI/fhtfUJ A~ia". Stretching from th~
eulern .dOllCll (Ir tht' Hlmalayall (known I\g the
Khl\lIi HUh,. In the /llste of AMllaml. thia area eon
Unuell d<lwnwald throuKh Burma, Thailand. Viet
nam, Combo<!ia, 1"&08 and the Malay Penlnllula.
Soctlon n. JUNGI! ENIiIItOHMENT
'2--4, o.,utral
nl. .tcli"n oulllllf'1I environm~ntal factors
whkh mu",! be- ('flllaidered In planning and ron-
d\.JttinK jungl" operation !. It include! a dettriP.
tlcn of eHmate-, ~rrliin, ~~tation, lIOiJa, and anl-
mal life. tnmcnptlo nll heY$in au not exhaUlltive.
Where lIupplemental detaU ill needed. ~itlc
aret. atudlMt I!Jmuld be consulted !u;;h as the mili
lary !{'tolttephic eh.plerM Ilf the NatioMI Irttnzi-
II~IU"" Skr1'l"1i and the Tadlt'al Command er'a nr.
r_In Anal)'"1" Mal' of lhr country of intert'Rt
2-5, Clhn.oM
Q. Gentral. The dominaflOK features
of junKie
ereM .re a hillh and conillant temperatu re, heavy
rainfall durinlt thll greater part of the year and
OpprtlllRtve himidity. ~.ollsl chaulli'!fl of temper.
atllre art' itulillniflcil.nt cornPIIIMld With aeuon,a!
vanation in rainfall. The year h.. no .summi!r or
winter, only t'ydlc wet and dry Sq;aoOIl. In .wm@'
jungle area8, !lueh JUI Sin,apo-re and msny Pa('ifte
ialandg, climate vattations are lID AlI,M t.hat theft
aft! no MtI.Jli)n5 Within emtplml veptAtion al rom
munitlH A\.Jttl. a. a tropical rain ro!'6llt, mkrocli~
mates ui.t, &Gme of which diffar ~atlf from
the standard climate of the u.me locality, For <'Ii.
math" ck!.allol,lIef) TM 1-300.
h. Trmpf'l"flt nr,. AlthnuJh lWa.wnal vari.Uon in
tfmpeY$tu re IIl;;reaAt'tI gradually &I! (lne movell
away fnlm the l!(juator, in thll lowland humid
tropiclI the mean annual tempet'atu re seldom var
jes for more than IS~, _veraiCinil betwl!C!n 78" .and
82" Fahrcnhei t (F.) with extremes or 84" and
g6" F,
c, }(flilt{nll. The mAIO f_"tor conditioninK all
tropical c1imateli iii rainfall. In KEtneral, the sea
Illlftal di",lriblJtion of raln(an within the tropie.s Ie
aaaociated with latitude. At the equawr. rain
f.li. dunnif aUlleallonA; .IIJ', the dl8ianu from the
equator inrre.ruM!A, there i. a dlllUoet dry and wet
~n (or e&<'h year. AlthoujJh raln (M!CUU dur-
iRJ( the relati ...ely dry lWallOti, it IA 116 In qu.ntity
than during the wet acalUln. Rattly pntie or of
lOOK duratwn, tropieal rain iA orten a<'{'ompanled
by thunder .and Ilghuning Tropical rainfall i.e:
.also relativt'ly remltant 1ft IIJl daily tim!ni. ulW~
I'M 11-15
{31 Pacitk Itdartdll. Thi! aubdivilio n in-
clude" IndoneBia, the Philippine ", and the amaller
hl.land Kroup/l containinK junKIe areaR.
ail), OI'cl.lring m the artel"JlO\>n ur early evenin,.
For. l{iW)) year, rainf.11 KenertUy totAllI me:"
than &u inchea.
d. A!m~;(pJH'rir H"midif/i. TM retatiw hlmid
it)' m a trolJit'M.l raill /nrest are. averaxes be.
tween 61) .and 75 per~nt durinJt the day and ollt!:r
9i1 pct<'ent i Mar :mturation ) at nillht. The nature
of lhe vel(l'tation, the dank moiRtMII8 of the But-
fac(! !loll, and tht' rnttnrwr in which bookA. f.brit'8,
nnd other mate-rill I" !Jerume moldy unleRI! fre-
quently eJtIH~.1 to wind and bri~ht lIunJlhine, art'
all lnd'lcalorll !I( thl' hillh il.veraxe relati ...e humid-
ity.
1'. Wind. In ~ropical al't!U, wind velocttiell
are
)ower thRn it) lem,..llrate arllall .nd VIolent wlndll
are lellil freq!Lent. Mean .nnual wind velocities
dveraKt! !ellA thRn 8 mlle.t. per huur and III!ldom ex
ceed 8 mihM J."U!'r hour. and their major influence
all'eetl. onl)' the upper c.nopy, Radical wind van-
stion", oc(,ur during typhoons, cydonM, and hur-
riesllell; however. lIuch disturbanc es are ront\ned
w ct'naln tropit'.l aft'.II,
r LIght. Tb.. kmilh Q( tropj(!al day and ni8ht
are almMlt equal, v.ryinll by little mote than an
hOUT at tne outer lImlta of the tropical lOne. Near
\he equator, doudleu dAY!! lire rate. CloudinMe
da-te-aM~ a~ une mO ....R north or Alluth of the
l"tJUl\taf.
fl. Mi('t'fl("limat~, Climatic rondltions on the
Krollnd, in -even Il Arnall p.atch of jungle, may not
tellCmble lhf)lIe A!::wIVe the unopy. Tn I\Qme junKie
/lfelll_, the canopy ill iii) denl'e that it providf!fl 8
j'l)ver within whieh the junlt1f' d....elopll ita own
mimalurll dimale or micl"(l('lirna.te, fn lureh ILn en-
vironmc:nt, the sun may be JdlinillK hrlR:htly "oov.
the (""anopy. while Ii brisk shower may be in proll-
rt .." at Ift'(IUnd h! ... e!, The fa-nOll)' not only inter.
,ptll and rmllret'lA ~ ('onAiderabl. proportio n 01
the rain, it aIM Ithelten th#- junKIe from the
wind, puventinl t a Aharp rille and fall in temper-
atu"" ,"'inally, the ('aMp), dilfult"S itt. interior
liR:ht. tinting it Kreen and rendering it ffin.lden .
hly icl(!( llllecd't: on the (Ol"$t Roor th.an ron the
!!urfl'l' or the eanflpy .
 fM 31-35
2--6. J un91e a nd AssaciDted r."Din
FeotuNS
The vmjllU" tYl>e:' of jungle flrll claAA'ified b)' dis_
Unci \'~ t.tiOlllll In- ; howClvrr . trallRition
frum o ne In)l to a no th e r ~:l(ls tn be gradual
rather than s harp. VcgeLatiOnul typell fire II llmer.
ous, alld t hey It!uu 10 int.er nli nl:K- which comllli-
ea l.es IdenlificMton o f j u ngle vegelat ion. In some
"reas th is diff~ u l ty Is nol e nronnte.red btocause
th e trll ntli tilm frOln on.' t~, pe vep tation to an.
ut her ty pe Is (1iIlf,ine li vC! (fill. :! -2 ) , Savllnna g rass
:5 one sueh 1urm. commonly ' (lund a long t he
frln ):!i:I: or dry d h lu tlWl ror..u...
a, (jf"ftrTfl i . l ioet lOwland j ungle,; are located in
areu \'Mr,.inl( ~ m :<ea leyel to 2,000 fed of ele-
vatiul\., llorderinlt 011 bod i,. of waler and consist-.
io lt' o f al lll \i.. 1 IJtill h L~ AL!d , wamps, Hi/o:'hland jun_
,;1,. are ILonnn lly rtllUi d in a ua~ f /lll /rill}1' {rom
2,0lW1 lo 1:1,000 (eel .bovill N!ll leuL They are
I FI#.rr f # . TA . , . ", ", -I'JI. Tkc iwre-rno".oIft(coi .,.~I,- .... 01 IrH I:","
charRcter ized by IIteep, sli ppery slopes, a nd some.
times by s teel, ,i d~!d gullies Mnd ravi nes which
have lIt.t'n CU i IIY torrentinl rnin/l. The preHnc::e
of numel'OUII ri d&'1M fHlt a bti<!hclI t hl! ex inentc o r a
m:nlr br;Ulrh(."I\ drllinJl~f' ~y",tem wllich, In turn,
cnU!lf'S 4 r tql',Fed anJ r Onlplt'.X ler rtli n !ltru clure.
Tbc stt-eama and r i\'eN drn in ing these duges
often hA\'e l!te.p, a lmost vertical banks and are
!iwift, ~Il and difficu lt to crOlJl. During hea\'Y
r/l ina, lI u(' h at reatrut lind rh'ef1ll may rapidly be--
conl l I'ftgi l~JJ tOl'f"ell t.\. ~ p it~ t I profl,lj :on of
h.. \,y v~tlJt.U(m . with few nobhle I!xt elJt jons
(lluch u JIIU ) , jll ll,lto ,,()II i, l)Q()r.
V. T roJlienl RO HI F()reK1. T rop ical rai n fo,.tlt
Il re found in nf~ w here the fu lnfa ll a\tmgu as
~h Hili 80 i nd~ du r in. th e year. Allhou" 1\
AO.,;a I\ed lir.r 1If!a~(ln ma y J)I'f'g r. t htt,.. i! Mtt li lluf-
fle-limt ~n to IIUB LIl il1 t he Ilrow.1 h of the nill (Of.
..t.
(t) Lmv(tulfJ. l.rO}lical raitl !or,.d. This term
ill J(tme.rall y ltll pl it'd t.. trollical r n in fOn!st (II.,\' ur
inl: in . 'Iflyat iollll bfllflw 2,000 led l.nd coosi!lt...
rruo,i n l)' o f tr~)C . lht' l:lli,,--,l1 u f whi~: h ro nfte be
tw~n 100 and 180 feet. W h ile these trees art'
Wl ua lh' 10 to 211 feet I'Ipart, they often appear to
be m ~lc h doser l ogethflr becaun of tbr. ir but-.
tr~" , Th~ tree trunkll Are ulluall y "traiJzht and
IIlende r ltnd w it hout brnnche!l for t he first 100
f~L T hen the lJr:t nc h~ "J)rr~,ll(t out lind iutflrlock
to furm the up per Itr a-tum fIf the r ain ror<~~ t rum
11\0 nly known lUI the cllliupy (til:. 2--3 ). 'n KOmt'
j u nl:lcs , the 1'11110111 i8 t:om proted of t wo I,f lht'ee
11l1('t:~ Mi ve levels of wllellltiol1 , which iii (tI!ner it!1y
filled with folia ge. Beginnillit itt a height o f 20
to 2;) feet (rum t he ij'found s uch 11. l~all()JlY blob;.
out t he ,1i UIl from tlt l' fMe>tl ft nor which, con;:.e-
(j"cully, , Ujll)(lrt..-l rtlllliw'ly little U/lder~rowl h
(fill', 2--11. Only 1111 r l vl~r hllnk ~ nr in dearin~'lt
.... ri ....l~ ""'1 .... r lA, jlUl.I.. II_r,
fM 3 1-35
where mo re " uu 1i~ ht rt'nchr.1'. th e k l'oun~i il; th ere
den. . und~rl(mwth wb i~: h iA of~n impeuetrable.
Howe v.,... in Hit' [nlerior of 11 \' ir)l:i n for@Mt, t'!<11e-
dlllly ill wltH.ir/tilled "rr." ,., mo\'eme nt ill ICll ~ dif.
ticu lt. Hor izontal visjbility ill obtltructed by the
tree truw "nd by th e leavetl on the thick \'inE:li
whicb RMi!nd to th e l oresl canopy like ca bles.
Heavy rJl. inf a ll throufthout the year s.upports t his.
t )pe of fort'lll; lhe .rollnll i!l lIea rly il lwa Yli wet
" od JU JlIle.ry. alitl th e humid ity r l!m;tinl hhth eyen
du ri n. lhll ho tl~ l pnl of th e dlY.
(2) Iligltl4 "d frt)llicol rai" !orut, The grad
utl l tra nsition from lowland tn highland tropical
ra in fore... t occu r!! in ur ea!! betwtlCn I ,G50 lind
2,300 feet in t'1t'\'ation. Hil:hlond tropical r ain
fort!$ l IIII~() kno w n lUI cloud Ilr moss fore!ll) l.e r
llI ilLllh-~ at yn l'i n u ~ ;llli1mJt!II:, del)e ntlillj.( upo n ito:
("'llo."lII't'!(I wi lid IIlId ntinf:tll ; in cnnlill(~ntul in
h'ri"rll it 01;1\' ttil'minatli at l:t,OOu fllot. t'1t'y:,tio n,.
lortfY
2-5
 IIrllmtlvl' l't")P!I'II, 1I(,\"I\dllry fnrl'lIh lrJ vriritlu~
tltlllie1l flf dl'vrlopmf'tlt have tl'pln;;...:jn !o,ull.'llnntiul
twrrellinl(t' of vir"iu forl, .. t )n nl(...~t jlm,,!l' lItl'jUI
Ilml nf,' IllvnriaLly mIJfr dlflinlll tl' tTJlvt'rst' WI<
2 .. 5 nlld 2 6).
~.SIt'(rmJl P&rrl1(lI,
(!) MIJ1i(jro,'f' 111:I(HlI}J, ";xten:<lve mnnKru\'f"
:<Wrinlp,1 {X'l"Ur in troJ.knl eOAl'ltat ar(llj.ll whkh art'
llubJf"t't t<, tidal l\oodillJ(JI. Thlll tYPi" of rort'~t III
,Ilellf!fRily (nund In ttw ~I'ft mild R",fUml ri\ll'r
hlllulhM, (I..itl\!i. wII!'V', 11.l(1og ~hHII(lw bUYI\ <)I:
hmull U,;lltll1ll"o, ulHlllf'l\ir~'-um i\~ fu)' a~ th(', lidal ill-
thwlH:'t, .:1 f,.1t. ('IUll!'1y ,~I'IIN'ti lr;'I'~ with lhitk
f<ltilt r"'lh. (tt>llt ~htLPI"ll) that rxtrnd rV\ hlJ(h Illl
!O f"I'1 ,.1"".; th., ~r"IIIlJ fl'm! II "flll~idf'mbl;> bllr.
rIel' to nlOW'fllf!!lt Usually Ih,' IiI"OIHU:l 1,\ rovf'rlNl
Ill' >I\,,";\1111t vm(~'l'. Tn;' ..1A'f'ply llrehinl( rnntll
hnllll"'T hHT\'IJlIltal vi~ib'lhl)' Mnd ttf'1ite lin e);~
lremt:ly .~hIlP('ry >1111'(*"", Ou the inland periphery
wherl' thl' wuh'r ill Jellll 1<llIin(', mllngrllve IIw1itflJl1l
Jlfl' \j~!l!ll!;v lwrd('r.,d ill mlln)" plal'cli by man'hex.
Mfl!ll(l"OVe apt'dt,,, ('Ull \l~\HlHy b.. ld\!'lltifl\!'d by thl'
tolor uf ttwil- hurR. Ull lnlllHl'tllul ftV'wf', ~in~t'

"tRny d'U~rtt<"l~ri~h('1I of the Inwland tropical fAin
furf'1(\1\ 8110 apply t\, th!' hiJ(hlanil trolJirul min
flm!!lIt Whllf' trt<e1( tinmil)lltt', they 1I.tf' ~mfillJer in
heil(ht Ilnd illt'k hu!tn'lIlI toub!; ther .. ill Ili:'<{) ('X
tefll'llVP (t'rn Itrnwth, Mo!ll( vt'j(etatiull. IH"(Jmlnt'nt
ruc'k rnrnJl,twn>l, I<IHI 11'11\ ,lffnum1 ltlWlf urt' ('(IV-
ereQ wltn "1('1< or a h~Ii\'y ~Ilm(', Altnll\llth thl'
tl'mpi'rAttlrl' may drop to 60 d(';rn',,,~. tn!' humid-
ity ft'nmioll hij(n. Animals. inlle('t.<., find hirdll are
I\t"An'f' Movement In thill typ,' (If f()n'~( l,~ ex-
tn'mely Arduoul! jlUltl hlU'llrdull,~ ~l!l ..e thf' ~IOfW;:
art' uaue,lly uteel', The wniunll j., ~lid( ltlld ill'l'l'
IRYeNi of j(f(ltlud m()I\I\ utt~'ll fiW!'f \lVN' hlddt'n
chums and r ..vlnt'll. At hlltht'r ulhtml!'~ tho:>
mountain", au (If ten !l<hnmdt!d by 1\ dump l1\illt
whirh Ilublltltntl~jiy rFtiun','l Villibility,
(, Trop;rol DtridlWIIJI FlIrf'I1!.
n) !n I'>Otne ptlrt~ (If
thF tr.'l,k" {ht'll' ill Il
true dry liIE'a~il!, Jaatinw from thtl'!' ,<.> ~1" mnllth~.
with almuMt IIfl Ilrt'f'ljlllation . .\101lt uf thl' lfilt'll in
this .r~.. nre dl'i'iduo\lA, thAt Ill, tlwy Ithl'd tht'ir
lea\'M (Ilr Ii ml'lllh nr InOr\'. Althoul(h tb(' !l'fIIVf'M
bellin tn fnl! ,l!rndllalh: d,l !hF bl'j.(innin" of thr
dry 1\1'k.,<nu, thl' l~' tlm:!y ~DmF NlTl'1:pletely
baN>, Mu{"h ~).f lhF tf"fllf.: ASIlII! fort'"t i~ II dFrid-
1101111 fOrl'!'l ~ubJl'd to Illternai-'mn of dry Ilnd w .. t
~!'!~M"n)l ilf IIllpt(}ldtnll!l'ly t'!lual If'nlcth.
(~) Th., lllilwr tal",!,y of I!. primary deddu.
nUll fnn'.~, !.~ Y(,IlI'rMlIy flwnwd hy liI(l-(oot tret'!<
Whl't;' thl' ('lIl)"PY il< ("dl1tnlll<ll.lM, thl'fl' is llttl~ un-
II"nrTnwth; whl'tl' tht !'IUIUTI)' bl'"l'lI,h.", UlI' Iwder-
ItrDwth IwnmwlI dFnsi", comllrl~ifjg thorny shrub~,
knifp"'Ii)(I'd !Inri llaw-tuothed )(fll.!I!le!I, "Ofl IIpiny
vi 11ft>" F:\'(>1l durinn tht dry s~tIlwn thil'l under-
glOwth n"hWt"ll borr7.!llllnl Vihibility in 5 to 20
nu'll,)'s. hurillK Ihl" millY ~"AIIIIO, dimnti,' Moillloj)
""I)!ht'''IL~ wllhm thil< kw!l (If fOrf'l't lire nNlfl\"
Idpflhnl! !o thOM!' in th. fr{>l'il'kJ ruin (j,rF.!.t. 011;'
jH~ !ilt' dry !<t'U!liII1, the wl'O{>ud lW('ol'l"ll'H Mid lIor!
hllrd IWrl iI'ltlj)!'rature and hUml(My HuetualF
nml"!' thiill inlh\.' trupkltt rain forf'st.
U. S"I'Illldury Growth }<'()rc~rf1, Wherever trol'i.
"fll rtllll fN'(,hhl <>1' tt'npiral d(>(;idu(luI'I (oreKtli af'F
f'l('llrFd nnd lutN" ~!lIIlldon('d, ri lIet"tmdary junw:l('
Yl"nwlh 1'\',~\lI!!< BHctlil/<I' Dr l'xIH)~Ure to ~uolill:M,
tht'lw lIre!l~ nr(' rapidly "".'rllmwn by deruw
btuo;ht''< knd ~hr'ubl! Hlld rhmblllY i,ililnt!(, Gradu-
Itlly, 11,.. t'flmpmutir,n or lhl!( (ur(>j>;j ~lltne!l mor!'
t'(.mplFX, ti't1dlhg til !\llllmMh ILlI (Irigimti "!\tUI"f'
H('('Hll<W of utlf'llntrnll.. d rulllva{loll, \I1111HIl)' by
 FM 31-35
dilTerenceR lm'oh-e Jrrowth intensity, subjection to
ftoodin),: And relat-ive Aixe of auial roob, all of
which h;l,\,t: An elfed on m~ment.
tlf) R~ IIWHI,""" Red mangrove grows
in dt.oeply fl ooded areM and has both aerial rools
which drop to seek water, and ground roots
whkh bl'anch oul in a tangled tenwhnped mas!!,
(orming- 0. foonidable barrier (fig. 2-7),
2...
II,) 8kJck ,"(I'J'g,.o",~, Black ma n,lt' rove dots
not produce the maJ.~ of ~l t-sh a ped (round n:>Ola
usually :lA&Oeiated with red mangrove . ""amp.,
m ftkil1J: mrwenlt!l1l t'mllier than in .....m p.'8 or "ed
ma ntro\,. (lig, 2-8).
(e) Wh it.e ma7lgToV~. Of all mangrove spe-
cies, the white mangrove, which actually lIppears
gray in color, presents the fewest barrier3 to
ground mOVl!melit. White man grove generally
s tAnds further a part tha n other ~ pecies and hILI
no I.cnt ",hapcd maiUl,;( roots (1'1... 2-9) .
(2 ) PM M I WlUll p. Palm t;wlI.m p i, i'll1er3l1y
cliar utr r it.ed b,. Il(.Kwil..'11 gl'Ol.uld and a PUle ta n-
opy of overha nging trees. The most common
pinllt IUII\o!K'jlllion I~ Manicaria palm and a hnj::e
fern of the gen us Gerosllchum, Usually found
~ith othel' kinds of junR"le ~g('tation but also 0(:-
cu ri~ i n dellll() sta l\d~, Manic::ill'ia plLlm J(ro\~a in
rHIIOnallly tn vCI'lIi!,lc shalloW water. Th~ Mani-
caria J)/'Irn h~ a "hart, thu::k bolt. which hILS been
known to hllllK up tr:,,kcd \'chiclell. ACTOI< t it' hum,
whi ch ie II beautiful fern, nonna,II)' stands alone
10 deepel' water because of its tendeney to choke
oul other plants (fig. 2-10).
(3) Ca/ i1Jo./ .'IW(l.m.p. Catival swamp derives
FM 31 ....J
ItII n~rne from the Latin Amer lCl'l n cativt. or CAt!-
val tree. Foond in !lome JLl Il ~de are;(\,;, the eativa!
trL'tl prt'Ntut.I.'II fl high, dosed eaoopy of brilnehes
whil'h iII huls out l hl' Ilu nlilcht alld relardl'l the
~row tb of oth"!' VIlIi'l::t.tH>b, The ati ,,:!1 jlrowth is
oftell dry: howt. ver, ..... }wn upo&ed to l\oOOln,l[, the
ara is commonly referred to al'l c"Uval s,,",smp .
(4.) C(l(,,~tol tlliek(>1. Coastal thicket is found
alun~ sandy belC.h,..s a t or nellr ~ level. Dense
and diffieult to traverse, t he c~t.al thicket ill a
nlixture of t,cn tl('red COl,allul IlItlnl trtt!i and Aalt..
tolcrallt IIhrubli (fi!,\', 2-11 land 2-}2) .
f. Anociflt"r{ Terr(l.in a7ld Vt'!1tl.lJ/_ion.
(1) MO ">l/L Marshes g'l!nerally are found in
areas where the ....'ater is not brackish enou.gh for
ma ngrove, yet too wet for most forest trees.
T ropical marshes contain tough thick reeds
2-9
 ~M 31-35
fM 31-35

2--10
2-11
 FM 31-35
which t:row to (I h ei~ h t M 16 feef fi r more.. Wh ile
the,.. offe r leA n.hltan~ to Jle,,"ration thll n l rCfl
g r"wth:\, ma,rllh. n!liilrk t obsel'utloJl I\ t I!'l'Ound
I~,cl to II feo\\. 't"I'l In m(lll CaMI, lb. f ootlnt la
mlIraMI ia ~. tecUN: than ift other Jllnlk>
lI rtJ1I'tt\a tf1. 2-2).
(2 ) '<;IU:""'III.. Tro pic"' lII!I\latln~, g r MlJ,lanus
CilmmfTV"I' 1l 101~J.,'" t he fr inlt!i of t rop ical for e1'tl.
T~ a", MIlI't'e. Ixou'inr onJ)' In Ka t teroo .;mall
/.fro\!,. C) r :0;>1 illOlalA!d 1I.J'!ft"lnl4ll1,. Ohf:n compri"'n"
ih!' pri nrl li:.1 '!':jtf!.hitlon. "'-.nlla ..ras. raQu
fmm II. heidi' 01 16 Ie In W'I!U .lIteM!(! .~.. to
.. I tow a.. t.lm~ ff!el In mont "rId Wl'trl)r.lI. AI.
thollih h urlwn1.lll \'lllbillt, in the tIIillTli.U U: re-
du(1ld to Il few r(ltt, the gru. OfTl':R 1c!S r~ i s t.
;li llce to movement t ha n most other types of j un-
2- 11
I I. rowth Tile hli:hat lemllCrat u r~ in the
h um~ tropiC!! /lJ'1! 1'GI."CI~d In SIInnnll. &n :;' S. and
t h" dAily dltf~rl!~ in botJl ll!rn~tu re and hu-
ml~ity . "1)
rMtll'r thli ll In the oth(!J" Jun,'1':
Itmwth (fl._!-la).
(3 ) Ba~. Oamboo I,iTOws i n elump.s of
va rying lUe t hnmahoul the humi1l tropics.
Spril1iY. hollow Jointed bam boo .tems va ry
.rully in ci ~ urn fPrC':l,(''' :llll.l lHUtth. Sorm
ICI'ow\hI .. La.! n a htlKh t of wl!:lI IIV,,," .. hundred
leet, limiting hurir.nnu.l visibilit y ~ fm ly :i few
rtlel M"'\'ctnt'll t U~M""h t.n,bQo ill IloW aJld 1It-
n UQua br.t-",UIe or Itt. UI1U11U111 IItnrwt.ll (If l'fII;itl.
a nel'. 1ft addition. p!.net ra tlon of bamboo growths
U!!ll1l, lI y creates; I,,-ud 5",u llds 1IS the bamboo s tems
nre broken ( fig 2-14) .
(" ) C1dt ilJ(Zti(m.
(a) Throughout the tropical are.u of th ~
world Il la rJ.,'"t' Pf'rl:l!nt~g(' of farme r>l till the ht nd
in Il rela ti"d y !Sim ilar man ne r. Sever.1 1II'.ru of
tret'll nre cut during the r ainy st:I!<on IlII d thl! I O~3
Rnd I! tumpa are len in thl! clearing. The"e are
the n burned duri ng the dry se.ason. At the begin-
ning of the rainy seaton the farmer, punch s mall
holes in thl! gTOlind with pointed sticks, drop a
lew s~s i n each hole, cover the seeds by , lamp-
ii'll; th e ground with their feet . a nd wait for thl!
crop to grow. After one or t .....o years 01 UII':,
dearin, i, a ba ndoned a nd a ne w d earing i,
made, This i:< commonly called "slash and burn "
. ,ri culture. Abandontld d earinp usually contain
dense srowth of scrub v~getatio n in which rel-
ics of COnTItlr crops, s uch as ban a nas, may be
lound.
fM 31_15
(b) The c ultiva tion of wet rice is an im
portant coraideratio n i n the morl! den~ly popu
bll~d f1arl~ or potl'lIli.' jun gle ojltlr/l.tioni l areal! .
Wl!t rice i! ,.rown both in th~ lowla nd'" a nd o n
the hi ll s lopCOll. In tht! l" wl;lI1ris r~:tlln ... ulllr field s
:;c"IHatl:d by dikCII two to {our teet high are
flooded dudllg the &,rowin,t! season through a net.
work of canals and irrigatio n ditcbes. On the hill
s lopes. terraces a re constructed on which to IrJ"Ow
the riC!e : di kes s urround the terraced fieldl and
t ht' fi('lds are Rooded by 1J'r:lI'i ty flow . Since mOl t
of thelle rice fields ary fertililed by feee.-;. Acciden _
tal pUnC! tu r" of lhe .sk in while crossi nS these
fiel ds will gone rall y re mit in nn infeclion.
( l:) In mUII Y ju.ngle areas th~re .Ire sev-
eral types of t~ crops. prima rily rubber I nd co-
conut. Th~ lr~es an genenlly gro wn iD pla nta-
tions. where the trees ar'Y planted a t regula.rl y
"'13
fM 31-35
~ced inten'als and all underbrush h all been re-
mo~ed . Having the appearance 01 well-tended
pork!!, rubber lind cocunllt plantulionll alTor(! II.
well'nme ~I ) it(t f rom the jUlIl;'le but Ilrovide titHe
jlround cOncealment or cover.
2-7. Surface Motenu ls
The soils of the humid tropies va ry in s trudural,
phyllical and chemical properties to at lust the
!\Omc de,8Tee u those of other c1imaw. The cor
relation between 90il and natural veget3.tion is lil-
ways close, and tropical plant mmm unities reflect
difTerences in soil conditions no l ~ faithfullY
than do those of temperate clima telt. Though
varied in maoy of their properties. the majori ty
of the soils of lowland j ungles ha ve eertain im-
portant (ommon eharacteristics: in color they are
often brigh t red or yellow: in textu re they are
frequently clayey. sometimes loamy; and superfi-
cial layers are OttasionallY SAndy , In spite of
their lus h gTowth (m03t of which sterne from the
hothouse; environment) , soi ls $re generally low in
veaeta.1 nutrient content. Trafficability is gener-
ally poor, especially during rainy periods,
FM 31-35
2-8. Animal life
The animal poVlIlation 01 Jungle areas is abun.
(j ant and dh~rsified. Some are r cmllrka ble for
lhelr .iu., sllC,': h all 3()-(OOt P)'lttoM . 00 anacondas,
t.M quart<lr-lon land lor'.oIHl, aia nt scorpion:!
and bet:tll;S. Anlll, I~ hfll., IIr ide~, m051lui t oell,
and other in~ll nre inl1l1men.ble and are round
everywhel"t from ground level 10 the tops of the
Uillest trees. Animal life i~ mOlit abundant in the
forest canopy. deocreasi ng progruaively IlL both
species alld number as they app roach the fOrl!f't
floor. EnvirOllm('nt illV"lv,," tiv~ lay(of~_lJlI!: can-
opy. the middle tier, lhe ~u r{'("I' of the ground, be-
neath the iTound, and in the wail'r:o.. Bird ~ ,;urh 110 :0.
the pOIrakeel, fruit pij.!('oll>', b\rd~ of paradise, tou
can., and (ropns li,'e in the canopy. The for est
eanopy is also the habitat of monkey', apes,
sloth., igUAnas, manupi :lIs, squirreil'O , and II rich
in~t :and reptilian life including ana kell, spiders,
centi~es and lints. Beeause of it.! ulLproteclive
charact.f.r, I.he forest floor BUpports the Ifast Ani _
mal Jlfe. In savannas and ~eco ndary fore:st$ ,
which p r ovid~ good shrub and bush cover, are
found large animals s uch as deer, tapin, wild
pip. lions, !ireM! and anleate". On the "ocr of
 fM 31-35
t h.e trop ical rain forest only lizards, grubs, ter-
m l le.~ and lInl<! can .survive. With the flxception of
monkeys , Hl) ul rrel:<o. ~I\akc!': and liUl.rr1 ~, the jungle
ca.!loP.)' 1/1 .virtually ne void of ani mal activity from
mld-mornm g" u nl ll a bout a n hour bdorf. 11,11\-
down. WhIle lire (!x islll in t he j UlI lZle duri n, l hese
hours. practit:ally all wIld life is r estill" under
b~rk or ~ow;, sleeping in the dense masses o f
vInes or In the head s of palms, in holes in the
ground, or in the rare patches 01 tall vegetatio n,
usually ncar the water . .\Ios t animals in the jun-
gle will not Ilttack ml.n unle$ they a re friiht-
e.ned. There itn~ a few ex(eptiollS. The Asiatic
tiger, the Latin American Jagua r, and peecaries
(commOn ly ca lled wild boa rs) may attack unpro-
voked. Thf!3e animals a re in t he mino rity and are
rar!ly e ncountered. Even snakes will not usually
atLack ~nle~ th ey are mo le~t.eJ. The dan ger of
s na ke bIte,; IS cummo nl)' pagj,!r.rat ed. At the time
of p ub lica tion of this mallUD- I, no U. S. ArnlY ptr-
to llnel ha.,. dlt!d from ano)ce bih' " in(e 1'38, lhe
year th _L re<:o rus wen.! I\t"lt kept. Rnme re ptiles
s urh a$ the c rocod ile will aUado. wh"'n prulloked:
than 2,000 mil~;; f rom the :)outh Atia nt K to the
Il.nd !;Ornc fi s h, :luch u lhe I'inlllha of no rtheast.-
('rn Sout h Anlerica. will attack anything that
~olles. For the mos t par t, the an imals , other than
1I~ "~ ~ l ty pes, that inhabit the jungle are not
a sig-
m!k ant hazard.
2-9. Diseases
Troop~ opel"l\ti ng in the humid lropics will be ex-
posed to a va riety of diseases. The mosqui to
transmits malaria, yellow fever, den i ue (break-
bone) fe ve r , filariaSIS (elephanti asis) and some
(n l'"mA of I' nr-t'rtwhlis. Some t yp h\l~ and pl;l.gl.lc
;u'e tr ll..nl m i~ b:r ,nJ,I!.of"tA >tuch &8 the mi tl.: and
ft~li. Scrub lyr II !; I~ tra llJmitl..ed by n ,'rry >:ma.lI
IlIlle aoo p\lIJrlJIiI I. tnll.miu ed by th~ rat i1tm.
S.ll~plu,. ~ldnu~!l8 is limitl'd to AfnCJI. $.illce the
nOCt:llSary carrlc r, lhe tse \..se fly, Is nO t found in
the Jilngh.'>! (of Ln l in Amcrica a lKi M1 .... DilNses
IrAMml tted by Il'ftc:d wllo!A! r ~r food lnclude ty-
J)hoiu (,,n'r And pilrnt ypho!d fe.\er , hepatitis, ba-
dll ....y dy~C'" lnr)' . u ndulant (~-er (bruct'n~i8 )
,,00 nmblu,.I,.. Other tI. I~I~ wldellPJ'u .d in t.)Je
[tOpi"'" """ m41!rlulritlU n, lLlbu'tukla ill . t bll~
*
milllli5 {t rans.mIUe d hy blood l1uk(!~ . 8 1 d a van
, y of inle..<;t\ ' UlI )J u f'1IAIlt! ll uch a s h oqkworm."
aoo pnIfly. y " WS. :1 conl..a!fiI1I,1S elisl' ('illlilfled
.1n105L I'Jtd"lli!.I~el y to th tropics, is I:htu :u::terlu!d
Ii) ,,~ . r. r.n lptJotl. whIch :He ~. f\ren d by direct con-
t.. d w ltJt [lIf('o';I'3 1 propJt- nr hy Aiett. Vtlriou.
l} p8 of fUII !:1 [l1QdU(''' thr, moe.t widesprea d
lnfectlo1l1 Lnnltnnt f' XI"'~u rO!: I, igh b ~L and
hlh l\umillily caurot' n.,.t t J1){!1i""' to hll roor f Ull -
i\lg. Th t'.o,e organi< ms rrow at Illt extr e.mely
ra p id
ra te un !!o..C a ('f)n"Uu't .. Il(lrt i!l- Ml'Id e to k ~p th ...
body dry. Font 'IlTtl Is mJ)ll Impor tBl1t ; ho wE'""r,
fUl llu infl'fll'I r."l :I."~" OCI!JJ r t,lI .tf. ro mJlM) r. ly :11
th.>f!OI'l'>.. '"'II t h.' hll-,H'b alUl II, lhe ~rat('h Ilre . Ve -
oor rlll d~'IUNo lIuch .. I)'phihll. and IQnorrhea
a r~ 4 u i t ~ COIlIIT")n ill n:lli w:. \"~ U.a .... " ~. (For f ur-
t h l'"r i nf(lrma tlon !U' " f"~\ 2 1 10 and the lI ppro-
prtllte TU MEt) u n tr ~:Io! me n t . clinjca l f~ nt ure ~,
n:nt rol a nd preVE'.l1tilln of ~pec i fic ,Ii;;ease, s uc h a$
Til )1 E:O 1&4 on MIlItll'ifl .)
2-10. Natives
Tn.. f1"~ 1V eS of an an':. f an pro\'ide valuable as-
Section III. AMERICAN JUNGLES
2-11. General
The A merIca n Junl(l , or selva. are dominatp.d by
the Am a ~!.I n ll4\lllll. v. bich co nlain~ lloouL Ollt!_
SIx th of the world's Jun llle.1I Extend itJIo( mOl"e
ba..~ of t he Andes Mounta ins. t he ba1>l1l ~nro m
passes a land mass Ilea rly D-S large a s the conti -
nenlal U lli\~1 Stall::>. The heart or the Amazon
11lI~ i n ia t lMr i rn m ~II "t! Amu:wn Riller system, 1\11
inland >\f';8, which fall$ out from t he Atlantic
Cf)&$t til the And~ :~. The AmaUln a nd its
tributar-
Ies nre bQrdc reu by a n elCtenaiv. flood plain SOllle-
tim es varYIng in width [rom GO to 60 lnilM. Be-
cause of lo w e levation and poor draina ge, the
plain is frequently fl ooded , forming numerous
swamps. calted paranas, that sometime s cover
FM 31-35
. imnce i r tbey lire made t o f(!el tOa t lMR i~
tomtl 1"l'\l,JjQn fOI Jly in l tMi r Il\ltp. It it; 1t4'c~l ry
LQ l;o,.olm .. f:umllllr with t he C:Us.tonl.$, habi t", and
tR boo.-. nf thlt l1alh,. before IC'OI~" ;1\lo an ~,
By v\Ol..a.lIl1Q a blend taboo. i ~ ia po&aibJe to ;lIitn-
ate hr. l, a h" I' ~ In "II ar(';t and, th\l ~. cut off a
.tJIlU l~e of ir.ldlilt"li'fll:l' aDO 3 51lPply of votetlti ally
wlllln~ ,,'Ork...,.. who egphl be o:rrnJlI ()~, .....1 D- ~ ScOlI ts ,
tt:lJi~ . c;t.rrie rs .. c.. t r uClllifi wo rk,nl'>, and lI tt~r
t~rt'll1 In Ilealil1g ..... It h t h' md.1\1: lPulali(ln , . 11
ll-a l. dllJ n.t !Jill.lu'd be (."("[ l:du cle!i! with tht! hl!:ad~
mfo ll (If II; \'lliaS!'e IJI" Lri1~ A I\hCtu J! h ~hl!" II.~ o f
h''''l oountry "r toeal lnk q weu>tI W.D be . dva.nta,
Itl"'JiI~ , extreme <- :I re Im.st ~ eXf'.rd sed in u!.i ng
the m 1~'('lU~ fj f their pNIIible unfamilia rity w ith
(ltJ , i . lrlg\I;tIft". In t~r dft.in ,([I
bet Inlilful a ll(1 l~)
m.ultnifl t h,.i .. fa vor(' p<Ull t ion Ir. lb. cttJnmunit y
r' r lnbr lhl!'Y m,w Il o)t Indn.lJo UIIl.l they do ~t
u nder"t.amj ,m" t h.,,. will prnvld, tile a ftlW'en
l ha l Ih er ~h lil k :Jr'~ w;loI1 I.,..d lnertCt.!"I!. It may
(l fte.n Iw. JU{tre .. dvAn~-eoWl to use .ltl1 l8n((1l.l.~
tll~ t1y wltl>: t h(' heaum An or ~hle f. Thf! (olm'-
III:", sitould bf. b'Il!tld ..red .....hen d e.alinr. w ith
na-
t he f"-'plIl.'ionfo
IJ. frkmdl y b Ul CltutiOUI
" . 1~(fl:,j rt ' '' l\I :Il: .
r . H''1<IJI'C"t cudnm5, n 'lh:io\u bo'lil'f.o:, lI !'l d prop-
.-rty
ri. Oll er I!ifl'<; Wi t h prudence.
~. AVOid tbrf!att!mng~l urt! ~.
f . Do nOllr'lClel-ol. W(,I rnen.
II. Oll"d .. 11 4"lIi ~ t :...... ~ j o("ls~'hlc. 1'1:I'">'",=i811y medi-
ul.id,
h. Do I, .t conflscatf! rOnd " nd bdcIUC: U1J(:I- l'ay
;1 ((IIi ~rl c e ((,If e\l ~ry lhill .i;: .
thoo sand>! of aquBre miles of land. Upc.ou ntry,
aoo l'(! t he :ll\)Ulb o( the Ri n .:r X illfU, lItdioJl!! oC
the Am:,1.on n ()/~ pillin arc inll nda tt-d for us l on~
tall ~V4!n mOl '"'" IL \'car, The io wer Am;l7.0 n flood
pla il1 I ~ uaUy u nd ~ ,. W;\l!Lr from :ioV(:.rnber
thr ough Septembe r. Borderi ng t he Amazon flood
plain are river hl uffs allerRgi ng (rom l rlO to 200
feel high. Th e remainde r of the unsin con tainillit
abou t 90 p' ll cent of th ~ Amazon leRio n consist..s
t)f :1 low 1'lal.mu o f I"vllinlJ 1<'rrail"l w ith inltr llen-
m il vallot!.\"1> which ~radual1y slope Inward toward
the Ama zon Ri ve r . Covered with tropical rain
rorut.B an d extellsl w~ ~l relc hes of scrub brush
ano .sho rt irassland s {campos) , the Amawn up-
lands ate rel.th'ely well drained and gOl"le ralJ r
free of s v.-.m1)lL Facing the Amazon l.aSi ll, the
"1-11
 .. "..."
eutern footbill!. of th~ Andel forn; ItMp, dla-
_ted ,wPM and narrow valle)'" ThOlM!, ~er
with int.nnitt.nt IWampl and den.. vt'Je....tlon,
make land movement e:dmnei.y difficult.
2-12. (11_
Climate in tM. Amazon huln and mOllt of the
Central Amf,ncan tropici II ~har.cterued b)'
hit'h humidity .nd a lack of MaIIOn.1 v.rl&tionl,
[n ~n~r1lJ, humidity dl(fUlet witb dlltance
from the AUan\i-c {)(!ean. In Panama, bumJdity
oft.. n reaches 95 prernt or more at nlaht, and
mort' than 6tI percent durin tMi day. At )IanaWi,
in the beart of the AlnQ(ln bPin, humidity aver_
a_ i l peJ'tent The hl.m.t .peratuNil PNl-
van alen, the Guiana and Caribbean couta, Av~
eract temperature aionll many ot the wtult.al low_
land ,..,lo81 of Central America la 80~ F. Aver.
ap temperatuN vari.tlens between ttt. wtumf!lt
and rooltlt montha in tMi Amason bPln 118F.
Low.t tamperature in many lectiotll ot the Ama-
#}n buln ate rewrded about' a.m., uaually in
AUplt. whf/n temperatu..- drop below 60" F,
Rainfall over tbe entire AtMt'icsn jUnl'le III pn-
er.11y abundant. In the Afl\UOn buln. rainfall
e.cee4t 80 Incb. In moAt Mttlonl. Tht Amason
"winter" (rainy Muon) lat. from luloUlT'Y to
JUM. Yilth &imc::.t dail,. raintall 1n the form of
clrcumterlbed abower. that bertn and end lud-
46nl,.. Darin. tbil period, inhablt.ant8 of the re-
aiM art ...nanny I'fttrleted: to their hom. _
'J'fHlde and tralll "n Inundated *lid beeome pr~~
tI~lJ impuubie, 'Ibe )ower Alnuon experi~
el'lftl a marked dry HUOft from luly to $ept4!m_
ber, Niahte: in the Arnuon buh~ "fa .I~ brll~
liantly ~t.ar. In C,ntral America., mOld r.infall
oceura alon. the low. /!at .tretdI. of the Carib-
bean eout. where 'IIf&l'lt4 utterly track 'lI'inds &n-
nutJly brln, btt.w.en 124 and 200 Inch. of preelp..
I~Uon. MOft rain ".1_ alonll the eout between
y and November. followed by a lir1.,. teuc)n
IuUna from D4mber to April. On the Pacll\e
eout of Centr.1 America. uJnf"n IOrM'Irhat
'-t.....rqiq betwtNln 40 .nd 100 IJMlha aD-
nutJl1.
2-Ul. "-piOIIen
Plant lIf, in til. Amuon buln ia oona!dertcI the
molt eompiu on earth-witb .. man,. .. 8,000
d.Unet .pede& per ~uan mile; v..-taUOft
throuahout tile Am.um Nain varl.. &eeOJ'din. to
tIM: ralnf.lI, Alon, th. Andean toothIlla, &n ......
... of lip to aoo lnebea of rainfall aupporta
1-"
dMlIIf! tropical rain forest. AreM nceivinl ......
rainfall alon, the aoutbern edgn of the Amalon
buin and in the Llanoll along the Tl()rthern edpl
of the buin are tharad.ar!aed by 3CAttered ...van.
nas, In the tropical lowland .rOll of Central
Ament., and particularly the West (ndlel, much
of tM origin.l tropical rain fOre!lt baa been al-
tered by centuriell of Ilasb-and-burn AlIdeultural
m~hodll. Somf, of tbeae areu have been onn-
vuted into perm.nent iTu.inll"ndl, wblle other
.rua have re~rted to Si!<':ond.ry ,rowth junatt
which prel\ente: con.lderab~ impediment to move-
menL Ho~r. IIOme lare tract. of vira'in rain
forelll ltill ui&t in Central America. partkularly
along tbe MOIIQuito Cout of Nlearaaua. Central
American eO&!ltal .rtoM of~n include ttlkkettl of
<:ocanut palm. !lei Ilr.pe, .nd Ihrub&. ManITO"'"
IWJmpl border areu covered by MIt wa~r,
2-14. ....1.-..1 Ufo
8ecauR the)' cannot .urvi .... on the w .....ry floor,
m08t Ameriean junl'l." wild life il found In treea_
In aeneral. the: American animale are smaller
than thoH eXiltinl in the other tropical rQionl
I)f tbe w<>rJd, For eumpie, monkey. of ttle Ana-
ton baain neVer .xceed 4{l. P'Jundt In weillbt, and
rrumy aR: amaller than rat... The laraut anlmala
include tapir.. jagu.r wblch BrulUana: can
ti.m onca, lOw 20 foot boa conatrlctors, 26-foot
anaermda!l, and 10-foot tr'OCodiJ_ and cayma.
rarantulM. at'Orplon.. and rodema a", allO ('()tIl-
mon, Ute- lar,_t rDdent heinl' tllt tOO-pound caP7-
bl.ra. La,... ft.h auell M the Pinll)'bl. a &-foot
Amason River catftah. plus nutmtroua varl.tJ_ of
other ftIh, t1.:lrtl ... and Nptl" inbahit the atrunu
and ,warnpe, M.n, Amazon atruma eontJln the
eamlvotma piranha aah and the electric .1.
M<WIt wlldJif~. indudin. ,nak.el, avoid man and ar.
lefdom If!en, Theft' aN few ,,*1_ of (IOiIoOOWl
1"tPtI" i", th. Am.dean junatu. Mati u.n.r.roUl
.n the lara- buahmuter and the comtnOft fer ....
a.nc.. n. eo,.1 anUe. _bill at:nmf1y polIon*
0\1&, 1& ..ldom a menl.(ll to Pf'OPeJ'I1 dl'eMld _
trained petIOnnei. In BruU. none of tM poilon.
OUI anabs un cliMb tr-.; however. In CentnJ
Ammca, a rnren-colored palm vl.,.r lIva In
hWlh_ and tNtl and it danl\ft'UU. beeiUIe it r;om.
monl,. .trlkN bumana abm.lt tM t .... aM &m'II.
The fv.de-lanee it tile only poiaonOQl 'Mb
to\lnd In tht Weet Indl. The moO aMOfinI'
_Ud life .n the ever-pl'tMftt inaeetl. aaeh u tM
n.
11I.nn1. a mat al.. fly wiU'l a bit. of Art.
ason *""
Am-
harbert mUUOIll: of "ta, tnelud.laa' the
vampfn speci . Storia of anr-:i~ fIf
bat.6 an arutly eni'aerated. AIIO NSminl' the
Am..on rqlon are wild pial or pa~u; when
tIIl!ItI animal. "re part of a berd, they can be vi
dOL15 and _rleM.
2-15. ,_""....... r",_"..
The jungle lIuall of the Amerias a~ 1\p&tH'ly
populatM. The j{I'X'At maJlll.of the Amlllon buln ill
Inhabited by prlmitwf' IndlllRl\. who p..rMPII num-
ber 1_ tb.n !{l.,OOO. Littl. II known of thM* J)(W.I-
pie, .11 they ullually avoid rontad witb tbe civl
liud populiltion. The Auca tribe of efl,llern Ecua-
dor ill perhapll ttl~ moRt belllrerent stoup, In
many aectl61\111 of the: Amazon, IImali Httlementa
dlll indicated on mapA have lona llince been .ban-
doned; the entire Ama)On reaion contain. fewer
than 2.000 mHe.; Ilf roads and rallreadll. While
tbe rainy lowlandll of the: AmAZon ballin antatly
limit land tr"fUIPOrlRUon, tbe Amllzon River
providM'l un Itlltenllive waWr tranllportation Il)'l-
tem, Conaininl( I fifth of IlU tbe wO'rld's rivu
Willer, tMi Amazon and it. tributaries can be n~v.
igatf;(! Il~ tar 11.11 Man&ua by o<ean Unera arQUln8
up to 10,000 tom!. Steamer. weiahlna up to' 4,OO{l.
tonll Nlln .c<mtinuE' on tn IQuitOll. hru-a dlat,anee
ot 2,3{l.O mil... from the Atlantic Ocean, F1'Om
A standard eatln'Ulte of the jun,l., area. in Afrla
--equatorial rajn tarElt and manlro" Ilwamp-
'1884,100 8quare mile". or 7.9 percent of tlu! to~1
aNI. of the continent. If other toreat al1lU I.N In-
duded, that ill, tb~ tropic.1 dedduoul!: fo ....... and
the Montane (<mISt., then the _tUnate nMa to
apprallimately l.4 million !!Quare milM <1r 12,6
per~nt. Tbe larJ'ellt body of jun,le ill found
alon. the equ.tor whlttver n.inf.ll is hlab.
whfl'i! the temperatuN! r a . Is arnall. and wh.r'
the dry "'lOn, if present at all, la very abort.
Known al Equatoril., the center of tilt-aNa 11.-
in the Congo buln. In addition. a rain forat 0:.
tends into tb~ wetwt pe.rta of Weat Africa. pri-
marily Alon. tbe oo.u~1 rqioms. Althouih a
marked dry MUOn daM eJlist tIIete. It ia too abort
w .Iter the constantly blab humidity &nd tempar~
atur", Equatorla and Welt Africa art dlac:~
__ ratety _JOUle, thou.b 'be tha~ of tM
vqetatlon J& almlla.r, UM eonflf\lratioQ of the for
Mt.6 III not, for the hlJ'h denaity of popu1aUon In
.....
W.t Africa hu caUNd a than,. in the fQf1llt
.'1..a1
Iqllitca, rl ....r boat. ean tra....1 certain Amuon
tribute: riell an the way to tbe bue O'f tlw! Andea,
Larae atwna of lowlaftdli Illona lhe btIM of tM
Andell ha ...e wat.rwa,. that permit navlaaUoll by
unall boata, SIn! tbe A:rnas:on ItMlf 11l wild and
not MIlly navillited. theN are lOme limltatlonl
on wa~r tranaportatlon. The rile and faU of the
river, and lOme tributarl-. often mattlNl .0
feet And, alon. the Andean hue, many ql the
Ilt~amA /lH! Interru'PWd b,. Ion. tinCtbta of rap.
Idlt Indultry In tllt Amaaon bPln 1I pradie.alb'
nonexilltent and the recton I. not alf-.\lflleient in
food aupplltt.
2-16. _
AI' In other jun.le aHa throuahout the world,
malaria ill tbe molt wid.pmd and dud]y di,,",
ealllt in the: AmerlCln junllH. Other tropical di..
eall~usually aseodatl!d witb un_nita,.,. condi_
tl(\T\II and poVf;rtY-&N PNValent In ttl. area. An
f!tlmated 00 pel't&nt of the rora! ~1atlon of
tbe Amuon buin suffera from InteaUnal para.
alteR. Vawll are _peelal1,. prevalent In Uta lower
Amuon balin, For Ildditionalinformation on dl._
e&III!lI, ~ paralP'liph 2-1.
Ita trlbutArl.. I.nd .ndOMd by u..
q. G~"enU, The heart ot Equatorial Afria La
ttle Conp hUln, a vat ahallow depnIMion in tlM
Afnetn plateau croa.eed by the CooP lU..." u.d
'nte
drainqe arta ot the riv.r II. approxhnatllll, I.'
mUlion !!quare miles, Vut, .pe.r.eI,. popUl.ted, and
n!l.tlvely 1.:Intoucbed, the rain foreat whleh (teo.
cuplea much of the ConlO bPlJ'I. .nd tM .I'ft to
the north reaembl.... In man, JWptelI:, that of the
Amu.on basin. In addition to eo. (Kiuhau).
the rain for..t area eo~ pariI: ql Conp (Br....
_vtU.). Gabon. cameroon, u41tto Ml;1ni III ...n
.. a narrow &trip &lon, the IOUtllwat.nI border
of the c..tral Afrie&n BapQbUe. TM ~l ....
tkm ot ICqptorta _lata of .. UI"1'OW, low pJ.a.I.D.
ex....a4i_ about to mDtI intud 11l Conp Bru:::u.
......... ___ Uld_. _
villi, fl'01Il 11 to 1 . mi_ Ie Ga~ &Del: Obl,r a
few mil.. Ie tht atnmt . . . of (!aaIrooft. 'nl.
_ _ _ _.I...04from ....
_plaln_C-ODIIc...._
.vllle. tht l&n4 . . . abNptlJ fila . . . of Wu.,
.....

m(lUt!laln~, al)d lilal.,.u~, all of whifh .re l'arall~l
to the nl!Ul.L.
II, ('limal.'. The k~yn()te (If th .. eqlut.lorlHI rli-
mate ill ml)notuIlY: nlll.-tanl tem]l~raturt!, con_
lIt1tnt humillily, nnd ronlltant n~infHIL In thv
Wf'A!l'rn Camermm" tlnd between the Jntttud~!\o 2.
and 3 Ntutb ill the Cona\>, there ill no dry Aea
lion. ami ttl{' annUli] Wmperature ranJ(e )11 U
tremdy Arnall. The ramce of temperature betWf'en
day ami nilrhl dlw.a tIOt PII'f'tJ 10" Ilr 15" Mov_
(nil iwth north and ./IOuth from (hellf' l.titud~ the
dry 11"1\11011 \.wcllme!t Ilrll)(retlI!ively !mlKvr, Ilnd the
rlimn\.(" bt'Comel! prol<"'~lIRively ("01l1t>r and drier all
line apJltnachel!l th~ mPllntaillll. Totfl,l rainf.1l in
the ConKo bnain vllrie!'! \.wtwtwn fi(t >l.tld 70 inchell;
but {)II thl' l""utt II rnpid chanl'e QCCurll from
north til ~nuth_from 400 irl\'heA at tht' foot H(
CamNTI!;n Mt.unWin tn ao illrh~a nl thE" mouth nf
the COIllfO River. and dwindling tu 10 ilK'hel at
Hen;ru~ljO (An~o!j.j). The hulk of tnt" rain iii
Mnvedlonlll, and ;wl'r much of the Conl(O bMln
.ftunoon and t'Yenlnlr thundentorm.t are a daily
oct:u~fi('f! during the rainy liP/bUll and even dur-
inx the so.('.nl'd dry ftelUlOn. whkh m.y \.w all
Ihort AI one to two montlul. (The dry
!ledOn/1lflAllOnl! 6{Tur durin(( June.July and/or
Deceftl~r-Jahuary, depeudina upon the particu.
lar area,)
c. VfDlltnliOl'l. In IIpitl' (If the po.... rty oC the
!lOibl, the cumulative I'tff!(:t of hilh tempe:ratul'U.
humidity, and precipitation ill 8, dense, tuah vep-
latlo'" with treM .pproximately 120 foot hi;rh .nd
& canopy of thick leavell, Unlike the Amuoe jun-
gle, which in ofttm described .. extl'ell'lely ((Ioomy
wUh Iittit or 00 underarowth, the floor of the
Equatorial rain ftr....t fa. mat of almoat Impene-
trable underrrawth _tid hu conaid4lr.b}e I!!Iwamp
....... Often there I.a an undentory of .mall trees.
and in th& more open patti there Ia a thitk
jTOwth of htthl on the fore floor, Woody ellmb-
en. or ItulUl, aN UJlu&1i7 abundant, and many of
tIM t:nII .... auppot'ted by buttJ1JB6ea, A IfN&t va~
I'Mb' t41l*_ ot lrMt (lUI many lUI 2(0) can ~
found hi a 'mill arg, In the hnrt 01 the buln
the riveta form a jumbl* o( branche. link~ with
OM I.MiMr. Tbeae river. on.n ftow through a
de... fortlt whieh la anaonally lnundl:ted.
Throurhout ibt rain foteat the' aTOund in thoft
..... aNded from the dll'fllet ra". 01 the eun ia
molal, if not wet. durhlJ the antln year, VarU-
titm& in thie p,tturn ot veptatlon are to be found
akn\a the COMal N.lona wbilrf' m.nllTOfli
ewam.,. frltlP th& .tuart.. and laJO(>k To-
-
warda th. outer rim 01 the buin WheN lb, dry
MUOn beeomu marked, the number of al*l.,. of
v~rgreen trt!1I Ihminilhell, tht' proportion o( de-
dduOUII nel;1l. in('reAjJ('~, fl,lld therv are pakhe& of
.II:rmlH.!uwl On lhl!' htl(hllllldll of C"meroon ill
Ilrt'jUI ubl)\t, :J.onH fe{'t, the dt'llllily "f Uw Junille
d(>('I"I'H"!':< MId {'vntUlI\II ('xtcmuve b>tmboo thirxrt/l
llnd hroud !!.reall of open p;r!!.I!~landx. a rondition
whi!'h III 11111/' f!llllld In the };lI$t Afril'lHl mounluin
ure'I"'
ff P"p.iln/mj/ (lluf Tnnl~pnrl<ltiml. The rain
(ureAl IIrl'lI. in F:~unh'rjal Afrirll hall ft low POIJU-
lutiolJ tI!'1\~ity IK<.mOJ Ii) pen'ent III thl' (,Htire
('~IIIKu hM !t>.1\I!. lhan ont' per~on per IIquarc mllc)
II;l1tl tU!1\ low IWi! {;;ortlllly whkh di"""urajtcA np;ti
('uJt\lI'ul "rnduehon (when the hmd is clcared of
forellt, Ih!' Mlil L~ rapidly l(la{'hed by the hbVY
rfiinf~l1, and ft lung tim" i,~ tf'ijllired f(lf reeov-
('ryL llt'\'I'llljlmt'nt of ,.ny kinll in thp nin /nti'At
ftteH~ III impt>t:I(<j! h.\' the valll dllltRtl!~ involved;
IofNlI'rlllly. th{' mUI't' denlle the f'lrN!t, the IImalll'r
the vi1laJl:eH and the Ifr... ler the dillts,lIi'e ~tW&ell
them. F(!otpath!l, u;o,u.lly only wide enollah io !!.f
cummodnll' n bicyrle, lead from village to village
and ar.. mainb.ined throuKh th~ yelrR by corutt.nt
UIW'. Road!' ,ftrt' c!lpen!livl' to t"tll1l1trud or maintain
be1'HUIIt! of the torrential rain/.11 whkh washt'l!
nul the Nllu!lwdlt Sinre the fll'!<t roadA built
lren!'rully follnwed the old footpathR, many
roadll Hr~ now badly nlined and graded. Be
('lIUlle toadll cannot ahrt'.YII be efficiently drained
and becauM their lIurfat'e ia aften not waterproof,
a lul'e j'>flrtion af tht' roads lire uuble only dur
hog th{' dry leason. Durina the rainy aeuon,
rtladll lirE' wuhed out and mUl!t be rearaded in
IIpolJl before they ('an be u8t!d, For thee rNiSOnll,
tht' !ieC!md mOlt impmtant meanll of trllvel jnext
W pathl) in the mor. denae rtlilona of the (are&t
is by wlter rather than by road. The majority of
the pupul.tion Bves on flw aubsiMteMe level.
growina food cropa on small cleaTed pakM' of
!.end whirh are then left fallow far a period of
JEan 110 that the /Wi! maY re,..!n J\.JI (ertillty,
Typh~a! troJ15 are UM.va, maize, plantain (II
relative ot the bal1ana). yams, maniot". tobaeeo,
beana .nd oil palm. BecauM the aoilll an &andy
and a1* poor In pl.nt nutrient&. the crop yield
ill extremely low, The majority of the popu.
lace do not tat flllh or meat; thua the overall diet
I. inadequate,
2-19. WOOl A"ko
The toporraphy of WetJt AfriCA conaiata of a ftat
to aUabtl)' rolling tOMtal plain. 20 kJ .00 miles
wide and ,enerally leta than &00 feet abow ..a
level, whith rise. jlTAdually to an inland plateau,
'" Cli7lUdf. TemperatuRI &re uniformly hl,h
thrn\,lj(hllUl Wt'Ht AfrieR '. hnw!'ver, io the interior
lh~re U'l)tl~ l() h1' I!. ttHllhl l'etl/IImal drop. In tlle
IHUlk!!. "f 1'i1!!'rA itowinlt hltt; ttHi Interior. Inland.
(ip~lIl,,1 atelU\ tcn'lwrl!.luti;!! ~1t1lJ<e from '1'1" tn
Uw l'll!n fm';))ll devel()p~ into Rn am.
mhwu ('vr.r.j{r1'l'1l I!.nd dedduouA (oreat. beeominl
82 y. In thl'lW Qnntt, whirh eoinride- with the
lIIl nrn "overed euUrely by decldooulli tfi!M whlnh
rain (1)fI'At belt. the hjR"h tl'mpetJ\tur.A ('Dmbined
with ttw ('unAllInl hi;rh humidity fAUIW cott'lidera
blf' djMcumfort; rnltllllorm ... brinK onl)1 temp(lr~rY
rel'l~f to the <l))pl't!>IlOive h~t FM "hart tJerlOO
durhllof the wintt'r when 1\ m<l/!1\lkllUlI wind ~O~H
(rom the Intl'rin!' {lh~ hlOrmllt\lIn}. tht' tmmldlly
dro]1li ",llIlhtly durit'll lhe lliJl:ht, and ~hc t'I1A11tal
peoph'lI, m'I'li'Hnted III thl' !lump, hot rllmal.e, fi'el
an nduill (hill in ..."ile of Lhe hip;h temperature.
It itt not unullual lo III~ prop1!' shlverinil in iHl
wooth!'!',
II. VI!ltiflf!m!. The vegetatIOn rnverinlf W Ml7
Afrwil ll\ thr~Lly reh\ted h) th!' l'AUt't1111 uf rutn,
(ilil. Tw') rMrlll.'terlAtirM nl thil\ pll.ttt'r!l Ilrt' 1m-
ptlrtHoL Flrttt, th('n' 1~ n proKP/lltIVI' (it'Fr{'!lI' 11\
tnhtl HIIIIl1"j ,Hioh.IIJI I!.II on.' Kot'l\ 1!'t1m ~'!Jlh
(the C111U1Q tn north (inland), Yor example, IIlonl(
the rllalltal aren 1;( Nigeria, the avernJl:e annual
rainf!!.l1 ill> 110 inrhe~; &6 milf!lI inlaml. it de-
cre>l.ttt'tl loll MIl ind'H!p. The h!'avielll rainfall i~
(ound .Ift the fOlillt tlf LIberia, which retei~ 120
inchett; at Ut. inl!!.nd boundar,v ot that enuntry
(abo:Jut !2& milu) , annual rainflill declinefl: tn.60
to 80 lnrht:!!, St't-'Ondly, the l\lnKth of the rKmy
HUOn decreaaell ptop;1'('Blliv..1y goimr toward the
interi'llr, Akmlf tl'IOAt ar the Maulhern milt
the rainy 1lfllllOn l&llI! Crom 11 to 12: mont'ha:
inlantl 100 ml\t>lI, it l."lI! only about 9 month~.
Different typtlll of veptatitm are found In
lll'!ltll which rtln llatll11el to the COM!, aerordin,I'
to the lIetUllmal dimate. Along the coast tbere IP>
the narrow belt or mangrove woodlandl and
und-bank Ifr.1UI forest with ((),Ir8(l gragell and
acrW pineA, ManiCrovell Cringe moat of the eatu
ariell and tOll.lltal!!.wamps within lidld lImit.ll. The
I.arJ<Clt body of manKrOYet. i" round In tbe NllNr
delta area (Ni;reria) where laKoonl, cree'ka. and
IwamPft form an inlricllte lIylltem of waterway...
SWlmp rat8ta cOMil\ prlmarily of trees (rom, 6
to 60 feet hiJl:h, either standin~ on larie ablt
roota whkh H(t the main .tem of tM tre8 .~ve
hiah tidlll". or bavinJ( rMPiratory r~ta J(l'OWIft'
out ot the ,id.1 mud, Directly ~hlOd tbe man-
,rove a... mp belt ia the tiqU&torial rain for.;t,
alao called evergreen fortat. 8eJ:inniq tout'h of
Oall.r (Senegal), It follow. tbe ("OUt In varyin.
depthl ullually ~twHn 50 to 200 mil. . ThIA belt
II broken only by an I,ea known &1\ t'he "Ghana
dry belt", where the NVlmna extenda to the rout,
TM rain for.t ia found bat~ the lowlanda
and in areal up to 15(1) teet elevation. In addl
lion, lhl/o type of ve~tRtlo., ,row.
...... &101\1' . .
CUft""
br
~hed th ..ir lenvl'~ durinl< the dry AellllOn, TM r.tln
fflrt'Al \'e)ol1'tatil)n i" lIimilHr in tharlWu,r to the
I':qulltorinl fllin fflYe>'>il1h't!lldy dIM'1l1Vlf!d, The pop-
niH I' "onct'llt or II. )IIII)(lc t'xtmplU\ed by that
r"UI'ul :11 H<nlth Amer1rR !\tId in Equlilorilll Af.
fH'II, howt'ver, dOM~ IHlt apply to W4!1!t Af,ka, Not
Hnty hi"" theft! he~m It !,'(JlIHirlernhle reduct1un in
lh,. tuinl Ilre!l caver~1 hy rorelltl'. but alJlo, (rom
IllW-lhird to iwn-lhirds of what i~ fl'll'lIwd ,nnw
t'Jmllh.t.~ 'If inferi.w. l'eI:oltdlty Ilrowth, In Su:-rra
l",uu('. fur ('xllmplc, unly fill'erfimt Ilf the orip;inRI
fOfi'lItl'd jIIrf'JI remnin~, afltl eV1i'1I tbe mllllifrove
~wllmp~ un' Iwin)( l'!f'!lr..d lIi1d drained in an ef
r ..,1 th lurll them into l'la ))/I,dduMf. Thn'(' factorll
l!'fal to redut'~ Ihe fOl'('~t HrCH~ hl We~t Africa:
(It t~ in"reallinll POllullition whith foreet; the
11~' Hf luntt'r areR!< for lIumlilltenre plotll And the
ItliopU<>n of It enarter f.llow period rot rellene~a
th'n of tht, ~oil; (2) lhv extenlllon o( commerc,.l
aOll produ('tion~ and (3) 1ht dam.p by AN. The
h"l1\ i,. IlItrhrulnrly relevant to arelll (o....nd b~
d;:riduHUII fm'e/lt~, with l'he ,..ult that in. ROme
IIr~"/i ther;: I" Hn tlbrupt tranaition from rain tor-
ellt to Rt'HII;J11>l.nd, III the rAin fo~t belt it"lf. ~
IItI!!!.1I 1Irt' honey!'om\.wd with vill~, .aTlt!ul.
lurll} rlc.I!rinjt'l. !!.nd ahandoned dearlnp, tn addi
tillli. footpll.th" .nd broader trailll lead (rom .n
IAl(e to vlltap and to the nell'ftl: public read, An
other importalll (actOI' ill tnt peculiar lepey of
lhl! tokmial llyd,em-m.Jor townll and f1l"'6rn~
ment rcnhtrll were t'Bhbll"Md neer the ro&JIi.
ThUll post World War II development of the
tral1llpnrt lnfralltrurt\.lr. ball bet'n contentrated in
the Jlouth.nl region of Wut African coun~n ___
m the heal't or the rain foreJ1t \.wIt. III Nllfuia,
GblIa, and Sierra Leone a lara- percen~ ?f
th~ populatiun in the rain for. \.wIt 1l~ wltbm
!.en mill!A nf II. mlljor or lIecondllry road.
2-20. A..,.1t ancf D......
0, ARim41.t. Afrita ia (amed for ita .bu~dut
.nd unique formll uf wildlife, Althou;rh dlmlnl.h
lUff ill number and -exblnt, ml.Kh of it .tiU exl.ta
In ..vanna parke and in the r.ln (oreat art:u.
Ml*ially in Equatorl.l A(rka where the denM
and BpanMlly populated. fortlSU otter. rehp. In
the ConlO buin llevera! varietl_ o( ,ormo,
('himpan...... monkey&, ,Iant boarl, and elt!-
phanta ani found, aa well &1\ dw.rf buffa1oea, an_
1-21
 PM'I""
telolWll, and th(! pygmy elephant. In Welt Africa,
becaUN of th(! Inera.ini' human populatJon.
I ..me animala are not tllWuntered .. frequently
.. In the pa.at: the larrer mammalll MIlk the more
fl 1~lbI. PIlrt. of the denae forellt. Elephant.
ar ..tilt found In awne WeRtern arull, ee~lally
Sierra Leone and the Ivory Cout Ot.calion.Uy
an elephant ja aWl leen in Ea&tern Nigeria, but III
r quickly hunl.ed and killed ~auM' of the dama$f*
it caullell to cultivated arua. AI8(l fOUM In (lartA
I. of Wellt AfrlcII are the I"@d hu/falo, 8()1nt ep(!dh
of anlelope and wild lio.., IMp.rdA, hy(!n.II, and
I ,reet y.riety of IIm.ner .nimalll. partieularly
trooilll of ....ild monkeYIl. HipPOpotami are eommon
l' in river. throulhout Africa. Domedlc animall
are few beeauM! they .re infected by tM tAellwl fly
which tr.nsmlt. flletpinll' lickMt!811 (the animal
v... iety ill tailed nagama). In Wellt Afrl~ .n ex.
tremely Ilmall JI'OAt, the lIize of a doS{, un be lret>n
everywhere-eapecl.lly on the roKdll .nd Yilla~
aUtMa. Bird&, the n.tur.1 tnnabit.antA of tbe for.
eat, llbound in artat numbert and yarleti@ll. In the
Congo ballln aJone, BOme 1.2U<J IIp.dell have been
ai,hted and r.talorutid, Common Over lIetUed
.reu .re vulturel, the 8Callflnlit't'a of Afrla. The
crocodll.. art the- lar....t reptiles found in all the
river. and atru"ta tbroughout the forest ate.ll,
and an.k. includln!t' the d.n!t'eroua .peciN of Yi.
pera .nd eobru. the puff .dder, ItNIen mamM,
.nd python .re numeroull. However, tbey are M!l-
doInaeen.
b. lHHtJ,f.,. The evil reputation of tropical Af-
ric.. .. til. "white m.n'!'! ,rave" III linked to In.
tMlefJt. Moat p.r'" or Africa.,.. dli:n.reroWl bec.uMl
Of the many dilleu whleh thrive und.r tropitlal
oondit!one, and to their carrlers-in..ecl$, etlpe.
eI.lly the moaqulto. The tIIetae fly belt COYen per-
hap! oh~tbird of Afde&. and c&u8(!a eleepin,
akkneu (trYPll'W:WOrniuia) in both man and .nj.
forat near rlllra and la_.
rnal, Found ..peclslJy on tht!' m.rrln. of buah or
the fllllll .rt partleu,
larly tl'tH.lblMC)me durinr t~ hotter perlodll of
tlwl day. Thanks to hnproveli dru,., the dlse&le I.
no Ionpr a menaee to bUlQn life, The mOliflt Pf!r-
nicioua In&eeta in Atrle. ara the mo.qu.ltoea, ear_
rlers of two of the moat dn!aded dwaaea-ma.
larl nd ,yellow fo ..r. Th. A~" ramWa.
mOlqulto ia tht chief arrier of m.I.Ma, The con.
trol or ellft'lination of malarl.. d.pend. upon the
~ruetlon of &he mo.qulto by preventitll it from
brtedln,a:, Unfortunately, t.JM: Anophel. pmblae
breed. Yflr).' easily and i8 not parti('ular about
where it ('An depo;oIit its egj(lI. To the nonAfriclln
enterinU' II m.larial ar.a, tbt' dllleMe lit rlkes with
d.yutatinS{ eff....,t, Yellow fever I" an Inff!ttloua
dl,,",lle tranllmitted from man ro man by the mN
qUito Aedea aej{yptL FlltalitiM from the d!!leMe
for natiVf!!l Btl'! in the range of Hve perc&nt: aur
vival from ItU attack provide. immUnity. Fatall.
ties from the dilK!aM amonS{ non_nati~ t'rom yel.
low fcllcr.tr~ .reall (i.e., the Unlted Statu} may
rllnj(t upward tn 40 per('ent. The carrl.. r mcaquito
ill lIery widely dilltrlbuted-(!oY!'rin.ll' perlwlP8
nnehaL( or Afrira-..and b~dll fref'ly in any-
thinll whkh WIll hold waler, eapeciaUy .round
townll lind vjlh~lI't!1I. FQrtunat..ry, ther!' ill lIate
and etf....,tive inoculation a.ll'Bin8t \'~lJow f~lIr_
an esentiaI r(,lluirement for an)'OJ;e enterinS{ the
tropIC'll. in Atrlra the aame mosquito tranllmlta
"breakbon.... (dt-n;rue) fever. Thoullh rarely
'.tlll, the yirtim ill Jmmobili:wd for two or three
wookll with hlllh temperatures, e IIk!n eruption,
and .cute Plliml of tbe jointll and mu8('iu. New
lttrivlI-lH to the tropiC'll Af(' (,II-pedatly vulnerable to
df'njf'Ue (ever. Oth~r major d\1Ie-a1llHl are th~ ear~
ried by wltterborlle Orjfanillmll. effeclll of Whirh
rallll'e from mildly uplI-et digflllion to death. 'rh ...
includ.. dyllt'ntary, "'ariooll forma of diarrhea, .and
other mort' uriou8 dilleWle&. .U of whkh are ae
quif1!"d prim11rlly thl'Oulth drinking or uainlf oon
!.amlna~ weter. Untreated water ~n al8()
cont.aminati' e{lukin!t' utetl8HIl or uncooked Ye$f*'
tablell, Indirectly rMponelb/i! for much di..
eh!! 18 the climate of the troP1C& whirh favore the
r.pid df'COmllORition of t'oodatuff!! and low~,.
mtut'll fftillLanee, Few nonAfrieanl who af.H!nd
time in tbe tropica are able to .Jtape llOtne form
of th.... problema.. The rodent and liC* llpeelu are
nother 8(oursre of Africa. In addition to belnl a
conllt.nt Irritation, rodente and II~ are fu more
import.ent becaUile of the dl ...ae. they earry.
TheM! Include varioua typrell of plarue and re1&.-.
Ina fev,r, caUled by a blood paraalte carrie by.
louse or tick. Other dit\6Uetl, not ezdulliv. to the
tl'Oplu, are at'rioU8 problem in Afriea. Frobably
the matt frequent eaU&e of death in tropieal At.
rica III toberculOtlia. Pneumonia, amallpox, and
menlnrltl..... allO importanl Gonorrhoea and
ayphUi& are very ImImon in muy diatrkt.a. Ut-
tie h... been done to cheek Utili .pnad of a1PhIIlt.
For a.d,dltlofUil information on dl....." MIl PIlra.
ar.ph 1--9.
Medon V. OatENTAL JUNOLI$
2-21. _ I
The Oriental jan.le il th!! mOllt widely dilltrib.
ut.ed JunKle extendin;!l' l10rth of the Trople of Can
nr in Atulam~.south oflhe Tropic of Caprieorn in
aolltheatit!!rn Q\leensland: all far eut all the Fiji
lala-nds ttl the Southern Paril\{": and u far Wl\llt
.. the Wt'lltern Ghau: of Intlia, Tht> junp ia rru.m
or
edoe-nllivr in .r!!l&ll Mttlaya-, Sumatra, Borneo
and ";ew Guinea, and aloo cove-ra Iublltantjal
f,TUII in g.,.t rakil!.tan, Burma, Thailand, t..aoe.,
Cambodia, Vlctnam, and the- Philil1pinell. AI
thoUCft V&IIt jungle areall h.ve been rleared or
modltl.ed, the orhmtal junrle still is r~iu.ble
and prt'vAIf'11t flyer most of ita former ranll'!!.
Only in Ceylon, Java, and /lOme uf the Pacific la_
landII-, hall there r-n an alrooat complete altera-
tion of lhe jUllS{le environment
2-22. _ A I I I a
Southeut Aeian junttleA are impor.
lA. GIJl'H!ra/,
tant bec.u" of the vast aru given OWIr to jun!ie.
Dl!t!ply penctrttted by rulill and arms ot' the Ilea
and marked by an intrie.Uly rujfj'ed terr.ln,
mainland Southeut Alia hall bien a/fee-ted by
abundant rainfall which hall treated .n elaborate
network or rivera and delt.u. M.nifNll. awamps
art a prominel'll eharart.eriatk alnnr ooutal
al'Ull and riveT' moutha. With the el~ption of
the _rat riyer v.!I~e Jrrawaddy, S.lween,
Me-811m, Mekonr. and 8anjf~Koi-the relief ia
moatly upland, Intenpet'Md with ateep .. rrr.ted
rid,... of the Arakan and Annamita chaina and
tfte IeMer ruidual rlnpe of the M&l&yr. interior.
SeparaUq then rMorbacked rldpa are innu-
merable valleY., many of whieh lore choked with
bamboo. TheM toporr.phieal charactedaUea ara
PFeyalent al.8o in Ind0ne8i& .nd the Philippine..
b. Chm/dt!. The temper.turt of pr&etk:alty an
SoutheMt Atl. very Mldom. falla below 84". and
the mean temperature I. eround S()~. Throua-bout
SWth....t Aaia, the air II quite damp all &he "I...
bv. humidity ia hl..h, e)teeedlnr 00 pe~ent .t
ni_lIt and r.rely droppi nl below 86 to 'fa: percent
by day. Heavy rainf.1I la typk.1 In Southeatt
Asia, Durin. the m6f11OtOn I6&IOftt ftOl'thtrn
Sarma ree.:!"'" .n extr.!n'dln.Q 200 tnchN of
J'Illnfall. The rnon&OOnal winda In Vlitntm. for
eumple, ~\I" an annual raJnfall ranainl from
80 1;0 12S Ineb. Atmoepbei'k: deprMIiona in
Southeut Aa!. are alao tommon. ueually atem,.
ml"- from marked dlfrenmca betw"" .... and
.ir temperatures.. Squ.1Lt In tfl'tain ...... a"
alllO frequent, In the Philippines tnd Vietnam,
tht' main typhl)110 !\ea.~n lllAta hom July to No--
"ember: in Millane!!la to the !lOuth of New
Guinea, from November to April MOYinU' in fl"OM
the ONl'an, cloud. otlen beenme trllPped in moun
taintlUM ....alleyl' fOr 11"11'111' periods Qf time and can
rBtltrirt Bir npt'ratiOlrut,
r. Vt'flftfrfWlI. Srtuthea"t Allia hl\ll: a y.rif!ty of
vt'lI'ettttillR The mlljor ditft'ren11 involYe the
tropll'al r"Jn (orellt or both the Iuatorial low-
l.odK- and the humid tropical :tone north and
lWuth of th(> equator &nd the iropieal d(lt!idUOlUl
fOFl' ..tlt (monsoon fOrlnda) 'reBlI of seA8(lnal
drooKht, Trop-icttl r.ln fortatll in Allia are ex-
tN'mt'ly rienMe, ulluaHy O('eurin, in thJ'ee layen.
with the talleltt. trf!elt j(rowinK to 156 tNt, The
R:round iUI>Jt ill thickly carpeted with a wide range
of plantll and ehTubM-, The denAt' undergJ'owtb ill
further (:amplieated by liana (thick tN!t!j)l?Ml) and
palm rattan, making moYffl'Ient very difficult.
C10lle!y IIpaced Mmboo commonly II'rOW4 between
lID t6 40 fl!t!t hi"". and at timt!'fl reaches tbe
heiKht of 18(1 feet or more. Prey"hlnt 111110 in vlr w
stln junglefl ill a .tron, odor emanaUnlf trom de-
eayln.. ve~tion. Tropical deciduoua (mOlWlXln)
foreau are found .t lower altitude., mainly In
IOUtheaatern lndorutlia .nd on the mainland
north of 7fj where thll annual rainfall dON not
ex~d 80 lu(li-ea. The trUII monllOOn foNtt 11: . .
in winter .nd tbe underirowth I. fairly thick;
tlwl main trMl .,.. more widely .paced. and haV&
leu folia .. than th.e ill tlwl tl"Opleal raiD fone\.
AlonJ tIM! eoutal utual"lee of South. .t Aala are
be!iA of maqroye tAea, varyil'l.f" in width man
tOO y.rde to two mil.. or mOl'll. Bayond thla ....
fr.h water aw.mptl are fTCIQuently found, Thie
kind of terrain covt,. Y8.lt IU'IlM of Malay., ...t.
ern SumAtra, and aouth __ t 80.,.." Tb. orlrinal
eharactariatka of oriental junr!" haft been aI
\fted either by bell'll" e_ted p*mtanently for
cultiv.Uon or by belni' deane! by .luh-and-burn
cultivation which ha& eJ'Uted NI'!Ondary r!'OW\h
juni'&' that ia not all taU ... thouib far IrION tan-
tried th.n, primaQ Il"Owtb. Monsover. once the
land fa cleated. the "verdon to the orirtnal Jun.
i'le may take .. Ionr 8.1 100 yurs.. Be loft....
ahUUn.. cultivation eontinue&, rtVfton to the
}un..le annot oec:\lr, at trlbBl cultb.ton: rarely
n.
.It
leave an ar.- tallow for mo" than US ,........
.pita the den.. veptation of th. IMICOndary
j'l'O'III'th jl,ln,l.. mOIl of tM In 1n Southtut MI.
-
ie not fertn . Furthe~ portlo_ at tbt
hliblanda In Su.mat.... ~. New GulMl& and
 1M I1-IJ
nmli')uud A~il' hll'-(' b.'Ph :] Hl'Yel"ely erodf'd by
"1",,I'Hlfld_hul'n mllivatlHl! that ullly walltch.nd
1<.. run will !Crow, fj,rm',..}( tllnA'l!'~ u~ hi/{h IHI 11'1
'M'L
ri, Tnl!ll<. {k.. upyiua: the jungl .. areft. in Suuth-
i'llllt AIHI! arE' nUl'YWfTIu!> prlmlliw tril.Jell in
Burma, it i.s b('hev('d tht" tnbt:1; Iln:ouut tor one-
fifth ot the p.,pulution Hlld ()('l'Upy about orw-half
hf thl' I"HtL II! I ....."s, thl',v mHY I'Gmprillt!' Il!! mut'h
\tit Ollt!.thlrd o( Ihl' jlOllulatioll lind O('l'upy BO per-
N~\lt uf the Iltlui. In ~l1lth Vi,'tlulm, lhf!l!{' l>rIm!
ltv\' tl"llw.'\ ure known roljr<'('l!Vply by the Frtlnch
wilrd Mnntat{lIIlnl (mounlailU:tlr",; SI1(\ RCl"OI1l1t
(or Hboll! 1[, ~ITl'nt u( thl' population and more
thau lw(.. thir.i1; of HIe I,Hld arcs. Moltt of the
tribt'li uUliz.' l\h\~h .uodburn ml'thodM. Ttw mOIl-
!'!OIm 14,..*111'" It'o~'('rn their' ajtrin.lltllre: IIlltntlll.lf
1'i< In j~JU'!y lIollrlrl/of IIIJ"w,.; jtrnwtb during thf'
rl!.llly !'!I:NI~," lIml hnrH'~lin){ in lhl' (lIlL Nor_
mully, thNlt' Irilll'''' mllv" ntM>lIl .'vl'r,v ~V"11 yeuTIl
III onler to fill,l fr'f'sh Moil, 'fypkaJ {If lribal mov,,,
mellta Rrt' tht' Si'mlll) ,,( MalaYR, who Kroup in
b./HKL" (If 20 to :1.0 individuai,; Rtld have C1'rta;n
"t('l'I"ltor,,'," ('on!<llItif!~ of alM)(lt 20 !!quRre miwlI.
hi thi1\ tH'l'll Ut,-s roam, culled in/( what they ran
lind til jnt_herrieH, null!, pith. Itmvel!., /ofrubfl, and
roulH Hunt!n,.. II.nl\ tiHhillit Rrf' llporndir at'ti\'itiell,
I', "''''/fInll.l!t flmllJillrl'lSfl/. MOIIt of the tropi.
cal dllWlIlIl'" ff'lmd !II the tither junltte ati!all are
AI>!'.) jtrevultJnt 1ft Southea1<t AlIi_: tnalaria ill the
l(lmlt mrnmOh. In moulltain{lUR areaa. IHleh a,; the
lIorthwel!U>rlle{)r!l.~r of Burma. malari. ia parlie~
ularly "'Irulent. Numernus varlet"l1 of snakes are
found In ~outheaMt AIlI ... One of the mOllt v(tne-
m(lUfI ill the WIl1'ld ill the blue kralt in Vietnam. It
111 blulahblark ill rolor.nd l.eaA than four teet in
lenJ.tlh. MOI\t active atter dun, the krait [II sel
dom encoulltert!d durlna- the day. LibwiI'W, mOllt
Al<isn and Killg Cobras .are rarely IMltn, One of
the mOfit (ommon ,InakH in Vietnam ill the Bam.
boo, Its Vfl'notTI. however, III ret.ati\-.br weak, For
oddition.l information on dises.tlJ, llee paragraph
2--9.
2-23. o.to., 0.;.""" Ju...,. _ .
The tropia! and Ilubtropical area!! of [ndra liE' Iw-
kctloft VI, MILITARY ASPECTS
(I. Military operations jn a junllie nnvironment
are influeneed chie6y by the tropkal dim.ate .and
tht! forCfl~ vesetation whi ...h limit movement. ob-
~t'vatlon and fields of fire, communicationa. con
.....
lW(!CII Ii al1d 26' north HIIII 72 lind M' {,11St.
Suhtrnplrul 1';inUll!' lind l!linfHl1 'HTllr in thE'
wl'~INII flt'lIitISlli,\ lIlId 1<I>uthW!'Htl'rn pllrttl of
hUhn. HH"llldll\~ thl' W\''1!A'rh Ghnt<>, from Rom.
ba,\' l\uuthwur;t V!'gellllilill imdudl'l'I twpit'll! rain
Illid trol,in,! dj'ndu{ju~ (ort'IIL ShruLs lind wood
dirnhf'r" ure nbllIldullt 1Kanafll. My!!ore, Coorol:,
Rnd Kendn r\'I{Hm~), rt'!1fI{,Tmol: IHrgc urra~ a1-
IlWl<t ImlN'tlt.'lruh!e_
2-24, C.ylon
('.,,.h'll !I(,,'1 in !hl' lnflllstlHtI rf'/of:!)n ()f Southf'fl.!!t
A,>llil und hll..., til(' 1'lum1' h'lmid iropwlI.l t'ilmah,,_
M~'1tI\l!rilll!: 240 hy 14H mil"", Ceylon bat> II 1Iub
~lnntl!ill'Oa .. tul plRill, mn!lt exlen"lVe Of! the north
ltid\" wh.eh >!urro!wdR 1m lIpJltll(\ 1H'lt Thl' moun-
!1I1/I;>1I." l'elltrul n'gl(!J! il' th" MII/rn' of I':mafl riv.
1'1"11 fI",,..lllii tn thl' ",,",,(. 1\1,,1'\ of thl' 1Ij)!lthwe~t Ft'-
1(1<>11 1;< l\j(rknltuml, hUl'illg o.'t'l' dlumed (rom
Ih(, .I ling!.' jf"Wf'Vl'r, III Ihf' llorth ulld CAl':e
l'JIl!lh*IIIHI.hurll nlltivatwn ill HiiH prll.f'tu:OO and
(f\m<i "f tht' u.rt'U l" !'mf'fI't! with Hccnnds1'Y I'{"rub
JUbj(!(', TN'I"nil rl\ll1 (on'lIt OC"eUt'll in the ~)uth
111111 lowljlmll~, liml j, truple/II thorn rnr~"It coven!
Iht, lIorthwesh'1'1l And "(iuthw(!"lt'rn Hllulttll ar~M.
2-25. PMiflc Area
Tht, Pit, lIk jl'land~ tx-~'ond 'lIdlln{,lIia Rnd tht,
PhllippinI' Art' a. rll~ial CII.>\I' whlrh ('an ol1ly be<
/off'o{'rllhzt'd in view f.f the prcY"iHlllf vl\riatlon in
phYRi('l\1 relif'r. rllinfJdl, And tt'mper'ltturr, Among
the iHIIIUd..., 11.11 lypt'.~ of t"Tralll ION: f'1l('otmtl'rRd,
fNlm illlrt('n Al'ClVO with rock~ and /Ulud to areaM
with deu!'!!" vegetAtion.
2-26. A\lmalia
In the Darwin II.re& uf the oorth Alld down the
l'lOst ('OJI.!'!t III Briabane therl~ iR ~'ejletaijon RP-
proAchillj( that -orthe jungle. Ip thi!\ hot. wet reo
jtlnl\, tropical dl~eaMe-l\ hav(' !.wen /llmost elimi-
nated and the condltionM and l':iandatdS of JiVltlK
are as ,IroOd . . thoae of the tempEtate parts of
AUl'ltralia, tMliimony that Caura~ianfl can remain
healthy in the iroplrs, in thi!l are/l; most snake..
Ire poiMMUe..
trel, battlefl:eld auryeillanL~ and tatset aequillJ.
tion. Those timit.ationll apply, in varyinr derrees,
to all illnd combat forcea and flUpport clemente
whether they bt: diamoullted, mountmi or airtno
bite, Excellent rover And (onl'"ealmcnt art' avalla
bw III JUllg!t' If'rrlHn; thl'r(lfort", It ill W>lenliHI
that t'"mnl'lmh'l"" !ll 11.1/ l('vel1'. ('"mploy ndeqllHt.,
He-'urlt)' nln.~!ln'~ l" prl'\'l'ot RIll"prill!" IUld to pro-
tt"!'t thf' ('llml'llllltill1l all typ.,,,, l,f jlPNhtHlrIH,
It. Tht "rlOrnty or ""I'!d". trldllt, and railr{)lld
netwlfI'k!l 1/I\'N:tl\~f' ("omvl'!t 1I('r\'ire 5ullporl
prnb!('ml< and inNralt(' rnjlint't'r wUPPOl"t rrllilire-
men!!. h, mlltntnin Hnl'~ of l"t,mmltl1ieatiohll. rom-
mnndf'r~ mUI'Il t'xpl'at all mt'lin" of S\'N.llnd. air,
.lind wstcr tNl.I1~lj()rtal.i()1t ill the movement of
lIupplie!l lIlld tI'fIfiP!'!_ The trnpieaJ dim.aie ot the
juna:jt' mul1iplir ... thr maintenance requirementft
for an wt'ap(>/1M and equipment. f)ally de.nillM'
and in8pl'rtion of equipment are mand.tory, pve))
for weap<!ns that have not been fired.
T_ The tropical dlmate and difficult. dttlllely ... eg~
eLated terrain ftver whieh opeTaUl1nll mUllt be
I.'ondut"t('d dielltte that Ill! ijQuipment acrompany.
ill/t rombllt fOrTe!! be rUItJtOd, lilfhtw.illht and
ml'lll.porlahJt', The fiR"htill/t l"ad of the IIoldiN
llhould IX' keflt under 4G jKlUnd
J. TrnoPM n-peratin/of In a jun/tle environment
art! expoee;i to many health haurdl!:. An ill'
('reaRed diA(!allt' nlf' will normally Teltult from
the "udckon elltranre inta a tropical area of
largc number of Ullarelimattzoo !loldler, who
haye )lUIe or no re!li!ltllnre to many ot the en
demir diaetuws, Surh eonditi(ln~ will probably
exist in the early perind III uny jungle action. Tbe
/tt'1IateHt 10M ot eft'e<'l\v.nea... amon/of twldiera will
probably be the diarrheal digeafleM and funp'
infection, Continuoult proterlion will be ti!qU\red
IOltll.irll1t mo'Oflllitoes, llit"M, fi"II~, lm-rhe!! Ilnd other
pfl;rMilt"~, I<:xper!t'lwt' hI'!" ~howtl that more
trm:.pM were hospilalir:ed durinlt jUllKle opvraUons
btt.u~f' (.( diM'w' thnn lx>eRUI\!:' pf woundll,
1', '!'hI' Junf{'ie i~ tI('ither impenetrable nor un
friClldly. Tht! mll,lor etft of the jungle t!n ... irol1~
ment on warfal't' IS the nmtri('tion impotled on
marwuve\"!'l al1d the tempo of operationR, The .C~
('epted prindplell (If war arc tully appileablll-
only thE emphllH1R varieM, All fiJ(htinlt iM at !!hort
ranKe ulld('r ronditiops of exlrcrMly limited ylal.
bility, JunJ(le warfare !'eQui"" IIPf'I"ialited tEch
niquel! und demanda hl/ofher fltalldards of tr.ining
and l(>tldet"llhip at lowrr l.vell': than any othe:r
torm of fightill,.
:1-21. Obtorvatlon
(I, Ground nb!lerVlltJOI1 in jangl. IlI'tliS vade
acconiing to the type uf vegeution, In the tropl.
ral rain forest the ('.nopy. which conRist3 of ma-
ture tF'OO$. iflo flO thkk that it ruts olf most; sun.
lillbt, and M'round obllerv.tion 18 limited to about
I'M 11'"
:W or :1(1 meterlt. In the tropical declduoua toreat,
thf' tlllll;e'le ()f lIe<'ondary growth may limit I'l'O\lnd
o~('rYfttl()n to !'i Il'l\lterll or telUl (ftJ:. 2-14), In
trHplt'ltj 1\.!\VlI.nn., (ommol1iy c:&lhld elllphant
/ofraill'. whlrb IIOmeiimee Itrowlt to .. htiJ'ht of US
ft'{'t 01" more, Itrovnd ob#ervt.tlon may be limited
to u fe reel. In manilTOve swamp.. IJ'OUnd ob-
III'YVatinll will 110rmally be limited to .bout 20
m .. WI'lI. ObJo.enaliou will be i't'*'ltly nlltrldld
durin.lf rlliny I't'a!lon~. 1I0t. only by the raIn Unif.
but nl~n by the heavy 1l10und folt' whlch J'l'tAy Un-
/ofCr (!Or /W\'erlll hOll"" .ftel" I'Iunriee.
Ii. The tOllS uf rldg~ lind hills oWer .1I,Mly 1m-
proHm obl!rvatjdn berau!l. these teatures ullually
('ontain ~pal'Mr junK!r ycltrtation then IS tound
jn the valle),!'!.
!'. Aerial tlbllel'\'ation ill generally Inetredlve be-
CAUIIt' ov!'!erVi'"I'M l-lIllntlt M'e the Mftivity under.
n ..ath tbv junllk ",mo))y lind obllfrvation is ex-
tremely dltfkult durhl/of th(' nlin), AeaAOn due to
elCTl'!I~ive downfall And loW hllnltinK dou<ls plua
tng and haze, ThiR artivity may include mc~~
ment of I!ub~t.ntial bodieM of tl'O!lp!\ over tairly
1011Itd!~lancelt.
2-29. III.W. of ,.~
(!. EXe('pt aloll/of lrailfl .ud road!!, f1:eld. of ftre
are poor in jungle areall ('ontftinini' denIM! ......t..
tion, Becauj\f' fie;dK of fire (indudini' IIruinr ftre
for automatic weaponll) are limited to Ii to 00 1'M-
teu, lanell muat be ('teNTed, 111 order to &vo14 ~
..,ea!illlt weapone p<!ltitionll, a fire laM In dltlll
\'e~aliofl uauallr ill in thl' (l'Tm ot fI tunnel (rom
I to 3,4 mt't.!rll wide wllh the \werhancini' foliaaw
left intact, 1:h..'Cau~e u( the limited Qbller .... Uon and
the redured. fields of fire, 1!:hort ranre. quIck
bur"t, Quirk Ft'!IpOnMl weapona are the moat UN-
ful.
h. The thkk canopy of the tropiul rain fo,...t
and the trollieBl 4erld1,lous fon:!flt will ablorb the
fraanwnill of mo~t al1tiperAonne! 1Oul'ldt.. thereby
rOOurin/of th. etfC<'"tivf! burlltlnJt radiua of artillery
and mortu roulld/!, In making adjufltmenta, for-
ward obHerverA NhQ1,Ild be profi('ient In adjuatinl
by sound ~jnr~ obserVAtion and visibility may bI
limited to a few l'IleterA, Wben oppoalnii to~
art' in dose ron tact, the diftkulty of t.ecurately 10-
rating and markinjl tarJleu mt1'kllt the e:trthre
t"mp.lo)'ment of lIupporllnlt urtllluy and .ir
IItrlke!! dl J'ertly onto the enemy p<!IIitiona,
2-30. ecmc.om..nl
JunKie .~IUI provide excellent ('on~lment from
.....
air and ItN.lund obHt'vatiou" By employinl prop.er

ct.ft'\oullap t.ebniQud. oonculmtnt of troopl and
"Iaipment from lilt lind lltound obhrvation and
from Jt'MWt tnea of lurveiUaMt ",vlt:.. I. poui-
hit 11'1 an typM of Jun,le vepu.Uon ~t the
very yount MeOndary fI'OWth croup. Seuobal
chal\Pl of eoIor.tlon must b. atudl6. Stril'll'!'nt
dl.elpliM mUlt be mr.lntained whetl Jiuakin,
~q and "'hen occup)'in, ptlIIltlon. 10 In-
aurt _!\It unn~ry dearltl, of oWlrMM:
coneMbnent.. It mlllt be remfmbe~. however,
that the ~Jment provided by 'lefetatlon 1t1 00
".y ~ the toldl..,. from enemy Au. It I.
...,. tor troopa to mlatake collCealmt1nt for (OVeJ'.
:1041. eo-
Bl:;eept in tropleaJ ralnfoNllt. the traM in moet
-
Janflle at(IU . .ill not provJde extoalyt cover, Av-
. . . . tNe ,,"utlk. are pneralty not more than 11
\.,
inchM in dla~; Itl are.. where larre trunked
tn!ea art: located t.M tretll an Il.ually widelr
.paced. Bec:au.. of Ute hiah annual rainfall and
the ,.lulttnt eroaion, UMllent cnVflr in Junclfl
a,... I. provided by aurface IrrqularlUea, aveh
.. rlVllIM,aulUee and lar" roeo, In 9I"taiJ, junA
ale a,..., hilh water ta~ 1't)qulre iMt utlftdal
~r be cONllruet:! .bon around ...,.1.
2-32._
The jUtlfl)e itaelf it an obtItaele. Kajor obItaclea
to mo~nt include: den.. vqNtlnn; deep,
e100ed 111.1111.. ; steep hillnd dUh; wtdalll'\d d-.p
rivera; and numerous fut ftO'fritl, unfordahle
attMrna which an become raein&' wrrent. \flIrl~
the ntlny M&IJOn. Duntl&' tha Bin)' aeuon, ...ampe:
may become ImJ)&IU.ble to e~n toot mov.ment
beeaUII8 of tM deptb of the "tar. MlfImade ob-
.tades can be uled to. ulily improve nawral ob,..
.Ude condillon presented by the junlil'le.
t-S3. K-r '.trQln hatvr..
Ke)' Ulrrain featurtll in Jungle area. include
roads. trails. navigable rivera. hi'h aMund, and
communication ~nterll and allY other feal~relJ
tha\ expedite movement, Tdupply and evacua\lon.
Clearinf,fl\ in which a heh('opter can land may be
ta('tkally I. 1tey u-rrain teatun! in any operation.
2-34. A_ .. 01~
a, CrOJlIl-rountry movement in junKIe areall ~s
a!ow alld diffi("ult. Troopa may hBVe t<> cut tbelr
Way throuKh C()l!tiIlUOIll'> thick undergrowth or
make detO<lrll of impallllalfl!' ",wamplI, On mOlt
trall~ troUPII must rtwve in culumn and the rate of
movement rarely e:teeedil I "I'j: kilomtterlJ per
bour. Ridll'll lines are the moat fnvomble routes
-.nd pnl1erable to valley travel which involv~ the
crOlUlIUll of numt'tllUII IItN'amll and Kullil"I'I, On
ridlte HI\~, tre~ an: more wi~ly IIpaced. but.
tNlUIed rontll leM t1l-mmon, and the better draln-
nge ,.,aulu. in l!'Is muddy surtaeea. In addition,
anImal trailll and native trai'lll are otten found on
the ridgell, Movemf'nt on rldlt.s ill usually eaaier,
{uter and lellll lir\ng for troops, M6vement III
po!slble alonlt small, tallt flowlllit .1.reams with
traverl\ll.ble bed!', Movement ia poorellt aloni the
Soctlon VII. MOVIMINT ANO DiSTANCl
t-lS. Geftlrol
Movement in the junale calculated in termt of
til
time rather tban dIstance. In the early ,taBU of a
junKIe operation, road neU: may be limited or non
existent and C!'fiM,C(rllntr:; mo~ent ia alOW
and difficult. Tbe rate of movement will d*Pltna
"'''It. Dllltanee to be traveled .
h. Availability of road and traila.
c. Soil type ana condition,
d. Dflnalty and type of "f'getation and type of
terrain (e.I., mountainous. flat, inundated},
~. Number of obetadea to be travened.
/. The formation and MlCurlty elemen\l to be
8Il.ployed.
fl. Ph)'lieal ~ondltion af troo~.
2-46. ' .....Dhtana Fodor
The followlnlil' data are oft'eN'!d for plannina pur-
poua only, Accurate tf.timale! ot movement th'rttl
bl.nu of rlvera, beeaun of the denae Vi!lIfItation,
mud, .IIwampll. and tributary IItreamli nurmally l0-
cated in the vicinity of rivel'ft. It II ealter to fol.
low CQrrldon than It ie to CrtW! them. [11 flat j\ln-
ile .reu taltintl' a direct route from om! point to
anuth*r may be wn"enif'l\t; however. in hilly
junll* anL.". lIuch a }"(lute may prove to bt the
IftOIIt demalldwj{ on the IJhYlilcal condition or
troopl-.
ll. Wheeled vehid., ar~ rel'ltrid.ed La roads and
trailR. Crou~Q\lntry mcvement by thee vehide,
ill JlVrf'llA.lIy in(eallible unlells t!:deastve enalneer
!lI.lpport ill pn.vidl'd. The (tlOllt suitable rouUe for
tracked vehideH are I'm\da, trailll, beaches. gr....
or bUllh-ccver'OO nelds and ~tream valleyti: bow-
ever. tflH'ked VI,hkl\'ti ('aU move thmuII'I difficult
t..rrain and al time~ will be able to pUlJ thrQulh
ram forellt lind IIttfondary IfrPwth IQrel!t. Theft!
are few bridge!! jn jungle areas and mOlt of tbeM
life nut rupahlt \~( ImPIHlfting military vehicles
heavier than a L 440n truck. Bt(aulIIP of the lack
of lateral conhrl.'tion1l between UllltinlJ roadJ or
trails" wmmuoicatiol)!I and mutual IIUPport bt
tWIWn \lnit..l m()vinll' ou ~arftte &Xu ill an add!
tillnal problem whll'll mUl4t be con'idered.
r. Sejet'U<m nr IlVtmueli or appruech muM: be
balled Oil A deta.lJed reron!laills,anct (If the area of
o~rati()n. hI ..elfM;tinlt avtnut'll of approach avail
able to th(' en('my. tbe intelligence oft\(er .ho\lld
eonilider no poltion of t.he jungle all impu&.abk<,
no matter bow diffil"ull or thick.
and capa.bUity mUlt be ~ermined by command.-
eN through e:tpericnce loud~ detailed study ot
the area of operations.
a. Foot M(l~me,/it., The terrain and prevalUn,
hiah temperature and humidity limit the rate of
foot mo-v.menl Soldj*rM tend to tire much futer
and heat oha-u!Jtion il, a oommon occurrenCf:.
Water eonaumptiOIl ill hi"h, crutinl tIM ntteeAlty
for eacb mAn to carry two canteeNl. When tM
ta.ctical situation permit&, traehd vebieiea ean be
uaed in !mne areu to break trail for foot troope.
(1.) Tr.opfal mintor.. /,. Averqtl rate of
mo~nt is a.bout 1.000 met.n per hOllt', depen-
dent upon th. Int!ldenee or hilla, riven, and
Iwampa which will 110w mownumt wnalderably.
(2) Trl.l>Pieu:L decidvolI.l fr;rtl#A. AVf'raee rate
lit about 500 metera per hour.
(S) 51&14111:1'1, Aver.1! rate la about 100 to
600 m.eten per hoLir. Durinl the rainy ....on
.."
..me .....mpa btIeome ImpaaMble beuuH of UM

depth of the watl'r, Uli'.refo!"e re<juirinjt th. 11M of
boMb, rll.ftA. Mnd nmphibioll'; vt'hkll'lI,
(4} 1'rppiwl /1111'""114 (Ci?mmr/IT(/f tulird f'l~.
phQ'IIt f11"U~1t), Raw ,If mov('ment lit about the
..me all tor tropkul dedduUll!l t(lrut, but il'l morl'
taltinjt and uhau;<ltinl{,
(6) 9f1ml""l1'J Extremely 1I10w, dependent
upon the 1l1%e, Ramboo ~r()wlI in impenetrable
dump!l whteh CUll normally be b),pll..'Ised.
(6) !liu pllddif'lt, Outing the dry ~!I()n. lhe
r.te of movement II' the Mme ,Ui for op('n terrain.
Ourinl{ the rll.inY !\.!'.On, the aV{'rage rate ilt
about 1,000 metera per hour.
(7} Rtnld 1111d trollit. AvuaJ{e tate of mo'/4!-
ment ill S kilometefl! jlf'r hour on roada and 1.5
kilometeH per hour on trails.
b, Ydtit:u Movem~nt,
(l) The t!rlmary faetol"ll that affed the
motnnent capability of wheeled and trae:ked ve_
hldfllara:
(II) Avai1abllity- of roadllA-nd trllilfl.
(b) Sr.IiJjndltion.
(c) Denaity and typt of vtJretati()n.
(d) Slope. of hilla and mountains.
(e) River, strum, and IIwamp ob.l!.tsd;M to
b$erOlMd.
(f) Weather wndftlons (dry or rainy;
(gi E1feclJl 01 hlgb and low tid.. 011 riv~
eH, lItream,p. and munda~d areu.
(2) Although any en. of the aboV4 feton
may aftt('t vehit'w movement. a combination of
falotll. sueh all westher and Boil. 'dope and Yeg!-
tation, will Ml"mBlly have to be eon.idered when
determi ninlf the affect on moveml'nt.
(3) Wh~led vf'hkle& are ('MeI1Ual!y hl.
.trieted ro roads and traila throughout jUn!(le
arfts While much of the JITOund beJmell Arm
eoou(l'b to lI ... ppO!"t whet'led vehiclea dunnlr the
dry Muon, numeroutl ob.l!.tadell lueh Sll rlee
-paddy dikel, denM veptation, IItMp tI1opell,
ditehtlt and canals. snd .wamfjl m.kl! er()II4<OlJn.
try mOYftMnt lmpractle.1 without extensive enlfl
ne.r IUpport. In the dry &t!Uon the ave ...p rate
of movement on l"oadll and trail. is 25 to 40 and 8
l() 16 kllorneter per~houl". re.IJpectively_ During
the rall1Y fl8a.llQn movement ~omea diftkult be-
uuee of -agetation adjacent to the road or trail,
deep rota, &Oft .IIl.lUa and floodlnr,
(4) Tank. And Apt'tI. In /lOme jun.le aretUI
It '- irnpraetkaJ to expend the enirlneer effort
n~ to move anno~ unltll; In other areu
.rmor tan mol'l!! with eft.4t. Betw",n theM ex-
tnmes. Nnditiontl will vary widely in dl.tr.rent
parta of the area of operation. lind at different
tim.. of the yur Some general.uldellne. are:
---
relatlve!y xmall in diameter_When puilled over rorovidhur directh)n and in lIeledinIf root.
in) Soilll t'ompoAed or red dBY silt (com through .reat! of denMl V4!III'flatlon.
mon 111 jungle areal) tend tl) break d()wn whfll by a tracked vtlhlcll!, they may create a m .... of
v~atjon !lumdent to Atop the veh\de. Larlfe d!~
wet SinJ(Je tr;wkl'! mlly ullually be made but re- 2-37. , ... _ S _
ameter lree. ulH,Ially IlTOW 10 to 20 teet apart,
IIf'Awd )"llLMeI'. or "harp turnM eaufle thele !1011A to
hreak !klwn and bec~me unlnffieable, Sueh !loi! thereby making it poMib!e. to pick A path thrOUlft A flrimary tAllk: of emrineer uoitl!! roarlieipAtin. in
tl'le vegetalion. The lK.ltt aoil conditionR, e\IIpedaU)' junlt~ operations ia the eonlltrucUon of roadl and
eonni!Hmll ofk-n e!ij;~t in rolimtati(lM areatl where
trlickinJ{ ill: not IidvillabIe during tM rainy seuon,
during the rainy ae.uon, mUlt be eoruddered when traila and the conlltruetion of bridges over .ap&
A lIimpl" tf'st for fhi?> type of tmil ill to stick a rod
determlnim{ movement c.pablllty ()f tracked ve for the movement of the whetied and t-r(iC!ked ~
hid.. in jungle areall. The UM of a neld expedient hidt!l< of the ta,ctieal foree, Normally, eV4ry
(~u('h lill fronl lUI ammunition box) into the
cuttinsr bar acrUAII ttl(' front of tanke. can effec- road or trail tv be luted by the f()f'(e Is newly con-
jtr!lUnd where l\urtat'e: water hil lIt.nd!ng. If t.hl'
tively alli!lt in dearinll brush and trMS. IItrueted, The ffl~ engineer, baaed on Available
wutt'r dr.lnll: lhrou~h the tin!., eJay ill ulluallv
jl1'eKeut ltnd trAcking ill not Advisable during the c, Cl'oWl-Co,",ntT'M Mev,.""l\'ftl. Maintalninll' direc- Jrl'ound, map ()r aerial reconnall!88nce, Ilubmilt!
rain), !WAllon. fo'UT detailed dillCulI.ion on lIDii eon- tion durinll' cr(ol.toWuntty movement in junQ'}e tomprehensive plana detailing the type engineer
areall i& enremely diff\cult, Unit comrnander& at unilJl to be employed and tht additional engineer
dltmTM !lind lrAffi<'ability, llee TM 1'r1530 and PM
3#-10, all levelt! must be -ptotieient in land navigation. equipMent II.nd material t(uired. For further de
(h) (nundated ateN rontaining yellowish Alter.1t (etilpedal1y the helicopter) ean be eff.~ taLlII 5ee paralrTlIphll 3--13 thn,ul"h 3-28 and PM
r,...qs and eloucy water un be e;rpeded t.o hAve a tlvely uaM to HIli", in deterntining poeltlon, in 6-1.
;'!nft bottom.
(d In thf' dry ae&!ii)n. riee Aeld. art I(@n-
erally trafficable for APe"s and t.nkll; however,
SOMe rlt'e 1I.ld~ adjaeent to rlverll are not trame-
abIe (or the tnllkl, During the rainy MUOn. rice
MId" are normany uOlnaflkable for medium
tauklt lmd th~e lit<!da without IItanding water are
too g(lft to IIul1lmrt the APC, whereu thOR rke
A.ldll wllUtining dear water and Iltfen vegetation
are ullunlly trafficable for the APe. WlIteh tbe
waler buffalo aLld IIlmilar animale., They do not eo
whet'(! they eannot "tend on the bottom, it the
bott:om IIUPPOrt$ them. it will ull\.lally AUpport the
APe,
(d) Br\d,lng tequirementa mue.t be con-
ailhLred lor all tank and APe movements. TlInk!
normally rajulH' bridlfinll Aujatance to erosa riv-
.or.. eana!!l (lnd stre.m.-:. The 110ft 1I0i! bottom .. ()f
rivere. and JKlme &trelimll rener.Uy do not have
luff!.cient bearing atrenjtt.h to support: medium
tank!. The brid\tM f()\.Ind a!()nQ' roadl lin fr.
quently leM thin el-.u 20. Sinu the APe tan
a..wlm, it will norm.lIy not require bridrinll U
IlllItanee in crOIlRlnR riven; howevtr, Aeld .xpe.
dientll ma)' have to be uaed in negotiating th*
IIUle}!, Mit-Mil bfi,nkl'!. DurinII' the rainy IUII(In.
the Wllter velodtie/l of .trttltlUL .nd rivera may
eltt'eed tlle IIwimmiOi' apood of ampl'libim.lll vel'li.
clef!,
(e) The capability 01 tracked vehid.. to
penetrat. junIfle veptation ia de.Ptndent fin lOll
eonciition, slope, and v~tion denllity, 1',..
with trunk diameter! of 15 to 2() eenUmNn (.
lo 8 inches) a ... eoMide~ to be the pradleaJ
upPer limit of treM whleh tan be toppled by med
ium tankll. Qn siopy of ao
lMH'eent and If_",r,
tr,* 10 eentimetera in dhmt'~r will llow and
may stop tanb. Ciouty llpaeed tree_ Ilflually are ....
 CHAPTER 3
COMBAT AND COMBAT SUPPORT
s...1oft
3-1, o.f'MII'al
(L Infaotry. bauae of ita venaiiiity. mobiUty
and CliIpahility to ('(Induct ItperatiollA in all t~
oj' t~rn.ill and tiimatc. will play the dominant
role in jung\(, "per.Uona, Other combat and COm
bat Ilupport unihl Are used primarily to IIUpport
the advanu of infantry element&. The tundamen
talA ur employment and condud of tactical opera.
tiofUI ror combat unit. &II contained in the 1.-eerlea
field manuals and FM 61-100 are applicable. with
modilklltion& to meet the conditions of the juu,le
environrMnt.
C. To ohlAJn tM full value of co~nt,..t.d fin-
pow~r from sUPport!llll weapontt, c~nd.n
mUllt det.rmine how and to what lI.wnl tMy ctln
Ovtin:'(lfM thtJ limitations of the jun~ on the m0-
bility. vi.ibility. and control of the inrantry'a 01'~
Ifank I!upportlnr __ pons. Good tiring poaitioM
for direct fire and indirect fire WMp61l1 aN com
PAratlvely hard to lind in dense junale terrain.
The frequency of close combat IlIneraUy teQuiree
additional automatic tl:re, canister, fragmentation
and ooncuallon ammunition,
c. In jUn,le flrMin,. every ll!Uund or movement
to tbe front is not made by the enemy, 11 could be
A small (riendly unit that hal Itrayed. fram iw. ILl-
I"ned. lOne into tM adjacent unit'. line of tl:re.
All unJu mutlt include in their standln, oper.tlnr
pr<cedu~ the clrcumltancn under which Indivld.
ual and Crew~lerved weapon! will fire on targetlll
that are not deftnite1y Identltl:ed. The SOP Ihould
eatabUllIh methodll of maintaining I.ttral contact
and mUll preac:rlbe .peeiftc proc:edurfl.l (or obtlllin.
In. the current location o( adjacent un! ....
d, The enemy may Mnd out arYl! prabln, unite
to Invitt ftre. In an effort to loe.te wupon pMl~
tlonll. There(ore, the eomn\finder ml.l8t ln8ure tl:re
dllCipline at nirht. and PrtflCr!be the condJt!oJ\l
under which each l)'pe we.pon wll) open /\,...
TbIllH conditio", mUlt bre undertrtood .nd ILdhered
to by weapon crewl and the- leaden o( IUpported
unita,
I. INFANTlY
e. UnBttelided ground IrellAOr6 can bre profttably
employed in junjflc opcrAtiong 6uch && .ttack, de.
fense, riverine, 1It'\'utity, and airmobile. The un.
Mlr ~ylltem ,'lUI devclolJ tu:eUTatf! And timel, Infor
matlon at the echelon where mAMUVer forces or
firepnwer NUl take rnll advantage or the informa.
tion. 10 planninlf operBtlona, the employment (If
aenlWr deV!c. should be included In tM vuan
information collection plan, The totceu (If HnllOr
devices will depend to a degree upon the abUlty
o( the employing (ore. to deliver tlme!y and .1
feetive l'iru upon the area 1n which a t:hreat il de-.
tecled. The methoda of employinl' Ute fir. aup,
port, in eonjUIKUon with I!enaon, aTe limited
only by the (,ommander'l inlltlnulty; howt'v.er, de
tailed planning- and eJ(I8f! coordination belwMn
the commander- and fire support elemen ... is M-
eentiat It should be noted that the In(ol"'mJt.tJon
produced. by MInson ia of no tadlcal valt,te unl. .
it can be r~lved. Interpreted and acted I.\pGn In a
llmely manner with appropriate ftl'fl1lOwer or ma.
mrover forcel! or both. Senl!orJl mUlt be monltonld
by dev!ceI, either manual or automatic, and In.-
(ormation Inttrpreted and tranlmltted to the 0p-
erational unit which muflt reapond to ill intelll.
gence. Doctrinal coneepta for the employment of
thele deviCe!! are being developed and wi11 be In-
corporated in FM 7~20 and other appropriate
manuala.
3-2. Morta,.
1l..lltd'PetlrUrtt Operationa OJ,! SMGll U1Iit.,
(I) Mortan may be etreetiveJ, employed by
the inrantry rifle eompeny ir properl, taUored to
I!uit the miulon and if penonnel art thoroul'hly
proftcient in crew drlll. Any .mall eleann, In tlu!:
jungle canopy un provide a mortar with the OT
erhe:ad clearance neeeaury t.o IUpport the nne
eompany with doa..ln tl:rea. For quick IUpport
purpolfll mortar crew llftd earry only the
tube, bipod, inMr ring of the baM plate, and the
lijfht. The bailie laad per tube (or operatioNi at
1-1
 24 houri'! or mOI"# will vary with the a~ilk ..Itu.
lOtIOn IUH! will I:w prt'N'ril:wd by the rommander,
Thirty round" for Ain:tle lube or 20 r<nmdll per
tube for tW(! or tum? tlllM'H III a valld pianning
l1s;ul"#, To fire Uu: weaptm, ulle the sight for find-
ins; elevatiufl ant! the LENSATIC cumpasa for de-
~rminins; deflection. At dOlte nnges the error
far-till' when usins; the I ..ENSAT)C comJlallA will
I:w minimal. With the Mbrtar, Ute infantry rifle
company Cftn (urnillh It" own qblck and effective
supporting flr~ In numeroulJ inlltancell where
llpeed i~ of t~ essehl'(, and higher ~helon fire
"upport ia mfe-adible duc tl! inabllity to quitkly
pinpoint the friendly unil'~ location In the jungle,
Forward obltCrVffI'! must be pMfident In adjullt.
inK fir" by Mbnd since obllervation ill e10q to nit
!n heavy jun,Je. areall morta .. , are often Jimlted
in U,eir ulle when arrnmptlllyinK mavins; for<:ea,
and it ill generally betti'r to prepoflition them
with the ballf' of fint'. MOrlano are eft'ectively ulled
lo provide fires In lhe defeM('.
(2} Mortars are etrecti~ if they are carried
on vehieie8 All antimlltor tran!lport ambWlh weap...
onl u tht'y can ~ employed either in vehide" or
from the ground after di~mount!na" Fire ran boe
brou.bt I)n ambulh pmitionll, then lUted on all-
lIault and ahltted to Mock e""",.pe (If amboab ete-
rnenu.
Lntel.
b. Emplofllt.mt of Mtn'tM'tl at Bai.Wio1t
(1) otten 81 mm mwt..r elemenu from rifle
cmnpaniell may be plHed under battal:lon eontrol.
(2) Commanderl mWlt anticipate dll1plaee-
menta well in r.dvanee and plan t() prepare P<*i-
tlcna All far in advance u pouible. Tha time tae-
tor for the preparation I)f emplaetn'l~nt. enb-y
reada _and muk cltarance is i'fUtly increased,
sometlmq requirinll up to 24 hour&.
(8) The uJection of rood flrln. positll)na il
difficult. POlIitiona will be IImall becauae they
mllat be cut out of the jungle. Adyance r>artiee
must be inereMed In 5in and aupplled with addl~
tienat asea, machete.; and englMler too&.,
(.) In preparinll mortar emplacements ..
outlined In FM 28--92. the fl)llowinr modltkationa
muat be made!
(a) Dirt muat be piatt betw_n the 1.,.-
ere of kip to deerease bouncing,
{b} Bue plaRla mlllt be peued at the
rear to prevemt alldil\g.
(6) To mlniml... the probability of aerial d ...
l:tJon. the euttinx of muk C"'ra.nce muat be
kept to a minImum. Small t .... Iohould be bent
and anchored to PrtJelude the pennaM'l'lt lou of
oWtrhe41d canopy. Branch.. of fallfm trIt mat
be lilted lUi l'illmouflagc to reple.;.- the cut canopy,
nm! tr~h .;ut Iltumptl must tit. bledl,rna).
Hn The thlek Undf'rKl'tlwth (orca the Ilir.
vey t~am ill Meftl'HJrr IIhorl inrr(lmen~ of Klven
line a1allme with rel'oultinR' IOJIJI in accuracy.
(7) Slmm nwrtnr per~onnel mud be phYlli.
cally c(lndltionf'd tn displace without >rehieular
trMn~porlnthHl, Unit SOP mUllt ell/mte I<ubordi.
nlJte el('nle-ntfl witb the- refl.ponllibll!ty ot hand
carrywR' ammunitIOn f<lr the ",,,rtarll tt! IJredeJIiR"
n&ted li!~int.!l. lJll1li1 mUllt orten iocre.ue the Ilire
or mqrUlr !lfjull.d~ nud providc nddi~j()nal ammuni.
lI{1n team.;, Or Mhlliff the ammunition lOad with
the rifle eJemenb to fadlitate displacement on
foot.
(8) The limitatIOn impoUd on observation
and viaibility t't'Q.uir.m an increued number of ob-
serve" ahd aoll leaderll mw'li have a workinl'
knowledxe nf omervt'd fire procedu .... and mun.!l
of rommunk.ting fiff ~lJe ..b and adjuatmenll\,
(9; Obllervers must reeeive traininll in ad.
jUAtinR' flre by using the ctelepina method af ad-
juatment. Obllf'rved flre on tM ground will be ex.
tremely difficult due to the ve~tion which lim-
itA ob&ervation and vllllbllity to IIhart dilltaneea.
The <mHrven mUllt operate well farward to be
ab~ to ob&erve adequately.
3-3. 106mm ..coil.... 100.
a. Employment of the IQ8mm reeoilleu rifle
will ullunlly be restricted to roadll and under bat-
talion ('(Jlltrol. When employed, it ill .... il:ned lu
primary miaaiml of anUtank protection with a
aecondary mi,,"ion of providini' flre 'upPOrt
b. When flring BEEHIVE ammunition, the
Im5mm recoilrellfl. rifle ia extT1!mely eft'edive u an
antJpet1Onne! weapon in the defenH O'r convoy ea..
eon in a oounter-ambUlh rolti.< The lID cal, apottinr
ritle can be effectively u.1!<I ..alnat Ilnipera or
other loni' rann point tarae,
~. -... _ .... liflo
B. Beeause (If it. a'uraC-Y, portability and
atrikin. po...r, the OOmm l'f!COilIfIBI r16e. orrenk
to tnfantl')' unita, I, a valuable aupporllnr
wtl8pon in jun.le operaUona. It I, OIJ)IIIeiaUy 11M-
tvl In redudnw pillbox .. and bunk.,.. frequent!y
eru:ount41'ed. in jun'M operation., Can muat be
taMn to aekIet poaItiona that alford UMy trom.
and prewmt dfelCltllre by the bac}c;bJuL
b. For utend~ diamounted operatrona when
bunkered enemy positioN are not IIktiy to be en.
('OtJntered, the eommander may decide that thla
ftrepower ill not required and leave them with the
eomb.t or !leld trainA. WeiKht of the nlIXtlllMil
rif\!! and the IImmunition in thill .!Iitu.tlon ia Ii'-
nl1kant factor.
S-5. Indlyldual Light Antitontc """pont
Individual Jillhtweight antitank weapona lauch
as the LAW-M72, which ia iuuet! as an item of
ammunition and ill du.clln.led after UlMl) are
ideally au!ted fOr juni'le opentlona.. Their amall
IIIH and lillht weillht make them eaaily tr-anaport.
able t.hrou,h the jungle even on extended dla
mounted operatioM. tn a tondary role, they <:an
be U&ed to MIIlllt in rOOlKing piUooXeJI and bun-
kerll frequently enetlunt.ered in jllngle .operatl{lM.
., 3-6. MJn.. Clnd Ioobytropl-
The jUnKie lend!! itself to the u!!e of mines and
booby traps.. The charactt<riAtiea of the junale
caue their emplacement to be eomparaUvely easy
, and detection to be exthemely dU!k:ull When 1.\1-
I thorbed by appropriate .commander, minH and
t booby trap. cen be uacd to advantage alon. b'alle,
roada, rl~ 1iUl!, Imamll, and in conjunction
with other detfllll~ me&l!Ure8. RecordlT\l: and re.-
portinR i, eJ:tnmely important and I, ecl!Om
pUahed aa oliUlned in appropdate publlationa
(FM 6-81, FM 1).....84, tM 2Ch82). BaLllle mlneA
have a tendency to .hltt durtng heavy raina, they
mutt be turely Impll.Cf!d.
3-1. Small At,.,.
tl-. V.S. Hifle, r,8111'1"'. The 7.1l2 cartrldl'e givell
ex:~l!ent penttr-ation and aeeuraty: the buJ~t
8(lmetimea eheda ita Jacket when paaalnl: through
thick, trflel or Jarge roota and the lead taM eon-
tinuea on to deliver- aood d6!ltl'uct1VE' eft'ect.
Thia characterietit: I_ena the effeet1veneu of
JV9l' made available to the enemy by the ~
tion. Care mUlt be o:el"dMd to prevent droppina
mtl'uinea on the jun floor whef\l! tbey may btl
sully k>lL
b. U.S. Rifltl, 5.6tm1t. Thil extrflmely lil'ht and
compad weapon ill id_lly auited to juna1e com-
bat Ita ahort length and the Ulbt welght at the
ammunition it n,.. make the wfIf.POn ..., to em-
poy rapidly. The earlrldllt la a hiP velocitY
round with aood bam.He characti4tiea; the bullet
t.nda to tumble whan defteet.d, "vina' aood
wound tlfrod.. The abort la~ maba it Moa)' to
U&II by men of amall atatuf\I!. Precaution. with
m&lraainea apply u with tM 7.82mm rile, 'f'lM
light weight of the ammuoitJon toe...... the
number (If r-ound~ a IIflldler ('lID cerry and the
rapid rate (If fire providea In~rMtlId ftMpower to
unibl enRaged in r1nllein "tthtlng,
c. Mn.chifH'gun, r.8Im,", Thu. weapon II! an
ideal automl.tlc arm for jungle ('ombat. Its com-
pt.(:t del!i.l{Tl. li,ht welsht and exceUent eI!lhte en-
able it to be nroo fMm the "tandin,. 1Iittinl' or
squatti nK ~ltl01Ul and effective hip tire ea.n btl
delivered it e lI!illlf aopport ill uMd, BaU and tra.-
cer linked ammunition (1 trattr to 4 ball I ahould
be ulted and the 1'1111 I1red In burata (If IS to 8
rounda; fire can then be obaer'ved In aubdued
light alonK the line (If tr.eer tlre_ The blpod
IIhould be folded except when the opportunity to
I1re from the prone Mltion ex!.
d .Omm G~ LAuIMhfr. Thla We&pOn, al~
though ahoulder !Ired, ia a J,t.rre bore wupon and
it ill extremely effective for junale fllfhtln&, It la
I:ompect, HgM. and can be fired u.ln. the ume
))OIIitiona aa the Mrvlce rltle. It can be UMd for
reduction of point tarpt4, a,ainat rroupa of
onemy SQldiara and for firo into the kltlll'J: SOnfla
of ambuM6!I. Great eart! muat be taken \0 prnent
ItA flrea from being muked b)' tree Umbl, Al~
though the individual round I. lilht. caNtul a..
lec:tlOn Of tarntl III neceuary, to reduea Nlupply
problem", nenBe' >rentatlon wlit l'tIdue. ita normal
eft'ecU.,. bumin. radiul. When uainl: the 40mm
multiahot antiperaoonnel round., the We&pOn 1a
highly effecti.,. a,alnlt Kl'ouped peMIOnnel cut to
a ranllt of 86 to SO mtU:1'Il. It I. Ideal u a toUlIt-
erambuah weapon, and I. often emplo,-ed with
the point durinjl movammt_
f. GrMWI41', Gr.nadea mut be uNd cattfu1ty
in the jun.]a. The limitation on diatante they can
be thrown and dllftculty {If observation m.., Nr-
ault in <:uualtlee by uainl: troop&. 'thO are moet
eft'ecti'ltl when: uaod a.alnet hutlly prepa.red poIt-
tionll, IITOUpa of enemy peraonne1, In pleplred de-
fenel.,. poaitlona. and aplnat du.~ln poaltloM In
the offenae. CS lrenade. can be ett'eetlvaly \aled
apinat a dUI:-in eHmY. or to countAr an ambush.
SfIt{IU itenadM are &: neeeutb' to mark the roea-
tIon of friendly elamtntt for ..mal obM.rvt:ra,
One or two amoke l1"o"*dM are norrnaUy ~
by nch Individual. Care muat ba t.abrI. In wdq
them alne. the amoke may han&' below tht e&nopy
in heavy junllle, and may riM above the ea.t\@J'
at a eon.tJderable dlatance fmn wh.... It ....
tit........
f. B~t. Thla wtlaP<tft II otten cumbtnome
tor UM in jun&' . It la efl'ed::ive ill iJPIJD &rIU utd
II Ideal for ha.rul.t.o-Und l\a'bdQ' 4uri_ oouotv~
att&eb from .s.t...... poaItlOll In wWth U.
 PMll-aJ
vel('etBtlUn hal< been lIhot or burned aWIlY, It
IIhould be affixed 1<1 tnf' rifte only on order of the
fMll.latt or plat()ol1 reader,
(1, S1tot(1/J>I. The Ilhotgun h.. ptoven to be lin
ettedivt weapon tor dOMin fiptina, which dom.
lnatM jungle combat. It ie etreetive (01' ulle in am~
bURhee and by the tm-ward ekmentR of a patrol.
The eMtj(1.I11 welrhll, in the roit/wmbat vet'tlion,
about. 6,6 poundll and III IIhorter than the lIel'vke
rille, Thi. Rhort length make It uaier tn UH in
denll(' Jungle. The Jlimple lind rug~ meciUUlillm,
COlllltltuted of 0111y &eV~1 major pan- or par~
Itroup!!, lIimplifies maintenance and nlpair and reo
ducel the chance of malfunctiOn in a tropical en
-".-
vlronm~nt. An outlltandlnJl' attribute inherent in
J-I. Iktllk eo..tidllrat\aM
a. Gtln~rat.
(1) The fundamentalll of emploYment and
eondl.ld of tactiea) operationlS for armor unite WI
contained In the buje armored field manual!! aTe
applk:able, with modificatIons, to meet the condi-
tions of the juni'Jt enviroflment The (adott,.. of
M'ETT (Mihion, Enemy, Troops available and
'ferra.iu) remain the prineip4l.l tonlliderlltlone for
determiniIltr how and when to employ armor in
jun5fle OpeutiODII. Emphallill il p1~ on the fae.
toM! o( terrain and the anemy'lI antitank capabd-
ity. AlthoulJh the ~neral natUN! of the terrain
di>ell Imt favnr tllnk employment on a laTIl" KAle,
armor all PArt of a rombined armR forte or team
tan be effectIvely employed in the junjfle. By bold
and imaj!'inative emproYlrnmt, aul"Prl.e and pe.y.
ehological advant..all" may be nintd by the .ud-
den appearance or armor in an unexpecltd area
or from an unopect;ed direction rathjJ1' than
throuah apMd of movement.
(Z) In many areu movement of armor un1ta
may be Umlted to road" trails, beschee, or MC-
ol'ld41.ry jfNWth areas; however, armor vehidu
can nwve throUl'h dlffleult wrrain and at timea
they will be able to plUll! thr1)l'h primary rain
fortlllt. Visl11mty reetrictionl in dtlnae vepta~
tlonAl areu ooupled with an enemy antitank c.*
l:IabiUty wlJl requi,.. the\ dlamounted \rooPt pre
cede armored v.hlelM. When the enmy has a
limited antlt&nk capability, armored vehicles (!an
lead attaek. throuah the jun,le wh.nevv poul_
bte, bruJdnJ' tranI, deatroylna antlpenonnel
mines and dlaruptlni' eMmy de!et\HAl, A careful
J'round l"eOOnnalaunce la a must prior to employ.
the ... hotf(un ill itll fte:dblhty, becauae the ammunl.
tlOn III Mvai1!lbJe ill Vnrltlull IHaWl, Thf: UMr tan
e;o;erclU II choice In MlectioJl of a load to lIult the
nature fit thf' target,
It. Omwl,'le Mattery Arm.t, Becaulle of the
availability of mllituy lIrmR on the open market,
ellj)i"lly of /)Q)t action dfletl.. it will be found
that truerrill4 fore.,. will often lH\ armed with
tht'1'e ~.ljQnl. Itvery jungle *Oldier IIh<mld be
trained in th~ ulle of enemy weapontl; howiI!ver.
these wuponl< KhouJd be used only in ~merf'ntjell
all the eharartel'i!ltlr lIOund of both friendly and
enemy weaponll ill often a valullble inlAllligenre
IlOUrTe ulW<! to identify firing unilll.
inlf armor in thil manner, When the terrain <In.
not accommodate croM.({)Untry mOVtlment,. armor
may be uled alol'llf exlltini' roads and traiJa.. In
addition to their primary m!lUIion of (bin, with
the enemy by di~t aaaault or all part of a COm~
bined arma team, armor units .... well .ulted tor
ronductinl' route lIecurlty milllllOM in the jungle
all well I I provldlna convoy eIIcort.
(8) Armoud (allalry units may have to be
r~rlJanjHd to adapt to tile Iota! Jungle environ.
ment. Vehicle and personnel rhanaea may be t1\w
quired While armor~ cavalry un ita wUi be em-
ployed in their traditional rote. of reconnaill8_
an. lleCurity and economy of fo~, they may be
employed In miMionll that are usually ualped to
armot and [nfantry combat maneuver lH\ttalions.
eare ehould be laken to avoid pi~1 pe.rti.
tionment of armored cavalry units., troopI and
platooM in particular, to uwmpii.h eeparate
tun. Thia practice ndun. the overall capability
of armored cavalry unit. and, nc:ept when fully
juAtitt.d, nMucea tM total trtklen(y o( .nnored;
cavalry unita.
(4) Air tanlry unita .t!ecUvely utftd the
(fTolJJld oommamkr'tI influence In the Jun,1e .....
of operation&. Hii'hly ro<>biJe. with .uperlor oorn-
munkationll end lIubatantlal firepower, these
unitt an r~adily adaplable to tbt c.v.lry minion
in the Junde environment,
b, Sp'fri.al toJUid.enJ.tiORl. Spe<elal armor coneld,.
erationl'pplieable to junale operatlo .... re:
( I j Increued emphuill on malntenanee.
(2) A IJn&ter r~ulnment tor Clull V .up-
1'111.,
(S} Laek of auit.ble l[fOund HntIII of ann-
fM:n~s
munication pltl(,11 J'reater reliane~ on aircraft for power of armor. Tllnk! pr04!Mdlnlf thf'(lu,rh den..
",IUPPIy. junale may hllve a limited cIlpablllty ot traver,-
(4) RArely are ftelda of ftrt ad9quate for em- IJItr their lurr~!.8 due to interference by trM
ployment or the tank's mam armamenl in it. c:on~ lrunkll. TwO' tllrmatloftll to enbanee the abiU,y of
ventionallona raqecapacity. tank unitl'l Ih Are in directiun!! other than to the
t Hi) Villibility r.tricUonll plate i nc:nued front are the inverted w~ (U'e fI,r. 3-1) lind
~. emphuia on commtlnd and control of armor unit. the itLvert~ echelon (see fIJr. 3-Z). Theae two for-
when traverain&, junale terr.in.
(6) Knowli!d~ of terr.in in tbt" a .... of op.
er.ttOn III of vitAl importance.
(1): Pr8llence of many waterway. with 110ft
bottoma ('ouploo with lac:lt of adequalt' bridlfU In-
ereaM bridling support rtlquirementa.
(8) Knowlitdp flf apedatilled t.hniqu.. to
tnvent' juni'le terrain.
(lH Armor uni!.8 will normally QfJl:rale with
infantry heavy teama or wk forcu,
(to) Tratlkability limitations may natrict
the Ulle ot tAnka Ih IIUpport by fire.
(I J) A 5freater nMju!rement for Cl .... III be-
e.ullt or a llower rate of mOVement.
(lZ) Ammunition baAic loadll require adjuet-
ment to include more "ntipenonnel roum.
(13) We"ther, ('IIrtaln teTTain, hOlltiie air, aIr
defenlle. and fltreRirth and comJl(lBition ot oppt'l&--
ihlt forcel When employ.ni' air t.valry unita.
'. 3-9. o."onm.- lor c........
fn jun,le tomlH\t operations armoN!d unita are
)lOrmall)' employed u: part of eumbined armll
forN! nr team. Since jun&,ie terrain redUC" the
"round mobility ot vehitlt'lI, tank units wltl nol'-
mally oT!rate with infantry heavy teamll or wk
fOrN!Ii. Othel' e)ementa lIueh III utUlery. ~ngl
n(!erA, tUid lIigna1 are Inc:luded all r9quired. The
!)rltaniuiion tOT c::ombat must be baaed on a thor-
Outrh anAly*is uf the Catton: of METr. The Te-
qUir~ment.K tur (ombat Jlupport and oombat ser
vic~ lIuppert element will depend on th~ type ter.
rain Ilnd ~Itet.allon. f)b!ot.d~ .nd watel'waya
fl~valent ih th~ Ilrellll of operatiuna. En(int'er
bridj!'lnj!' lIupport requiremell~ will normally be
greatlllllt in Iowlllnd jOftlll1" areaa be<:auae of the
many unbrid~fli waterwa,Yl\ tound in this type ef
area. The orllanintion of arm!)r units mil)' re-
quire RU!fffientatiml with .ddltlonal or apeelal
equ!pm~nt J1iuch a, doteT tanb, armored vehltit:
laun('hed brld.rtM. and movement expedtenta..
3-10. Combat formatiaM
Although wnvtntlonAl termationa .hould be ueed
whenever po3slble, terrilin relllricUona tn the jun-
Itie may require the ule of other formatlonll in
order to maintain tontrol and to employ the Are
...
(..
 PMJ1""!
matiolltl allow for all tanka eltt'ept the lead tankl\
to traverse and flre at one tlank and to the mar.
The inverted wedit! formation is alflO .ulted for
O'peninit' trllillJ .tId clearing jungl. read. (aft flit.
8-31.
/1'"",,.. '4. c~ i".,..1. ...."'~ ....1\1 "".I'W
~.,~~
:l-11. Prior h<onncN. . . .
The r!lllriebon' to anno~ mobilUy In tha Jun
ale can be .Janil\eantly l'Idueed by areful eelte-
lion of rouw bMed on accurate information,
Movemnt... e.apecialir erou-eount1"yhould not
be bAUd on map information alone. HQvy rai",
can au". junaie rivera to alter their courlJ. and
cTeate .tee...... ided gull'tIIl, Stronr wind, can eause
windtalll whlcb rNult in a t.anll'led ma,' ot im-
penetrable yet'ttaUon. Map rltConnaillHll(e must
be suppiem4lnted with elU!lltIiVe II'round ~on.
na~ and air l'ercOnnal..ance wh.... posaible.
Durina euh operation detailed n;eorda should be
kept of pertinent wrrain infol'Tl'lAtiO'n, ftecorded
InformaUon un redu~ tbe nNd fO'r tuture aer~
tal or around reoonnaiUl.nee with it. rl.lt of dr.,
clOIII~ the planned Gperation.
3-12. Dpo",tIo..
4. G(!lIMUI. The value O'f tank support in jun,le:
operations lie. in the accuracy and amount of fire.
power thai can be produced even at aingle tank,
....
leveL Although the terrain doea not favor tank
~mployment Gn a lara_ .cal. in ,mphlWoos op~r_
MtiOt1!\ agailltlt the cOlUlt~lInetl of jungte areb,
tank. ma.1 play an important roll!. Precillion
IIJwotillj( by Lanb 111 pin point tarll'eW luch all
bunke~ or buildinp jlJ often the moat vtduable
fire support available to infantry in juni~ Raht.
ing.
6. Trulu 11/ Tdnlu. Tankll pl'()vi~ nat only m&~
tt'riJ bul al.o: m;}r.1 IIUpport. When operatinr
With infantry, their talk.t are:
(I) Oe.ltruetion of weapons. troofll, poti_
tion. and enemy armor whith would Impede the
advance or hold up the HIIault of the Infantry,
(2) Aeeompany Infantry to the objective, If
thil! i. not I>O*Illb1e becauae of the terrain, tanks
flUPlK1l't the in/antry by ~re if pouible.
(3) Dominate the tlbJeetive and de,troy
en_my armor, when appllc.ble,
(4) In the deferuw, dHl;TOY enemy fo~ pe:n~
etratina thedetenlJIVe position.
e. Ta.h 01 11'I/altlr'f/,
1 J) Sine and hold the objective.
-pon. (2) Deltroy enemy mort range antitank
(S) De.tro)' enemy woaponl poaltiol'tlJ whkh
the a.lll.ultlna t.mb may have only tempDuril)'
aileneed.
(4) Protect tankll (rom attaW by enemy In~
fantry,
d, C(;",fn'~d ar",. OJIrmtiOM,
OJ Combat ill jUnjflt' aAU requl,.. a hirh
..tj1,.ndard of combined arma tralnlllll' i( operatlona
by tanka aM lnfantry art to be eft'eeUv.. Actio",
will be fought at dON rantre and aPIfId I., thtH-
fore, eflMntiaL Without precialon in tMmwork,
tank~ and IItfantry win .uffer needleu. CNu.IUa.
Infantry muat ap;Jreciate the aeeuracy of tbe tank
cun in order to work dON to the tank .ill" 6,.. or
the tar~t. Th!t requite. practic. and r __ nal,
with tankll that wilt lupport partieuiar GPt!'&-
tlon.
{2} When operatln.r in the junl'k!, the tank
is vulnerable to dose ran~ antitank weapont.
The dearoo and nature o( infantry p:roteetion re-
qulred for tank. mU6t be ..Par....'y Mtt!rroltted
tor each ehana!ng lIituation. Often protection for
tankll will be aWorded by the proximity of the In~
(antry within whORe form.tiona or d18poaitlone
the tanks will be movlna or operatlna, The aise of
infantr), prottion provided and the t.actia
adopted .Ire <Mtermined by tM t.a.4k toeu 0,1" team
commandn'.
1\ OUntle,
(1) Ttle tundamentals of empJonnent and
OQnlldnation. or the otrenN! for armor forcer.
appl)' to otrenJli~ comtnt in jUngJel'l, ROAd.I,
india, and river. arif key !errain in junlt!f, opera
tlonl. Utle of mechanlUld 6amethrOWifn and the
tncrelUled 'WIt' of tlw! canni~ter rouM ahould be
con.Iiderifd einee junale (!onditioM otten l"tQuire a
variety of munitions.
on Junale combat ia eaaentlally a firM by
ltmall di.mount~ infantry unitll operatinlf ex.
tremely close to the .nemy. A tank platoon may
be attacht!d \0 an ...... ult riRe cmnpeny to ..rouee
enemy autcmatle ~aponl and posltiona by dOle-
rAqe flru. In dose terrain, diemounted troop.'!
and tanks move toaether at the .. me rate of'
speed, On trail., dilllYlOunt.d troopa ,.nerally
precede the tanu at about 2& to &0 metera, de
Pilnding on the terrain atid enemy resilltance, At
times the tern!n may MBtrlct deployment to the
v!dnily of the trall and may limit operaUol\3 to
on~t&nk front. Tanks mUllt b4 pro_ted by dJ,
mountad patrola that nconnoii.er for routN of
advance, antitank gUM, and antitank obetadea.
Ri~emen are deaill'naicKl to proWiCt the nanD and
rear of each tank. When the tank. are *nP.red,
rif\amen UN! the tanks lUI ahield whit. determin.
jnr location or the enfftl'ly flrlna poattJona, When
the enemy I, toeated. the tank.lntantry ta&m .t-
taeka and destroYI hIm. At tim .. , doa. terrain
maka it n~ty for tank commander to ft
JIOM h!mulf from the turret to locate and maIn_
tain contacl; With n..rby tanD.
(a} Sometimes the terrain mUe.ilt lmpoui
_ III. AIITIWlY
:1-13. - . . . .
a, ....rtiUety pritteiplu. Tn. taetiul and techni.
cal prindpl. Nt forth by I'M 6-20-1 And FM
~ an appJjeab1e to .nitlery etnploYJMnt In
junale ope:rationa.
b, Ftfzlbili4t 01 ArtllUo,, f'tJvtwa EI!'l~
ill Jlt1tole.
(1) Use of artill;;ry fiN! i8 not rutrlt:ted by
badwaatMr.
(2) ArtHlery can RN eft'eeUvely dllYor nl.rht
(8) Art!llel'Y can achievellurprlae III tlN can
be broUlI'ht down upon a taraet without wamin.
(4) ArliU;;ry Jill capable of auatalned lIft'or\.
(5) Artillery clln condld direct ftrt 1l1l'..ln.t
enemy forceJl.
(4} Hellcopten a-reatly increue artillery mOo
bUity and improve ammunition reaupply,
(7) Aerial rocket artillery can deUver 1'6<-
ble for tanks to take ~rt in the a.uault. In thi.
ene, lhe tankl. may support the attack wIth over.
head and 6atJinng fire.
J. /}~f"lIHf' III jU'lgtl'lI.
{I} fn lill'ht junaies. the prthclple. of de-
fenlle in wood. generally apply, ThorOU8'h lind
continuoull ground reeonnaisunl'.e 18 ne!lulJ,ry be-
caUM the ob&ervatJ;}n ot !fecurlty elements jA r'M.
trieled and air l'tIConnai,.ance is often iMffective.
LanK ranI! flrt!1J ean .lH!ldom be employed. Armor
ean eiTef'tlvety dear Ilmlted 6ejds of fire by ddv
!rut around s dden.iW! polition.
on in a detl8e junr!e. troops are dl1!pmsed
alanit' the (orward edae of the batUR area with
minimum intervals between foxholt'!! and no rap"
between units. Se<urlty elements tona/at or small
.rouP!!, dualn for ailround defeMe, to cover trall!!
and other approacMIJ to the poeltlon. Security
IJhould be out to II. dl.tane* that will InlluN detec
tion of the enemy before he iM within r.na* to
employ his hsndheld antitank WeapoN. Fre-
Quently. unita an IflOlated in this tyPil of terrain.
In this event, the need for allround defen.e
talc.. on added .Jan!61'.Ilnee. Ev;;1'Y eft'Mt should be
made to eltabll.h a perlmeu-r u BOOn after hal~
In. &1\ poillible. Particular ure must be taken to
ruard qalnllt t!nemy lnlHtratlon and diamounted
Infantry attacu.
(8) Limited puslv. air defense fa poaalble
for armor units in junale opersUons, thef1lby ....
duclna the number of .Ill" defense units requJnd.
aponslv. udal ~re support In are.. not (OVered by
eonvtntlonall1"Ound .rWlef7.
(8) Artllif!rY!;'an become watarborne in 1lUp-
port of riverine 0Ptratic.na.
c. Li",ttaHmu ffftp(J.Itld b1l Jtl1tl1ll! <m EmfJt.ow-
ffte7U lJt JhiilUTr.
(1) Oba6tvatlon from the j'f'OUnd !. ver)' rell-
tritted. and aUlThentation by air obeervatfon !J!,
normall), ne(eau.ry, &th methodll will be ham-
peNld b), denle v~tati01t and tree canopy.
(2) B8('.uQ of the probJemlJ of obMrvation,
it !IJ dlftkult to compare resullll of pl'1ldkt.d fiN
with o_l've! ftre. Even predicted 6re may be
leu accurate than normal beauM o( \naceuratf!o
map!t and eearelty of current meWroloaical data.
Heavy v;;ptation maY e..uu the round. to o.to-
nate hiah In the eanoPT. thu. redudna- the e;red;
on enemy PilMIOnneJ at g1"ound )evel. Delayifd (uc-
Ina wllJ otten blI t'equired to min!mlr.e thit eft'~.
 PMSI4J
OH Limitation. on obervation neceMitatt>
the ute or inr-reillted u(ety (acton and dlatatH'ell
when dellvulnll' I\re c~ to frlandly trOllp.J. Tbe
man~ver commander mWlt aJtl\lme a lt1'uter than
normal rlllk of injury to the risk of providln((
friendly troop8 when eloae In artillery !Upp.ort or
en,apd units is neceuary, The df'ltr~ ot rillk AII-
llumM mUlt be ba.B.d on the tadleallituatj(Jn.
3-14. T..hnl.,.. 01 ArtlKery fiN :lwpport
4, Gflltrrat Enemy lrooJ)l. in tblck junll'le elin be
drlvf'n out of their ar~ by artillery tire and
forl't'd in.to friendly 11mbu$h and bloekiftJ pM!_
til:ml,
b. H(lf'fI.JI,iJtf) rire., Artillel'Y ean be uted to keep
the em;<my on the move if the iteneral location or
the enemy i!\ known or to haRM tbem by nwthod-
kll!!y Belirehinll' an area. This fire mu.t be au.
fully planned and euntto!k!d to a ....oid nee_lve
upenditure of limmuniUon,
r, nf'..strm:ti'(m F'lr~, Thll il espocililly u.duJ in
attarklnsr known enemy alronJ"POinta. However.
UM of tbj" type of I\re hi limited by the ~ujre
m(!nt that the b.rjfet be vilJble to tbe (lbMtrv~,
d. /ntnd1ttim/ (jf Eftt;mjl R{}ut~., Canalit:atwn of
enemy forcet! Into Alrollnd of the attacken' cbooa_
ing 16 pGllllible with artillery 1\1'11. AddiUonally.
probablt> enemy rnut", can be blocked lia the at-
tack forte nQultllan enemy fOl'ee.
t!. DI'I'f'ptiflll. Artillery fire in an area away from
that. in wbkb friendly trooPl' are operatinsr may
detel\le the enemy, Artillery 1\,.. ('an cover noille
of movement of frit'Udly rOTref/ &0 th.t they may
bt able to apprOMh wlthin aMaultln, dlatAnee fI(
the enemy without beinldeteded.
f. StJdT('Jdighlll, Searehlhrbta can be uaed effec_
tively in IIUPp<nt at offet)6ive and defenalve OpeTa-.
!lOM and to provide datll.m pointll (01' a1rt:raft and
rallyinll' pl)lnbl. for Q8embly of pfnlnnnet Sf't PM
81-8f! (Teat),
3-11. c-dlncollon With tho Inl.-,
flee. FM 6-2\}-1, FM 6-20-2. and 7-fleriet! lield
manuall,
3-16. PoIItlom
4, Battny po.,ilionl. fkld6 of lire. and c1elirlngll
may hllve to be cul O1lt 1)( the junKIe and are,
therefore, amall ano rompact. Thil work ill eJlpe_
diU!<! by employinll' IHtpportinl{ eoginoel'l with
portabw power cuttinlf tooln and demolition&.
Lop from cle.rinx IIhould be uaM W roolltrud
Kun emp!acemenUl and panonOf'I lIhelterll, The
.wampy condition o( tbe terrain may make It 1m
pou/ble to dia adequate aun mplacemen\ll.
Thfl"efore, mobile srun platrorma mUlt be uaed or
wooden pada conlltru;:ted (!lee FM &-lfj) to prov_
';
idelluitable ftrin. poeitionA,
b. B~uae the juna!e afl"ordll exc~~nt conce.l.
ment tor enemy ofI'enfl.ive opera.tionl, all artillery
potIitiona mulll proVide M<::urity asrainllt enemy in4
I'Iltratlon, Tu iT!llut'e: protection for the }'XMitlone.
MeUl'Ity meaaurea Induda perimeter de(.lUIe
wunin, devkell, all... mund (6.40(1 mil) tire ca.pa-
bility and patrol" to maintain Ualiwn with other
in.tallationll. Normally, infantry unit. wHi be pro-
Vld.d to- al'lfliAt in tbe defenH ot torward artillery
po.,:tionll in junjtle wrrain. To f~llltate He1.Irlty,
ft~ IIUpport .. nd !osriatieal inllt&llaUolUI m.y be
xTOuped in .It1!neral proximity to eu:b other,
Withlf\ the poaltion, flAtbl'l or trenches Jlhould be
Cll.t to- connett each howitler uctlon witb other
batt.,y llUItaUatiolUl and foxhole!! whkh tan be
OEcupie:d to IIUppart the: peri'l'n4!ter det..,ae. Sewr-
ity fur artillery pcaltlonll IhouJd lnelude ad..:auata
air defenae mf'/l5ures, The batterl.. of a battalion
"in cannon unit Ihould be dOR enou;h to eacb
other for mutuallupport. When the taetiea.llitua-
tlon permits, dlrt lupport artillery ehoulo be lo-
CAted within tbe reaerve \tl take advan.usre of the
protection it providell,
t;, In roaltal afeU, Ihin. ~ition& may be (OIJnd
(m the beacbell, around plantatiottll, or on nearby
illandl'l,
n. f'orward obser ....er teams are hllndkapped by
l'tllIirided visibility and the unavailabillty of Ault-
able observation poatll.
(I) Forward obMt'rver8 must con8tantiy reo
main in duae contact with the I!Uppcrted unit and
well forwlird.
(2) }o'orwnrd oblervel'll ehould, where the
tun((le terum pertnits, coordlnat. with the afl"11l1
<1~'rVeT ttl "~rlfy tblJ location of friendly troopa,
and to obtain potIitive lpattin; of rOllndL
(3) In makltllladju.tmenta, torward obt>erv.
en !!hould be )Jroftclent in adju8tin, by Mlund be-
<aulle nbser ..... Uon and vil'libility may be limited to
A f~w yardll.
h. Air t>bMervation i. rentric-tt'd aver jll.nsrte ter.
nin, but may be ll.fMNl to ~d advantalP to:
i I) Obaerve rt>r enemy IIctjvjU@!\ !lll.ch &Il
movement over water or ('leared arul on land
(2) Glw the ((eneul locstion of enem; in.
lttaUationL
(31 Locate t'nemy artillery fir mortar ~l,
Uonll.
(4) Oblerve snd adju!llllrtiUery tll'6,
t', The amlt!oyment ur tarll'et acquillition dev!tll
is jl't!nf'nlly restricted by tree unopy, .10'11' lIur~
VI!)" jl(Jor trAils ror movinsr hellvy equipment and
Ilf'ees.,,!t)' for dearina fields ot operation tor the
radar lieU. When they I;'an be properly tnlltalled.
the Mund and !'I/l5h ranging ballGll .nd the rada,..
clln uper.te eMeienUy th01l,h tbeir eif.divt!
ranjl't!:4 mil)' be redueed,
3-18. Offe.- ancl ~ {6) Chemical sbellll can be 4!ft'tively em-
See PM 6-20-1 tor the prineipifll of the employ-
rMnt of .artillery in theoifen8e .nd defense.
3-'9. Ta,...
TIU'lI'KR are hard tv Ioc.te. Arter toeaUn, SUJl-
peeled tarlft:U, it mliY be f!eCa!Ary to blut aw.,y
j unxle undenfrowth by munll of air bureu and
tree bul'llu before mnimum effect on the tarpt
can be obtained. Thil will often l1IQ;uire upendi~
tUfflll of larae quantitlee o( ammunition. Caves
and pillbox empW:ementa: ct.n be dfllltroyed by
lield artillery mt.H. or by heavy and medium
artillery uaed in a di~t liN! role, Chemical sbella
may be uaed (or e&lIll.alty efl"et or to fo~e indivld.
ual, trom PN!ptmld poaltiona that are relatively
Invulnerable to other weapot\/I, 1n adjll.Uin; util-
~ry. the IiTlt round Ilhould be white phoephoroua
with a hel.hi ot bunt of ~ met.fra to preclude
the lint arUna!')' ruund8 landinll' on frlendl,
troops.
S-20. Ammpttion
4. Special care mu6t be tPen to protect ammu-
nItion from dampne&& and deterioration in jun,.
dlmate.. See FM 9-6. FM 31-41. and TM
9-1300-206.
b. The Ml:tlon of tyPN of ammunlUtm and
tuNIl (Qr tarreta In the junlle la the ume aa for
/limnar tarrreta in norm.! locationl euept that:
(1) The humor proximity (VT) (~II dlf
1k:1l1t to llpot In adju6tmeDI and I, ..nerall,
iT!llff.eUve becauae o( the reduction of frqment&-
tlon flfl'ed in the tree canopy. Th4! Pf/rfonunee at
thl' fUN elm be II'reatty Improved lhrouib the 11M
of "d...nllti:adn!r" tape ",bleb ean be t'Itted o\'tlr
the VT fUN betore t'Irlnll'"
(2) Time tuu ,djUlltment 1, dli'ftcult. even in
PMll-U
Ihrll.b and KTa.s !Il'ellM bet.Wlt! the vt!ae:tation
~rt!Ventl'l obll4!rllalion o( the KrlJ\lod eft'ee\A,
(3) The delny fUR: !/I. valuable for obtainini"
bun~ on 01' Mal' Kround lellel when fonawe is
hillb Ilnd tbick.
(4) FU1e qukk i& effe<::tiw in low tret! clnopy
or rllgljlllnd, often lI'ivinx tree b\lrgU Ilt a dealra-
ble heillht with the bonua efred of tree splintering
And eliminatlnlf lInipel'll in the treo,
(Ii I Smoke Of' WP ill vKluable tor UM in ad.
jllatmentl and markinK tarvel! ror Illr IItrlk.. , ea-
~ia!ly for K4!rial obllen.tion.
ployed to produee "asualtlo becauae thf: llilh
temperatll.re and low wind IpeOOa IH't!lvaient
below the junrle tanopy help to maintain bill'"
vap.or conctmtrationll of the tbefni(al a"nt.
3-21. Cornrnunkat_
4. Wire il tbe mOllt meoehanieally reliable munll
of communiu,lione; tor controlling Ilrtillery in jun~
itle opfr..tlol\l; bowever. it I, dlftkutt to inatall
and maintain. Lirbt wire can be laid on top of tp-
lia" by army aircraft. Security of.n en-naIvl
wire net ill difficult Ilnd may PrKlude ita UN tor
other thlln very routine tommunlcaUon.tJ,
b. The ransre ()f radios ill IIbortened by jun.1e
growth, but thill problem may be partly 1I01ved by
Ullin; radio reiay stations. both"'r and lI'Ouod.
3-22. III.....,
a. Since adequate msp!! do not ailt for meet
areaa in junl(lu, the Htabliabment of wrYe, con
trol ie: an important ron,lder.ticn,
b. Survey contrtll i. ullually tll&llibla and un
k"p up with the torward .!em.nt&,. thoull'h it I.a
more difficult ..nd time conaumina.
t. Tar..t area ."rvey ill ulUally vel')' rettnded
or Impoulble.
d. TrlanwulaUon. J'Uil(tion and trH.tar,tl.on
tKhniqu. ar. ~t d1Hkult aince II~-lili"t la
extrtmely ahon or nonexla~nl
a-22. PI... CoftmII
Fire control i. centrallud whenever poutblfl;
howeller. decentralization of centro) will be neeea
Mry al the deMity o( the jun;le inc,.... and
communleatiolll become more dlffl.cutt. J.. a r.
tlult. bstteriell may sometlme6opeuta .IoM.
....
 PM :U-35
s.~tion IV, AI, D.fen.. ond AI, o.fo.. AnltllH)'
3-24. Air Defltft" (If Army Unitt.
(I, (;, {'"mflul./lderll M Ii:! echelon!! muat
IIrI'nf.
l'IHjSjdl'r dl!flltiJlf of their (.'{!mnmndJ\, from obaerva-
tiO() nnd Httack by hUll-tile Bin'raft. A!ttkl!,urh: much
()( thp fur deftml\t' Will kw provided by tactical Air
Forc(' lind lilr deJen"le artillery unitM, all unit rom-
mander" mUlit l'mp;()y active lind paasjve air de.
fen.."t.' meAllurt'j'\ to Bugm(lnt thl$ defen!le.
" Arfh.. Ai,. D"/eNII".
(1) The air dt'fenMe capability nf nnnair dt.'-
(enM Wt.'I'IPOtlS !lhould nm. be overloolood when
planniltJ{ for air df'f~nl!e. Rifh~lI, automatic weap-
onll, And other nouAir defenlle W"paOIi in the
hRndK of properly trained perlWlnd nerdll!na: thl'
riR'ht uf at>lf . <I.,r..ntlt' to"lllU~t lOw-flying hOfttill' .iT-
"11Ift I"IUI materially Tt'I:luce the plfeetlvent'AI'I or
the IOW_Altitud(' threa.t Whil(' deMe ve~tatlon
within AjUn1e mRy olfer cnn>alment from aerial
\)btlervati~m Ana Attack, it will alao limit the f\elde
of fire Ilf we-ll.p(l-f\1\ uaed in air defenae (denAl! Wlite-
tation will not Ilrevt"nt detettion bv infrar" !len.
IIOU), AUhouR'h the right or Qlf-d~fentle is never
denled, fin' at hOAtlle aircraft should bf rontrolled
by commanders tn InSUff' that poaiti(!n location...
are not l'omprumiMd.
12) MOllt combat4.1nite, ",nd some combat IIUp-
port unite, will have the Redeye I{llided mllll'llle
Rytltem "'vallable to provide Joctoi air defenst. In
jungle "peration!!, Rl?deye CSln ",1M be WM!<i in the
Mile d('fenae rm.. H;)wev('r, "RedeY""1I limitatlonll
again"t h!gh-l""rf(!rm",ru.'(, aircraft make it leu
Uum .In optimum bue detente weapon and fllth-
ler.jntl"I'Ceptor IIUpport ot brute areu Is required.
All defended aTea! increAse in size and impor_
tance, augmentation by air delen" artillery
weapon IQ'detna ill require!:l CondltioftJI normally
found in jungle areu, euch u hllth humidity. may
CIlUIit' th(' ran~ capability ot the Redeye lflJided
mllUlile a)'tltem to be reduced,
~. PflarilJe Air Dtfffl.t. The ad!ve ait detmee
effort mUllt be Aupported by the maximum practi-
cable use of palll'live air d~fen.e aelf'Pl'otection
rMUUnlll; i.e" cover, l'once.!ment, disperaion, de-
eeption, warn!n, lIignals, electronic lli!lCurtty. and
blackout dlteiplbte. Thll \e e.peclally important In.
luna-Ie operatlont bKau3e of the austere .n4
widely dl.pened fore.. employed, PortiOn! of
tbne toren will often flnd thtmHlvtlll without an
ef'l'ectlw all' defeNUt capability.
I-u,
tl,
A"_........,
Gnmll, The buit tactic. aM teehniqW!ll In-
11-
vn!Vl'lj in tht, f'mptllYml"nt or air dcfenAe artillery
lAnA) will m.t t'hHngt" greatly in Junltl~ opera,
tlon~ {FM U~l Rnd FM 100-6). F.dent\ive de-
tallf'd planning i~ rl'quired before an operation to
determine tbe amount, type, and mO;\'!t effective
flllployment of ADA. Air defense m~t be pro-
vim-d for pam, bet!chheadll, and f.dvllnce hue!!
t
which ar(' the lltartin" point. f;-,r otYenllive junlCle
opnationll. All the (;"Pt'ration prt)itrelll'len, air de-
f<'nJl(' mwti. be plannl'd and pro ... ided according to
priority for inlltl\llationll, troop conrentrations,
airflelda and otber activitiea e:ubjeet to ...,ria! ab-
M'rvatmn and atta~t. Two Important facto,.. to be
f'fiMilkrNt in planning and &electing ADA pGll.
lInnl< art':
(I) lllAtallaUon" .. ubjed t() ground attack, In
the early pha!'l1"11 of an operation, AnA deployment
I.. limited by .a defMdable perlmewr, ADA murt
t be deployed forward \netaUaUona muat depend up..
j
fflI1ain within the main perimeter or be provided
with a IItronx loeal defense. The extent to whk!h
!'It'("urlty is. developl?d requi ree an underatandln, of
jungll" <'haraderllltk!e. To a determlMd attacker
there are ntI impenetrable junKin, Impaeaab1#
!lwampe. unlurdable rl"'en, or unllcalable clift'&,
ThE't'ommander muttt not &uume tbat hili poeition
ill protected by lIuch OblltadH. ADA unit com.
mandete mllst make a thorou,h tenain anal)'tlla of
the a.rea they are to occupy and ..pply the princi-
plei' fif pf'rimeter dden". The limited field, of ab-
!ll!rvatlon and the t'{)n~e.lment atYordtld by the
JunR'lt' allow the enemy to approadt the jXlIIition
without detedjon. Infilt.ration iii HAY end tber~ III
jfh"at danKer of attark from .11 dlr4lCt!ona. Tb.
denae junJ(le impo8&llse .... re limitation. on tb, tilt
of dereMlve weapons be<:ause obaervatlon and
fielda of fire a~ often limited to atlwral mttel'l.
The proper uae of all aec-urity meuurea aUi:h u
liatening lXlIItIi, warnin, de'vlcM, .nd thorouib and
eontltHlQUIJ pa.trollin, ani required to protect tbe
command.
(2) In.taUatlone re.latJvely eeeure from
lrfOund attf.Ck. In defeftdln, ulaUn, iMtallAtiotlll
in friendly ~rritOl'Y or the UpalUllon of detentrei'
in captured territory well behind the combat zone,
the preparation and OCc\lpatlon of 'UC"b detenalve
poaltlone are relatively d,liber.te, Poeitktn ......
ahould be aelected to maximla the e&p&buttiM
and minimise the limltAUona ot equipl'IMl1t em~
ployed. Roadt may not be preeen.t and .1 .... may
t1IquJ~ exttnllve p~paratJon at the time poaltiV1l
areN &A selected, I...oeal lecurity mutt be pro-
wid. and the ume oonalderatiolUl u outlined In
(1~ above mUlt be applied.
". Employ",,.!'1/'
{I) Thl"r~ will nnrma1l1l" be a requirement for
both ADA mlMi1e and xun AyJlteml ttl provide
complete hiR'h and low altitude' eir d.fenAl! artil-
lery cnveraKC at portA. beachheade, and other
areaa Ulled ae forward batIetI tor jungle oper.tion!!.
ADA lIyatefM which may be used inf'tude the Nike
Hercule., Hawk. and Chaparral mlnUe eyatemll
and the Vulcan, the twin 40mm "~If-propetled ",n
(M4Z). and the multiple caliber ,150 machlntgun
(MH) ,un ilYAt.ema. Cheparla1 and all iun aya-
tema are dHi,nated. all forw.rd aft'a weaponn
i FA W). Under $Orne cjreumetancell the SP Hawk
may be- deploYed in the forward aree. The alu and
weight of ~t ADA eqoipment CUUMR aerioue
problema in movement through the jun,le and
until IlUch time ae the bearier ADA weapone c.. n
on wetlesl aircraft for detenlle fr<lm hi'h altitude
anial attack. Siting of ADA ayat~ma dependent
on redar for ftr. control iemueh more critical than
th~ that do not UM radar. Gun Iydem& (an fre-
quently be lilted to fiu on around and waterborne
tarteta in addition to hostile aircr.ft However,
ADA w",pona having both e lurf"cet.Q.&lr and
eurr~to ..urface cepabHity will never be i"iven
both a aurtace and air detenR mllll'lkm aimultane-
ouly. Th!" does not pr:lu.de firing In Mlf-dfl'en..
&pinat either enemy air or jft'Ound fONM. Con~
etrtretion equipment mull be avallr.ble. not only to
prepare road. and eiull prior to octupaUon, but
,1110 to maintain, improve, end u.pend tbe de-
ffln .., Rtlquirnenta for eonatruetion. equipment
and pel'lCnnel are much Iln&ur In june1e oper.~
tiona than In otber tyPill of operation..
(Z) ADA weapoll. .ymme used ... FAW t..re
more mobile and have fewer teehniw limlta.tlona
than oth!r ADA I}'ItemL AI cOnlntrationa of ma-
uriel arut penonn.1 art .,..Uy r.trleted in Jun-
rIea. tbeu will normaliy be t ....r ueu rtuirin,
ADA protection. Althou.iI: tM num,*, of de-
fended &reu will normally dec ...... In Juncie op--
eratiolUl, tbol6 IUbjtrct to .ttl.ck "Will bteome in..
cl'MAin,ly tnol'fI vital al'1d may jUJttfy a biabtr
level of detel'lMl than aimU.r illllWlatlon, In. other
tn- ot operationl, The overall requiNmant tor
FA W will depend upon. the requlremtnta fot' eacll
oparaUon. In the abu"nc. of .n air Ulnat .nd at
th ditcntlon of the for commande, IUn~type:
FA W an provide con07 prQt.Ktlon., ~na
PM,t-l'
and mterdictirm fiu1\, localllt><'urity, and combat
lIupport of toperat;ontl, "nd ran participate in rl ....r.
In" operation. All Run-type FA W can be airlifud
and the Mljr. can be tranllpnrted by helicopter,
When Uf,ed in a lIurfaee role, gun.type FAW
Mould alwa)lll be \ltled HI conjunction with otMr
~ombst arrNI.
t. Reaupply. The RIIUpply of ADA untte i, a tre~
mendous problem in junrle oper.tione, Thii!l\. par-
tlcul'rly true with FA W, all ot which un la,..\!
amount of C!1.IUl III and V SUppllfllJ, UlJually I'ftUP-
ply of illOlated ADA unite i. :noet practica.l by
helicopter iii ereu auitable for ADA pl>llitlolUl will
lIeually provide IIpate for helicopter landinp, In.
wme CU.., however, auppliell mURt be hand-e.r~
rled or delivered by ~k animale, Where a"V&tl..~
ble, edvantare may be taken ot waterw..,..
through the jun.Je. Beeause of the dlftlcu\t,y ot re-
eupp\y in the junale, commander. mUllt ,Mure
that etrict conQrvation meuurell fol' an duus of
aupply are tOnslantly entorCfld.
d. Degrndati<m of Radar umf COMMWftU:atiOlu.
R.dar performance ie ,natty derradat becauee of
toli.,e .nd ttrrain. Early warn1nar radare may be
diaplaced. 1100 u not to be atYected by local condl~
tiona,
(I) The limlta.t\one impoaed by the jutI,le on
communicatlona may caule grMUIr dependency
on wire. Ground wil.. route. are IImit.d and tbe
f.-w avail.. bt. routes will bf heavily traveled,
makin, overhMd conattuetlon Imperative In meet
catea. HeUeopun ahouid be UNd to 1aJ wire rap--
idly o~r the Jun,le eanopy. The tatlliq r~ of
wire ou lon,. linea may be rtducecl by moiaturt.
Bueh elrcultJ .houkt alwaya btl dealped em the
buia of wet wiN tr.ntmiHkm f&eton. Inel'lAled
upabiUty of hottl" InlUttatkm maku telephone
MCurlt,y partieularly import.l:nt.
(Z) Althouib ndio e<imfllunic:&tion in tb.
lunale I. hi,hly dee1rable. Itt normal ope~tinliJ
ran... I, Mrlou.l,. ml.k"Aid by denae veptation
atld adven. atmoeJ)berk etmdiUona, Badlo oper.I-
ton muat bt ttahted to eopy wuk tJpala and to
UN evet'Y upedient poer.Ible tn eoMtNctiq and
.tUn,. antenn... a.mote eontrol of equipment m&7
be helptulln ph'lln, a mON favorable kut1<m of
tbt nidlo Nt. RadIo ..... mq han to be will-
traMported and b.Dd.ope~, Suh.tltutkm of
man,.ued ..... tor fthleul.v .tt mar be aec:.-
""'Y.
...."

S.ctiol'l y, NAVAL GUNfiRE SUPPORT AND TACTICAL
A'. SUPPoat
3-26, Novol Gunflnt Support
n. G"lttNJ1. U.s. Navy Ahip1l. operatinK off
.!Inore COlli provide fast, acrnrate ftre tlUPpart (or
ground !(lITfti olwratioK in the jungle ./"fas in the
vicinity of the t'OtillL Delttro)'erR or IImaller in-
ahore ftrp lIuPPIlrt ships may be able 1.0 provld~
lIupport alonK prirn:lp.1 iungle rlY(ln. POAltiona
may bl> r~tdct(>d by mudfi.at/l and Mndbat'lt
which may e-..tend for !lfl:veral milv. from the-
mouth of the rlvl"r into the ea. Thla auppart eRn
be either dlrwt firf', where the tarKet ill villihle
frOm the IIhip, or indired rire directed by aIr or
ground obl!erveMl. heeaulA! of their mobility,
IIhlpill ran be uJltd t4 provide !'Ire lIupport over It
wide aru with !lUle time klet Oflween miuionll:.
Their IH/.pJH>rt i'lhould be UM!d whenever condi~
t.ionl permit
b. R~qUt"1 (fir Hal/ttl Gun/b'iI), The reqUNt for
naval gunfire IIUpport (NGFS) ill tranllmltted
through normal fire IUpPOrt channell to the n..r~
eRt rire IIUpport (II)rdination center (NCe)
wheTf' a naval gunfl~ lI"illOn oiftter (NOLO) 11'1
loc.ted, or the nHrf'lIt coaAtalliurveillan('e eenter
(esC). The esc or NGLO will eomplltte pYOCelll\-
ing of the rt'QUNt. Tnt ~GLO will .bo m.ke er.
r.npment,a for the neuaaary ob&ervera or llpot~
lo",.
e. CO!tri:tl:nditm. When a unit ia eonduet1nK
combat oper.tionll within ranp tJf naval .runftre
.!IupptJrt, a n.v.llpothnlir team IIhoold ~c!)mpany
the maneuvering unit Oblervat\(!n from the
ground II very I'ftltrleted and augmentation by
.lr o'be.er\lat.!on ill nee....ry. When nltVll e:pottttrll
have no available ai~rafl, an artllklry (orward
1)b6erver may baw, t.Q adJullt navlIl .runftre, See
h_
FM 6-40 and PM 81-12 for a detalltd diaculUlion
of nav.1 gunftre1:O(N"dinaUon.
3-27. T _ I AI,
I). Doe,""!!. T.ctical air ,*upporl Ineludu close
air .uppon. tactieal air rounal&aAnce and tac:ti~
('1.1 aIrlift. ~uiremenlil .nd proeedure for re-
Qllfttlng dOk air and tactical air reo:::onnatuance
IIlIpport are outlined in FM 61-100. ProeeduRft
f1)r ~ueatinJC .nd directing t&etlc.1 airlift aup.
port.reoutllntd in FM 100-21.
b. Clou AiT Suppnrt. CtOlle air .upport ill air
action ag.lnllt hostile tarlfllta which are in dOlle
proxlm!ty to friendly lorCH and which require
detailed in\egr.Uol'\ f}f eaeh air million with the
1Irt; and movement of tno.. fOTCM.
.....
(1) Alr.drih mllilllon~ IIr(' th .. bIld~bfHle ot
dUIIe IIiI' Hlipport, Hfil'iIIYlill'med titctiCttl fhthteNI
t'Xe(ult- thelle mll<ll.iontl by en"a"lng w.. M.pon poll!.
tlOIlI$. tal:kll, truQ\u" vehid*, and other largeta In
du:~ prNumliy to lhc reque3tina around unit. A.
the distanee betwnn fr1endly j)OIIltiOf)3 and the
target dei:'rvaM'll, r .."trainlll and tbe derree ot eon-
hoi 1I)('rNUU'II. Tht> "'orWMl!1 Air Controtklr
(FAC) and th(' .ttm:kllllf' aircr.ft exchanae in.
(Ormation on the tadjull\iluation, the pro~imity
of tlUl taJ'g\!t to friendly position&, and tnt degree
of r,"k the g-round force comm.nder is willing to
acoopt. In junIl!' Ol)(!rationl it ill ulluaUy beIll it
the .'AC I. airborne HQ tbat he tan have vi.ual
contJCt with both lhe tarJtet and the .ttaeking
alreraft, All available me.nlJ must be UKed to marit
both friendly and enemy ptl#itlon.
('2) The foUowina factora mUAt be ('onlid.
ered betON requeetlnf( dose air iluppor\ in the
Jungle:
(a.) The atturaey with which the tarpt
e.n be located, both from thf JP'Ound and trom
the.ir.
(b) The- dlrtall which the targtll ean be de-
llcribed.
(t) The deaired effeet on the tarpt to be
produeed by .ir action.
(d) The j)oIitlOn of friendly torcel! in ,....
laUon to the targ-et.
{e) The deaired timing and durlltion ot
the air attack,
(I) The eommunications and control mea.-
Iluretl ( . g, IlmoW panel., ete.) available to con.
trol the air attack.
(S) Column coyer ill !!OYer ot a column Of
ground foteell by .ireraft wh!eb provide prote<'_
ti(ln by re;nnaw.nee and attack of tar,.tA
which thruten ttt. eolumn. Aircr.ft ('an be used
to neutllllize element. of potenUa1 enemy reai4t-
anee before thcwe .!It:mante: can Of bro\lght into
contaet agalnllt friendly fOTt'IIfI, and ean be em~
ployed effeetively to attack jXJtanii.1 ambuab
pointa which could poee a threat to conVOYI 1I\Ip-
portinrllnH of eommunlcat.iona in envlronrJW!nta
without 'labUud front linell,
(4) Ai r cover may !:Nt provided tor tadkal
aireraft formatio!\fl durina' airborne or airmobile
oper.tionll, The covering al~raft provide defense
.plnll\ an enemy air tnreat and att4(,k ground
taTpta along- the routel into tM landing or drop
zonell, The aircraft are &180 employed to neutral.
1M tarKE!ta within and in the vlclnity of the obja::-
tive area just prior to the airmobile/airborne &a-
Nul\. In .Mit/on, they can Of ltationed (MIr the
~lbJt!('\ive .rea to be "VAI!able during the inluat
and very critical phue of the ground M41-uJt or
to IJrovidEi' lleCurity (or the helioop*r wlthdr.w.1.
c, TGCtlNlI A ir/.i/t. Tactical airlift (Ol'CM mOve
cOmbat. fcrees and lIulltaininfl materiEi'1 under
widely varying altuationll rllnging from IImall
movemenlil in baule to larKE! movementa over
long dilltancu. One of the mOlt crlticaJ facton: in
Ntabhllhitlf an air line of communle&t1on
{ALOe) i.e the location. election and eOn&truc-
ticn o( auitable landinlllOnes (LZ), pickup 10MB
(PZ) and drop W1111f1 (DZ;. The aite ~leetion tor
a network or grid pattern of thIH :ronN llhould
Of aecompliahtd at tM outlet or an operaticn,
The aircraft milliloo eneomp!lMe1l thcwe baa\(!
wka:
(1, Loaistlcal airlift operatloflll.
('2; Airborne op'ntionl,
on Taetical aeromedic.1 evacuation,
(4) Special air IIUpport op'rationL B.aUIle
ot the natUN! of their airlrarne, airlift aircraft
hllve the cap.bility or adaptability t.Q accompllih
lueh .Jl8!Ci.ll mluiona lUI flare dropl, air atrlk.. ,
command .nd control mlUlion&, loudBpl.ker mill-
!liona nd ieflflet drop.!!.
d, rru:ti~ Air RWf!nIlMIftJNe'. Air ronnala..
lIance of varlOUII target typell ill aceompiilfhed by
different retOnnaillll8~ IDtthOOli in ktepinr with
,
the tArret; charaeterllticlI. Tarpt.& are often (OV-
ered hy more than one mode of reo:::onnaiuance.
Th(> pneral methoda of reronn.l....ne. aN:
(1) VilltulL kenel\ta to be derived from vi.
aual reeonn.illll.nee are minimised In primary
, juntfle areall due to the cover ot the ('Snop),. Ellie
where. however, vtllu..l ftie1)nnaillance can Of of
gTut value, particularly if conducted over tilt
_ VI. AJN.Y AVIATION
i
3-28. Go..... ,
TM )UnP! environment. with Ita limited road
network, de1lll& vegetation, and runed mountain~
OUII areas, off~l1t .n excellent opportunity to upi.
lalh~e on aviation IIUPPOrl. Army ainuft can p'r-
form reeonn.iu.nce ml ionll, f.clUtate com-
mand and control, lranllpoM men and equlpmeot.
lind perform matly other important ta.lka that
may be otherwi~ jmpraetle.b~. elle of airmobile
force. enablea eommandeTll to mOVe troopa and
eQ\llpmtmi over edended dilltancM and ov~r ter-
rain obstaelu. upitalising- on Iurprlae and m.~
ne\!ver to g.in an advantage o"er the enemy. Rlv-
IIMJI-U
lame areal by the lAme pllota tor extended pe-
riod. of time. There .re (our I(tmttr.l catelOrl..
of villual reconnalU.lnt!e-.rea eeareh .tpe(!1~e
_'l1!arch. rout.f> rN"OnneillMnce, ,.,nd weapona 1\re ad.
jualment,
(2) Imng"'1I, Reoorded bnagM at v.rioua
kinda .re required whenevf'r vilma! retonn.luanc(l
doa not lIuffic. or becOM(llIlmpractical. The prln_
eip.1 imep type!! an!;
(Ill Opltral. Optical 1m .... l't!tII.Ilt In 0-
eellent photogr.phll, !wi they requIre IiW1lIi dqr~
of lIIumlnatlon .nd are ever.ly reatrlcted by &4*
verM: we.ther _ Night optical Im....r)' requires .r~
hllcial illumination and ia ,.nerally ratrlcted to
low altitudelL
(.bj Tltrrltlagrar1hk Thermopap!l.l are
not dependent Upon 111M C-f>nditloM and promi_
nently r~ord object. hllvln.r a t.mp'ratu~ dit-
fentnUal with the aurrounding area. The hlfrared
imajfeA may be lnlltantly reeordtd Or tranam.ltted
to a I'ro\lnd lltation, Severe degradation. however.
elln be expected If fOir, cloudll, or other weAther
phenomenll exillt.
(r) RffMlfrnpJiie. Thtl Imarery a.lao In
dependent of liwht oondUionll and la prattlcaUy
independent of weather condltiona. Radoirrapha
lack the fine detail of optleal 1m. . . . nd tnerme-
gr.ph., but moving obJeeb! can be lIpe('iftu.lIy
identilled, and extremely large areu can be Im_
alNd at IImall *,a~,
(3) Elm:trmil~, Elect.ronj(, Nll)onnaiuaRU ta
the interception and analy.11I of hoatile ellllCtronie
emiMionll In' order t.o flain int.lIIll"!ne~ 01 enemy
activiUes, ('apabilitlea, deployment, IItrenlltl'l:, and
intenti(!nII, Shrnalll from enemy rommun!eationa
emit.... r. and radar arll hl.rhly yulnerahle W lfliol-
HiI'f'nce (,ollettion, proeeulng .nd dllllleminatiofl
tetbni(luel,
erine operation" ('an Of enh.nced through tM tnt.
ployment ot "UpJ)Orting- aviation elemental. M11I~
"ionll that ran Of accompli.hed during Jungte oper~
ationll by avi.tion elcmentll require imaglnatlon.
thorough planning, and knowlfdae of the capabH_
itiel and Ilmitati(lna <It lIupportlng a"jation on the
rart ot commanderl and IIt.ff of&cer. at an lev.la,
J-29. U... of Arfofty AvlaHoI'I
Army aviatioll augmenta the ellpablilty of the
Army to eonduet prompt and aUlltainld eombat
incid~t to oper.tiona on land. The advant&.11'e8 to
be gained hy the proper utillr.atlon of Army &vla
.....
 tion in junld~ owations are especially 111"111fi.
cant. 80m. of the tuks Army aviation may per.
form in junlif1e areu "n 11.11 follow.:
Il, IfluiUu~ee. Army aviation provldell the
lifl'Ound commander with an incl'Rled cBpabilt*"y
for lifatherlnK intelliKen jn the junlle environ.
ment, Aircraft rnA)' be used to conduct vi.uaJ.
photollTaphit!, or electronic ot.erva'ion into arUll'
wMch are rela'ivtly inilCc'euible to lifround J'f!<!on.
nai ...nee units, Aerial obaer'lera tan detect mtely
poln" ot ambUlh. and provl" intermation for
Ule by friendly troope in avoldln, or ceunterlnr
the ambuah, Hand held cameru may be used by
aerial ot.erven to lIupplemen, viaual ronnala-
aanC*, Intrared lIen80r. mo,mted in aireraft will
obtain ta ...., Indications throu8'h 118'ht junale fe
liap that are not poaalble by '11lual mNna or UT_
la' photo,raphy. Airborne pet'llOnnel <Mttor de-
vk when o~at4!d In alrcran at altttudea jut
above the Junlift. ranopy, anal)'Jlll the all' ant . .
teet airborne products Indicative of human habi.
tation below the canopy. Unattended ll"'Ound I8n.
sora may be uHd to rain Information on enemy
movement, The aide lookinlif aerial radar (SLAR)
may he uaed to provide .lurveilUmt. ot rout..
mDM,. or areu where the ve. . .tlon la not too
danl8, It Ie particularlY valuable durin. indebt.
ent weather when: black and white pbotornphy
and infrared lmapry quality ia "...tly Nduted,
Thll SLAR may alao be utlll,eci end",'), for
nl.ht ,ut'velUanu of ooutal, river, and canal
tratnc,
b, ll~. Milltary ol"raUont in Jun,te areu
are rh.,lIrteri&ed by redUl!ed maneu",rablllty of
jTCUnd eiefMl)ta, Thll dlaadvanta.p may be offtit
or minlmiZCld by auaxnentin. around torcM .lth
ArMY avillUon unit.. 'I"heae unita provide an Jlddl.
tional mNna of rn&nt\tvtlr by IIlrllftinr trooplll
lind equipment in airmobile operation!, The rap.
Idity with whleh airmobile tora an I"$fd
make them particularly efftiYe in junj'le oper.
atiOM .bert: tM enemy u ) ' mAN for only a
.hori Umt and th,n quickly diapen.e, Airmobile
Ilnl. l"mllt eomb.at troopa to be MOved lwiruy
o,*, ohet&elM and landed on or near the objecti.....
.lthout the fat/rul .mieh accompanlca ioq
marc-bet throUZh junr~ terrain, In &1'&U wWe
adtIquate lamhnr &Until ani not available. troopa
may _end from hoverina helieopten uain.
roPM and 1addera. SUPportiq wupona eaJI be
rapidly lifted by helkoPtere to area which would
be inlWWllble by lITOund route..
tl. Fi~. Attack heJieopt.Irl orranlc to
Army a'ltat/on unite ate eapable qf proYidin. rca-
ponaive, dle(!rlmlnatory Are IUpport n.......". to
.....
support jun.le operationl, They may be usi~
eaoort. ronnaillllance and aecurlty, .nd dlr.ct
i\rupport mi,"iont. They are Mpeclally adapta.
ble In providing ellcort to l1'Ound convon on jun.-
Kie route.. The), can perform reconnaiuanre
Alonr the ruute, and provide Nrly warninz of
poulble amblulh or attack, Att.ck he1koptera are
appropriately arMOO to immediately att.t.ck and
nllutralize ambu.h fortell. The p~ of inade-
quate IUrf~ routes and formidable terrain obo
.ltatlea normally found In the jun.1i! mak.. tit.
movement of conventlonal ftN .uppol't meant more
dltfteult; rargo hellcoptera CAn be ut.illzed to move
artllHt1'y uniu. withIn the Uttle area. Artillery
unite can be moved rapidly by Mlicopter to a pnt-
Mlected aUa, fire .. pNplanned million, then be
recovered and returned to bPe atu by helkop.
ler. TIti, &et:hnique. "The Artilltr)' Raid", It et~
fedlvi! In An interdletory role and ..t.ndt the .r.
tlIve ranre of artillery and the area of Inftu
.enee of the diyillion. Attack h.Ueopten may oeea.-
Ilionly provid~ the onJy ftre .upport available to
iaolated forces. They can operate directly with
,round torce. and pNWld, direct ftre aupport
durlnr perlodl of low yWhility and eeJllnp wbleh
limit the elfeet;lvenea of hli'h J)ft'formance air-
craft. Att.t.ck halcoptel'l IUpported by MU'C'h-
ll.ht.-eqlilpped hellroptere an particuw-Iy effec.
tive for patrcllin, jun.ie rivar3 and can.aw at
nirhl
d.. C01!I.maMd, Crmtn'il. (1M COM~.
The problem. of command and control aNi
If'Utly IncreaMd In Junal4l o. .atlonl. The or.
pnle eommunlcationa an~ aerial vbJual aurveU.
lance et.pablilty or alrmoblta eltmtnte aXOMd
t.hoee of conventional around forcea. 'l'h4 Mt1.al
command poat aod cornmunleatlona facilities em-
pioyoo by airmobile fOrtM enable eom_nd and
control functionl to be exf!1't:iaed over widely r.ep-
arated unite. Army aircraft may act u rad10
rtlay ltatIon. In &Teu wheri! the terrain rMtrlcta
eommunlcalionll amon. tTOund atat!onl, When
f,QujppcJd with dlf.:penserl. they mat alao be u_
to lay wire over dtmae jun.1e: terrain whleh ...
vereiy imped.. turf.aJ movement Comtrtand and
llaillOn functlona are fa.cllitated by tbt uae of air-
craft to vilit widely ..parated unita.
a.
t. CombGt St!t"IIie. SU'PPort. The dlft\eulty of
eurlnillnea of eommunleatlona and tha laek of an
adequate rommunleatlon network often make it
neccauty to Ule an air line of communlcatiotu to
rtIIuppJ.y fo~. fnppd in Junrle op.6ratlona by
air llnee of communl.cationa, BeeauN helicopter.
are hIM daptndent Upon Improved Iandlna arau
th~n :ftx~d wing airpianell, they may be mrn"i! Ilult
able fur prvviding )llltial reaupp!,. .nd for evacu
ating raalla!Uew. Ua~ ot alrrratt in thill type ot
operation can normally be aceompiillhed with !ellll
e~poavre time to enemy amblLlh than that experi.
enud in the uee ot aurf.~ tran.pGrtation. Pre-
lItJeciion ot landing ltOnes and laadinr areu and
coordina\ion with fluppon unil6 are elpedally im-
portant in jungle 0wationll to prevent IUppUe&
from tailing into enemy handll, The helicopter
"Iail itl '" Awift, fhtJ:lble mean/! for e&llualty !"Vllt'-
\.I)ltion. The knowl~dge thllt IlIJ('h a meuml e:(llIllI
enharu::es the morale ot trOO1l ol)tratinj.\' in areall
lnarceuible to other evaculition m<!&n .
3-30. ~"'I c.._..... _lno
EmploylMftt
There are IIlmilarltie in p!8nning tor the: UM of
avialion :re80urcea in all envirOnrnFnu.. The jungle
envlrvnrnMt With itll Ilpecial terrain and weather
factora IntroduC'M Problema that deserve speelal
mention to th. planner and operator _ These fa.c-
toMl art' Ji.ted below:
(f, WmBdT F'attM's. Jun.1e areu are charac-
terlud by hNt, humidity, mon.con ..wone and
other wN\h~r phennrnena that Mrjou.1y alf~tt
the performance ehara.eterilUclt of airwan, par~
ticularly heJicopUlu, High density altitude d+-
crea the lift eapebil1ty ot helicopters and In-
cr..... the take-i)if and landinr toll reqviNld for
!\xed win, airplanM, TheA factora, coupled with
.vnaJl larntlq areu with hirh barrlerl. often
cause a!arnlbnt Nlductlona In loada that can be
carried by aireraft 't'ba aviation UalllOn o1fteer
can provldll valuable ...illuce to aupporied
unite durlnl planninr and operationa, CoMlder...
tion should be !riven to the number of ainraft
avaitable .. compared to the numbsr reQuiNd tor
the mlaaiOn, how many litt. will bs required, and
PQII8tbJe Nduetlon In ran,. or inc,.... in fre.
quene), of retuelln. operaUona,
b. Baa ""MI. Bue areu tar,.
enourh to fill
reQulNMlnta for muelinrr pointa. rurmlnl
pointe for a.rmed hellcopien. malQtel\l.ll.C4! a,...
and to allow tor diapersion of ai~raft 1nll&t be . .
tabUthed tor aviatton unit.. BeeaWli of the eia
required of theM but a ..... and the requirement
for ,!JIICurlty. main bug of opwaUon will Qor-
mally be In a relatively Heyre .aru. The maje>rity
ot tbe: aircraft return to ttt. but area each nli'ht.
c. FfJ'I'Witrd. ""MI, Forward but ...... abouJd
normally be Ntabliahed within the IlUpporied brio
pile or battalion area. Tbae buG- .ill contain
fotward rtfueUn. uui rurmlni' point. and muat:
be provided IW'tlrily by the ~uppvrted unit. A Urn-
ited number Df aircraft may remajn in the for-
ward base overnljtht to provide a rapid reaeUon
t'Apab!hly,
d, /)(lfiHlM Aircraft PrMedu1'fJlI, PtaM should
!)(' developed (or tire t'4lKt\.le of downed aviator!!
and the serurity and J'f!<!overy of downed .1~Tatt,
Security fl)~, including aircraft. should be des
ignaled fot' !hie fleCurity and rtoowry mluh:m.
Tht!lle fnr('8ft may continue on their adiarned mi.
~ionR, with the rec<lvery mission as a eon\inlency
tuk, or they may be held on e standby bfl,all, The
('rlbcaJit.v of the rnillJlion And the availability of
rMourcex will determine the technique emploY4d.
e. Piehl) alld LAl'ldin.g ZmM (PZ IlM LZ,)
Pkkup and landing wnu are wenerally limited in
JunKie areu, bnth in number and aiu. A contln
UOUII ('olleM.ion effort Ahould be mad. to locate LZ
and PZ for JKWIible future uae. Exampli. or LZ
and PZ tound in jungle Qre&& are rldpa, rice pad.
die cultivated areu, .tream bedx. bomb crater..
and plantation . Troopg may be Mquired to enter
a landinlif ;.une by rappeilln. or UIWI of the t.rooper
ladder to improve the LZ or PZ prior to arrival
of the main rOffe, An LZ may be roo ,mali .. to
a!low UM by only one or two "Ir eraft ata Ume, In
thil ~ .. thoroull'h analyal. of enemy capabUl.
tiM m'Ullt be made to dlltermine whether tJle rlak
of landin. 8(; few men at one time il aeeeptable.
The chanee ot an aircraft helna: do1V1llJCl In _
small LZ mUlt be conllidered, Should tltl. event
occur, it may be impoaalble to ret. more alre:raft:
into tbe LZ becauae it I, bkx:ked by the 4owM4
alrcraft. Planl must be made to tUPport penon-
nel In tb. LZ tither by attack he1icQP~" artn..
lery. taeUeal air torea or by movement of ~
by land. Ute ot the trooper Iadd!!r fOT the atrae-
tion of theM trooplll trom lhe LZ mould be eorWd~
eNId; however. \xIth t'roopI and airerart are
hllbl)' vullMlrable durinl' tltlt prooaa. LZ and PZ
on.n m1Jl;t be orrranised 110 .. to provide tor an
artillery ~rlni' poeWon. an avtatlon refuaUn. and
NlUmin, al'U, aDd a bril'&dll or batal.lon head
quar1era and trains al'4&. It it .vident that in
lueh ('.M8:II, tht ana will be el'O'fVded. wlnanble
to enemy attKk. and dllflcul' 10 oontrol, P1au for
the uae of available IIPaoe and tbe emttrot of thI
ar.. muat be thorourh and well eoonUn.at.t.
,. PatA~ P..,.,m."el, AllaIrUd to a'f'latlOll
unl.. and trained to p:nmde control and JQi4aDcM
to Army ai~raft. pathftndM J!i8NOftntl an a val.
UJi~ &alIfet to wround toreea. 'Whtnmr poedM.
tHy ahoukl be placed In landlq 'lC)MI WoN tIM
uin bcrdr to temOft or mark oI:wdadII. . .
1-
 PMJI_31
therf>llfler lo I'Iltwiu(' ctIhtrn! ot landing airtl'lltt,
J'athfinde!' pel'ftonnf'! wili often move trom tM
IllndinK :lOne with the intAntry when Ji IJindinll
tune til Atmnrlnoed, Patht\ndrn. IlTe tamiHal' with
the carmbilitiell and limitationll tit the ~uppol'tinll'
aircraft and II'hnuld be UlI('d W aHiat in IOldinll
:wne aa well All landin, rone (lperet1ons. They tiln
.... tllt in "etUna trOO'pA into Ilil'craft in the proper
IIflquenre and orlflllnizing the piekup wne tOI' pick.
up ot louppilltll, artillery, ahfiK loads end trooPl,
g. Firt $tI,IJport.
(1) [.Gl'Idmg Z;n'U~ Pr"mmtfcn. Prepar.tory
ftl'NI Illlould be dehveted on land!n, ,:oneil wh4!n-
ever enemy activity &r oupation ill lIua~.
Th. scarcity ot landiJiK sane6 in the junlle are&l
anablu t.ht enemy to eover & hilh percentare ot
thoee avanable with Are. LZ'. may alllO be booby-
trappfNi with mjnM, punjl ttake. or tall atalc ..
Nt up to .trike helleoptal' rotor blade&. Artillery
Arw aN abitted at thf. lut poNlbla mOft'Mnt, al-
Jowlnl am.1 rocket artll"ry followed by ttltac:k
htUtoptei to m.aintaln eontlnuou. AN on enemy
troope: Ilftir the LZ uatH the .....ultln. tl'OO1)II ('In
brln, their own or.-nic weapont to be.r on the
Qlemy, SUPJ)Ot"tin. ftN .hould .,. controlled hy
perlO1lnel in the command helicopter, Plannlhl of
.ueh fire aupport muat Include A detailed "1M
tehedille and mllAt he tMl'OUlhly eooNinMtd
amonl all element. part!.dp&tinl in the open-
tion. Unattended A'I'Ound .leMOn poJiUont!d in or
within the vicinity of the pl"'OpOM(l Jandlnl'
10ne(l) tan provide infonn.tiOn eonoernini'
enemy aeUvlty 01" the ablence ther.oi; t.huI, tt
may not be neceuarY to 11_ prep*rlu,ry ar..
(2) E" rDlIte. WheM'YH poulble, IChtdUled
and/or on-c.all artillery Are and cleM air wpport
Mould be planned alon, the ftieht routM ot hell~
~r unit., Th. . connlntk>n, are planned on
likely too.tione .lonl the route from which
enemy tTOOPI c&QIdiNlCt .tr~th.. fttt at the hell.
('opter formationA. Plana muat be JOl'dlnated
with the appruprlata a ...iation eommander to
promote efl'ectl...eM'Il' of are and ..fety of ft!ahL
h. R~, Plana for reeuj)St1y muat include ar.
ranpmenta for lup voluMe. ot fuel and ammu*
nltlon for aupportinl aviation tOJ'CM. Suppll_
should bfo hNuaht ... fll' forward aa pcnlble
with bl'eakdown beinsr ~plilhed aa far to the
rear .. poaaible. As requIted, h.llcopter Ilfta
should be IIlled to tranapDri water, l'aUona, an"l*
munition and other aupp!!. to commltted and
other rorwaN elfmtnta. TheM may be the urne
helicopten that Mr"e used initially in the AMIlult,
.....
3...J 1, Stobility Operotlo"'l ImploylYWlf\t
(I. (;nI1'l'!lt ArmY ,vialion unil!! art' well nUited
for participation in "tabiHty operati,m" in th\"
junlt'le "nvi rOllment Thl'Y ('fI,n ('(Induct Aurvell
lane, over wide areal, and provide tl"OOP lift, tin!:
support, resupply, And command control flldlitlf!R
throuKi'lout j\Onlte areaa, Airmobile fol't~ ate
partlcul.uly vaJUl.ble in the condU(t of widely
aeparated actiOM a,ainat inllurpnt elements.
Ail'mohile tort'eK, relatively Unimpeded by terrain
obatad.... provide a frmom of R('tion unequaled
by other i"TOUnd unjl!!. The flexibility of oraanlu-
bon and inherent capabll1tiea of Army .... aitlon
unib enable them to provide I'gp.onalv, support
thl'ougb the full raniit' ot Internal def'nAe and in.
lernal development operatinnA.
o. J,atMMJ DrftnAl' ~,...h'01U.
(1) The nature of internal d.feMe Opll'tl~
tionA, eGupled with poor road networka and
rUIfI'6d junrt. turain. (I"U.W a mobility dilwl
vanta.. for forcM dllned and ttaintd to con-
duct conventional military ~.tionl which
Army aviation can a.ui.t in redueinr. Army avl&*
bon unit. rnlY be niQuirt!d to pro\ld. Ilupport to
hott CQuntry torca to reinforce Ita. internal lit.
tank elfort, In advanced Inl\ll'lftru!Y altuatiotl&
where U.S. t"tJl'ftblil elementa an!: nt!CeMary, avia-
tion unit. m&1 RUpport botb U.S. and hOlt coun.
try forces. Separate .viatlon eompanig and blit,.
t.&liol\a normally provi"* IUpport to ho.t country
fct'ta with opll'ational control beinl tetained by
the ..nlor U,S. o1I\e.l' Involved ln the operaUon.
In aituatioml wbel'e U.S. AdvillOr ualatanetl II
belnl furniabed. Army aviation can provide per-
IOnnel and unita for mobile training teams to In.
Itruct, advLM. and train hOlt country foJ'9fl In
aviation and "Iated aetiviti.. Avi.lion IUpport
for U_s, cornblit fOJUlJ wnductinl internal d&.
~I\k ....Ia~nce opel'aUonA ta normally prollided
by orpnle Anny aviation unlta.
(2) Alnnoblk! rMOUJ'ee8 &iva commandehl
tM flexlblllty ~ry to meet the wldf I'an .. ot
the inaul'rent thl"Nlt In jun,le .,.41... Alrmobl1~
foreee: may be rapidly tallol'ed Intq eomblned
anna task fOl'e .. capable of conductinl ll8mi-lnd&.
pendent opuationll, The orpntuUon II hutd on
the lnaurpnt tereM optratlnr 1n the .rea, the 11ft
of the area over which Aunelliance II W btl main-
tained, and cUreI' factohl, '\leb ... terrain and
weath." The mobility of the airmobilE' foree. u
tntraated w the mobllUy of the Inaurpnta, an ...
hlea It to Initially Ioeata, maintain contact with,
and employ combat power "ainat these elulilve
alemente. The: normal ol'J'anlc tranlpOrt&tlon of
Ilirmnbil;:' unitR ean aIM hi' lUted In aupporUnJ(
the!' operationR a!faln!!t lnl<urJ,l1!!nt (Orrell in the
jUn;de, Air liTlt'l'\ I>f t'OfI"!muni('ulilm (ALOr:) m"y
be l'Mllloyed to I"t~(hlet' the problem. of dHllt'ult
lCl'rttln, ladt ..r "dt'qHate 1111e<l of commun!rRtion,
and nlllu-lc of gl'ound !lUpp!.v rOiwuys,
,3) A "mall larUeal f"l't'~ may be organited
to proVide lin lmmt'di"te I'hrlion or pUl'Auit upa~
bltity ttl Ix> U1l.ed ill {"mjunttion with other alrmo-
bill' or J(rotmd nperationlll, Tht!! rOI'('e ill of ap_
tH'mumately platoon Rtrength lIupported by an ap-
Ilropriltw number of tran"poi"t helkopwMI witb a
lI('t'ljoll, tt-&m, or pilltoo(l of armed helkopterll.
The Kpe~ nf reat'tlOn of thiR force, when on air-
born "lert enablea it to I<tl'ike inllurp;ent for'{'t't'.
before thE'Y can tilde InUt tM protective rover of
the junll:l\" HI" m(!rj(e with the local populace.
{4} Pimrt I\re lIIupport prollldfd by attatk
belknptel"1l CAn be ulled to extend tUl:d ('omplement
the fire of grnund fOl'Cell dunTlJt lltabillty optra-
tionA, The ability nf the att../l,ck hellt'o~r to o~r"
ate with M'round fo~ In the junll:le oftw makes
it the mOlt rapid meanA available for bringing
firepower to bear on the inAur)n!nt!!. POIitlV1! iden*
tifieatiop of hMtHe targetll iA nne ot the mOAt dlf
fit'ult aa well all import../l,nt tasks In intel'na) de.
tenBe IlAI'jJlta",ce nperaUMIi. The cloae.in, dl.serim
inatory fl.re IUpport provIded by attaclc beltrO}>-
terA il particularly elfeclivE' in tbill type opera-
tion.
{IS) Th, imPAct 01 airmobile operatlonll may
provide important pllychoWaica! warfal'e mate-
rt.l in internal defen"e o~rationl, Airmobile
torcell with their model'n, IOphitUcated equip-
ment are e.IIpeciany etr~etlve aa a demonltraUoh
force. The number and type ot alrcraN: In an all'-
mobile torce art impreaawe wMn they are ma~
neullered in Junll:le BreD wMre aitrl'art al'e not
r-ommonpl&!. Aviation uniu may alllo pl'ollide
alllhilUtlN! to the pllyr-homieal opel'atlonl
i PSYOPB) effort by transportinl' PSYOPS ~r
IItlnnel to hamletll lorat.d in remote aNM ot the
jUngie. LoudapeaKe'" can be mounted on altuaft
and UBed to di..emlna~ prop,tLKAnda and Inform.-
tion to villarera, 'Lea!'letl can be dlapel'Md from
Army lir(',..ft !'Iyinl' over the u!"i'et area.
l. /ntrrnal DMidopmr."t OptroliMU,
{1) Army avlatinn unitll. In addition to tur-
,...... VII. cHIMICAL, IIOlOOICAL ANI> IADIOlOOICAL
(Cia' OORATIONS
J.-.U. GeMral
a. Joint doclrlne toOl' the employment of c.heml
PM II-aS
lIiKhlnlt lIul\l}tlrl to h(>~l rOllntry and u.s, forceR,
ml<.V Iw tftllkvtl w)lh I<Mit'.tlll1{ intel"u.1 develop,
tm'Jlt olwratimlll Ht'l'I\Ulle ',f thl'll' Il'k (,f !'en"j.
(!\'ity ill lerrlllll ront!lthmr.. thelll~ UlllUl are highly
.-If'-f't!ve in pl'Ovidlll)( AMilltiUlre in r('mote jUllgt.
arf'h. The)' tllll lranKllOrt nwdiul, alfrkultul'.l,
and nther team~ whn~f' mlAAIull ill tu improlle the
~ocial, puhtll'ld, alUi economif' nwuitioOll nf i~)"
jllled villaKet< linll hamlet~. TraJlllporiaUon or
IUlI)phet'. and e1luillmtmt <tVI'r t'.urtKee linel' of com
mUlll('lllllm mRy be limited lIy r()Kd or uil ea~.
lty, by iU.'Iurll'eut Adwtty, And hy ",hortalfell of
tran .. porlation equipmellt, Army AvIation will
frcqUtmtly be the mOllt effective meaTtI'> of mOiling
rntl('ally needed ilel'l'\k to thelle areu
(2) ~t'utity and damKIl(' tontrol operationA
are 1I3rti('u!Arly lmrmrlanl clurfnj( internal devel.
opmi!nt UloeflltioTl~. Mell\\lt~ mURt be laken t(l
pTEvt!l"!l imlllrgenl ron-C!! from capturing "upplleJ<
and (Xluipment bPlOjlJ,fltlg t" friendly elementt'..
Dama){f1 to Kupply inlll.lllltionli from attack "nd
~abotall:e must bv minimized. Airmobilt torce.'1
ran pr(Jvide II~Ul'ity in inlernRI d.~iopment aa-
Ril!!.anee oper.\i(mH by pertol'ming ground And
af'cia! l'econllaiMIUlt'e of ('ritk.) ar,a., by armed
etICOrt of IIUPI)!y cunvoyK, and by conducting .lr~
mohilt u!'lIlulhl againll'\. inllurgent elementll. Army
avilltiun unil!\, can qUl('kly lifl darna,. wntrol
teamll to threatPiled logistical inlullltlonll, thull
.... istinjt in !laVilll( AUj;p!iefl vital to ttl. develop.
m('nt ot the host ('ountry,
3-3:2. liftrlM Or-ration.
The riverine environment oif(;rll Rft eltullent. op.
portunity to upltaliu on the 1\uperlor mobility
prollided by Army aviation unitll, pal'lieularly
helieoptera. Aviation uniu can rapidly Introduu
trooJ'HI, fire fl.upport, and ecmbat &eflllee 1I11pport
intn an operational area. The ability ot the heli-
('opter to move !!wittJy oller inundated .('fa.!!:, land
on "mall land af.AIl, Dnd pel'form tun white
hOV4)ring over al'mUI In whi('h no land is &vaU&blt!.
gilles lIupported I'iverine fOfCili a dilltinct advan_
tHe over torcell lacking avi/ltion Ilupport, PM
31-75 (Tmlt) provide. detaiu on the ule ot Army
aviation Aupport in ri lIerine operatioJtlll,
cal lind bioloirlcal (CB) &itent3 #nd f'lldance tOt
planning the employml"nt of tbete apnt./muni.
..."
~Jl-4J
tions Is contained in FM 3-10, General policy
M'uldance ill conteined In FM 101-40.
/1. Doctrinal M'uldance in chemical. bioloil'lcal,
and nuclear defense is contained in FM 21-40,
while FM 21-41 provides the soldier with proce-
dures for individual defenlle measures ail'ainst
these allt'!nts and weapons.
t. Employment o( C8 agent/munition systems
in junil'le terrain will not differ siRnificantly (rom
techniques employed in other typea o( terrain.
However, because such (actors as met.eoroloRkal
conditions, ierraln, and veretatlon do Influence
the behavior and effeclivenesa o( C8 arents, these
(actors must be taken in consideration (or junl'le
ierrain. FM 8--10 and TM 8--240 discull mlcrome-
teoroloa'ical (actors in detail. Thus, In reneral,
the key to predldillil' the behavior and effective-
ness o( G8 al'ents il! II correct micrometeor_
010a'ic81 (oreC8St.
3-34. Chemkal Ate""
a. Lethal Clumicnl AgM'!S, Nerve agents GB
and VX and blister ail'ent HD are the current an-
tlperlOnnel chemical al'ents considered (or em-
ployment in chemical operations. Tht!llle ail'enta
may be delivered on target by such delivery
meanM as mortars, artillery, rockets, missiles,
bombs, or aircraft spray tanks.
(]) Nerve agent GB is employed as a non-
persistent vapor to cause casualtit!lll upon Inhala-
tion, or to harass enemy troops.
(2) Nerve aa'ent VX is ulled to contaminate
troops, terrain and materiel and Is extremely e(-
(ective In junl'le when used al'alnst troops who
are not wearinl' complete protective dothlna' and
equipment.
(3) BUster arent HD is used to contaminate
trooPB, terrain and materiel. It Is extremely ef-
(ective in the junl'le when used al'alnat troops
who are not wearina' complete protective clothln,
and equipment. Meteorolo,lcal conditions In tile
juna'la are (avorable (or tbe production and
maintenanee of a hll'h vapor concentration o(
tIIle apnt and droplets o( HD on (oliap and tile
ITOUnd present a relatively persistent huard to
troopaln the area.
(4) See FM 3-10 and TM 8--240 (or detalla
on the employment o( chemical aaenta and the ef-
(ecta of weather and terrain on the behavior o(
chemical agent..
b. NOftutlaal Claemiea.l Agnes. The curNnt In-
capacltatinl' &rent la BZ while the family o( riot
control agenta (RCA) Includt!lll ca, CS1, CS2, CN,
CN1, OM and CMl. AI with the lethal chemical
......
8Rentll. dclivery means include mortan, artillery,
bombM and aircraft rockets and spray tanks. Riot
cuntrol allt'!nts are alau dillperlled by dispensers.
fo'M 3-10 and TC 3-16 contain details on employ-
ment o( these aa'ents.
c. /And Mincll. VX-filled and HD-fllled land
mines can be uaed effectively, when authorized by
appropriate commanders, to mine and boobytrap
trails ulled by the enemy or leadina' into (rlendly
de(enslve positionll. The mint!lll need to be pro.
tected trom rUlt and (uzell and detonators must
be protected (rom mollture and mildew. Care
mUlll be taken that trip wirea are not (ouled by
rapid I'rowth o( junl'le (oliaa"e.
d. Tozic Chemical Age'ltll. Artillery projectilee
and aerial bombl! with delay (uzes are the mOlt
effective meanll o( deliverinl' toxic chemical
agenta in the jungle. Artillery projectile. burat-
ing more than 40 (eet in the air reault in 10l1li o(
the al'l'nt; the averal'e 10M o( chemical arent
when delay fuzea are not used is about 25 per-
cent. Aerial spray o( chemical apnts VX and HD
il not very effective due to the juna'ie canopy.
e. Troop Sa/N.II. When toxic chemlcsl apnt.
are employed in jungle, (riendly troop safety Is
an Important conllideration not only al'ainst con_
taminated terrain but al'alnst downwind vapor
hazards. (Chemical munition requirement. can be
(ound in FM 8--10.)
f. Ineapocitating OM Riot Control Agem.. Doc-
trinal I'ulclance (or the employment o( Ineapaci-
tatinl' uenta and riot control aaenta can be (ound
in FM 8--10.
(1) Incapacitatina' apnt BZ can be em-
ployed aa'ainat enemy troops when It III militarily
or politically Imprudent to employ toxic chemical
agenta.
(2) Riot control arenta may be used In coun-
ter-I'uerrilla operationa, in controllina' rebellioua
prilOnera o( war, and In subclulna' Tiotln, civil-
ians. See TC 8--16 (or details On employment,
g. CS PO"UUT. CS powder due to Ita IncruMd
perslatance over a period o( !leveral months Is a
iood arent to use In renderln, enemy ".plder
holea," trenchee, and tunnela uninhabitable
where time or capability doea not permit deatruc-
tion o( theae enemy poaitiona.
3-35, Smob and .lame WMpGft.
a.. Smoke may be used for .ll'I1alina', (or mark_
Ina' tarrets and (or provldlnl' Imokeaereens, cur-
talna, and obscurina' amoke. Colored smoke 1Te-
nadea and ahellil are useful (or .Imallnl' or
markina' pl,lrpoaea. LlmltatloM on vllibllIty In tile
junl{le and color will II'Overn their ulle. For eJ:am-
pie, IImoke "treamer rifle M'rl'nadell projected
above the JUllM'le CMllflpy may not be visible to
M'round tr(IO))M, but they can be ulleful lIiil'nalll to
air obllerVefM and tu Mpecially located M'round ob-
serverll.
b. SmokeacreenM and curtains produced by me-
chanical I'eneratorl!, smoke pots, shells, rockets,
or aerial bombll may be ulled to limit air and
Rround obllervation when the vegetation and tree
top canopy are not dense enough to I'ive conceal-
ment. Smoke sprayed (rom airplane .. moke tanks
will M'enerally be ineffective in junM'le operations
because o( turbulent air current.. above the jun-
Rle canopy which rapidly dispefllell the smoke.
Smoke curtainll produced by artillery and mortar
Ahellll can be emploYed effectively by Ifl'ound
troopl! in the atta<'k. Enemy individual bunkefll
and illolated IItronM' point" can have their villion
obMured by the Ulle o( He and White Phollphn.
roUM (WP) Ifl'enadell prior to allllauit. WP may
have an incendi.ry effect plus a caMualty and de-
moraJizinil' effect which may be desirable.
e. Flame i9 a valuable weapon to be ulled in
junRle operations. Flame weaponll are employed
principally in the reduction o( (ortifled posltlnn"
and to counter mass attacks. Flame weapons may
be ulled to produce casualtiell and provide close-in
battle illumination, and they may allO be used (or
the incendiary effecta (i.e., burninil', the natural
concealment and camouflue afforded by the vep-
tation). Flamethrowefll and fire bombs delivered
by t.&ctlcal air are effective methodl o( employing
flame in thill type o( terrain. Artillery, mortafll,
and rocket. are effoctive methods o( employina'
incendiaries. Flame field expedients (i.e., flame
Jandmine!l, flame (ougasse, flame llIumlnatoral,
prepared locally (rom empty (uel dTums or other
containers filled with thickened (uel, can be u!led
defenaively al'ainst infiltraUna' or attacklnl'
enemy (orCM (or warnlnil' effect, c...ualty .ffect,
and (or battlefield illumination. (See FM 20-83.)
:h16. 1IIo1oti1ca1 A_h
a. General. Bloloa'ieal arents are microor,an-
ilms that are effective aa'ainst men, animala and
plante. 81010a'ical aa'ent. can be u!led effectively
in the juna'ie to produce c...ualtlt!lll In troops or to
cau!le the deltruction o( crope, without the mas-
sive deatructlv. effects o( nuclear or hia'h explo-
sive weapons. See TM 3-216 (or technical data o(
biolo,ieal agent..
b. Aft.tipl!l'rlon'lel Agent... Natural junl'l. condl-
tionll auch ... hll'h humldib and diffused, tinted
~JI-41
Hunliil'ht del'rl~8l!e the docay rate of biolowical
flM'entK lind therl'furl'. thelle condition" are {'on.
ducivl' to the effective employment nf biological
flM'enlll. AreM ('ovcral{e ot biol0il'ic.1 aR't'nt.. dill-
Memillated below the junRle canopy ill reduced be-
caUKe of wind Kpeed. BioloRical agents produce
delayed ('lllIualties and therefore, a detailed plan
of emplo;.oment iM required 110 that their effects
are coordinated with t.&ctical operations. See FM
,'1-10 for dodrinal M'uidance on the employment of
alltijlenmnnel biol0M'ical aRents.
c. Anliplont Agf'nt,. There are a number o( bi-
oloil'ical ajlel1t. which can be effective in the jun-
Rle al{ainst plants, shrubs and trees and aa'ainat
the (ood and industrial croPIL produced by them,
RioloM'ical open,tionll for destroying food lIuppliea
in an area may require concurrent plannlna' (or
Mubailltence .id and fur the protection of (riendly
troop lIupp]iell.
3-37. Chemical Antlplant Age""
Certain chemicals poSlellll an offensive potential
for destroyina' or seriously Iimitina' the produc.
tion uf Cropll and for detoJiatina' veretation. The
chemical compounds ulled are either plant a'rowth
rea'ulatorK that modify the normal a'rowth pat.
tern of plantl! or defoliant. that kill or damare
the plants. Defoliant. can be uled to axpoN
il'round operations, installationl, materieL and
personnel to observation; to mark tarpta, poel
tionll, and t.&ctical coordinatina' and controllln_;
and to clear and keep open fleld!! of ftre around
de(enllive po.itionll. i>elltruction o( natural vere
tatiol1 may expose camounaRed activities. Preaent
de(oliant aRentll disseminated by aircraft spray
require 4 week!! or lonrer to be effective aaainat
tropical vea'etation. Tactical operational plannln,
must allow (or this delay (actor. See TM 8--215
for technical data on chemical apnts, and TC
3-lfi tor inlonnation on employment ot defoll-
anti! and herbicide!!.
3-31. N",clear WMpant IHectI
The effects o( nuclear explOlions will not be .1,.
niflcantly affected by the denae jun,le vqetation.
The blut effect will create con.lderable tree blow
down and mlllHe effects. Tree blow down may lie-
verely restrict movement and may Inc ...... or de-
creue neldl o( fire. Durin, the dry ...... n, ftNa
may be started In dry bruah and ftammablt .up.-
pliea by the thermal effecta . .Iun.... terrain ...tIl
not lil'niflcantly altar the initial nuclear Iffecta.
The Intenllty o( radiation (rom ndlololrieal
...."
 PM JI-*5
JlJitf'llt~ and rlldimW'tive falhmt may bf' reduced by
f'xtrl'mpl:-- hNIVY vE'1l~t..tjatl 1\11 !'!om~ ()f the l'UITti.
d[',~ will iw r .. l!l.lllf'll 11)' the j\JnJl'It' CBn()l'Y, Rul'Hle.
qll{'nt raiJl~ m!l.Y wll~h the!!!' partlci. 1.0 tbl'
llNhmd, lind CUllc.pntTaW thl:'m in water rolled!on
ATt'lI.K Adinn'l TeQ.uiNd af indivulu.hI !tnd unib:
ill r/tdiolnakflily contaminAt>d aT~a AT!;> (,01;.
tained In FM 3-12. FM 21-40. and FM il-4L
3-39. on.n.. Agoin.t CII Attock
Rf>ler to }o~M 21-,10 fm' Iiuidanet> on unit p~
dUrPlIi to be llsed Ililainat CBR attack and to FM
21-41 for individual actiunA aJj'81ffil.t CDR ha:-
S..lIon Vllt EHOINlE.S
3-40. o.neral
Combat engilleer Ilupport is alllX"atea On the buill
of anticipated enlflneer work AI> dl'termined by
the fadorll of METT, Combat enllineeNl an Uled
most effectively and efficiently in junlrk opera-
llofUI w~n IULIllfned a direct aupport mi'l50n.
however, independent unit actions orten Nq'l1ir.
the attachment of enainMr unlta, To enhance
IIptI of mOlleffie'nt In tar... lleale iun." opera.
tions exterudve enltineer IIUpport wll1 h# required.
In np&rly all junSlm .reu, road. art! Tt'lati~ly
undeveloped or nonnlatent Theile 6Tt' ulluaUy
narrow 'nd windln, And incapable of .uppartlnlt
JIlultslned military traffic. All' .upport beromea
more Important Major tad. perforwd by engi
neerl'l 'rtI the oonatnlrtjon and malntanance of
roIIdl and traill And the coMtrurtlon ot airfteld1,
landinlt JOnell and .upportln, fariUtiea. Conltruc-
tion operatioM in the jun,~ art! utrmaely vul-
nerable to enemy activity, Unit .ecurity mUllt be
eAtabUllhed at 'WorklliU!!I and often Int.ntr)' units
mUl'lt be Allocard to provide nGeeJ!d.t)' le!:urlty.
3-41. ...."n .....
4. Gnentl, 1n planning for tbe uUlh:aUon of
enaiMlft' unlta in junrle operations. consideration
I I~n to the tapabillti .. and equipment of tbe
dMajoMl tiI,lneen or the fotct .nd the tIOUlble
"lQuinment for .dditlonal enl1DMr 3'11pport by
nondtlljslonal en,ineer unlta. Dependin.- on the
t",. and magnitude of the> miMlon, e>nlrinear com-
hat WylIo", (COJ'pI:), liab! tlQulpment eompa-
nlu, Jand durfna campania or aeveral of Ule
teams or the 'TOE ~Mrlee, lIuch u the "W.n
DrUllnR'" ot' "FONIfItrT' Teal1lll, may be rtIQulred.
.....
"TfI~. It IIhOlild be noted that thl:' pr()tf!1Ctiv~ mallk
11M impl'mH~Rblf' pnllt'rtlvt' t'l.)thinp; arc barely
lnlt'T/l.ble in jllnp;I{' t"rrAllI Hnd rllmAtl', timita.
lionll on Villinl1 imp"lIed h.'" tht mtlllk >mbin.d
with IH'T!Wnal diM'nmfnrt AA a rt'llult ot wgrinl(
trw prOt('{'I:\'e t'quipm{,llt mil",,, rle<;'realle individual
cfficieney jlml p~nt a morale problem, PN'i'f'r
tralllinSl III IIf'CUl<ary and romm.nden mullt ron_
!'!idf'r tht' deneAlle in unit ef'!'eetiWflpu .nd the
drt'1lIIe in the tl'mpo fir flJH'ratlOnl! c.u1It'd by the
wearinSf or CRn Ilrn~tivc equipment. In addl.
tiM). l!pt'rlaJ jJrecautionll mUll! be tak.n to m.ln-
tain unit C'RR defensive equlpmpnt in u!l.ble cot\->
dibon bel"aul!! of the rapid mlldf"W, rot, and t'IlAt
01 the!'e itcmll in junglp ar II.
b. _,'pre/at Rt.quirl'ml!"l~, For divilional engi.
lleer unitJI. pl.1I11 mUllt be made for the inClusion
of additional demolition equipment. eICploaivel.
banglilor~ tnrpedoll, gRloJine driwn portable aewa
and bla.deJI, all of whkh art' l't:quiHd In the remov~
al Of IUle tree", rullnel deatruttion. eonatruc~
lion of bellpad!! anti IAndinlt fllCilltiel. and ft'mov-
al of denle vegetation, Additionally, eombet M!rv~
ice IUpport unitl muat be informed by the force
enSf~neer of ally speda' requirements for enlineer
eqUIpment and suppHea tor the olteratlon, In de-
term.ining, the equipment and luppli.. needed.
wnalderAtion must be l"ivetl to the> rapid disinte-
.....
ll1'ation And deterioration of mawrfel in Jun.-le
,
S-<42, ~i...
B.....aU$4! ot the inaceeuibility of jun'" arue,
llynd.rd mRpa may be eearte and tboae that are
available fl'll!luent!y may be inaccur.te n.c:ept for
the loc.tlon or couUin .., prlnelpal rivera, buUt-
up areu and primarY road lIets. The numeroUi
minor swamplI, IltrMfIUI, Inletl and laroona are
Ileldom indltated and i!ontoun. It .hown, are teI-
dum prerillely ICC'Un.te, Tull neb .hown an
often be depended on. betatllll/il traditional routell
Art ran'!)' ..Itend In the jUngle. naUvt' tOwnll and
...iIIa l . fntquently hAn native nama dHfltrtlnt
from thOM printed on mapt and locations th.~
often Annotated pbotomoe.kI. suppltmentsI pie.
toma~, and other lar~ seak graphics delliped
to <ver i~lble &MIIU may att'l1rttaly lceate
minor nrampa. .trea:ma. inleu. and a.oona when
the map ~rap I. of relatJvmy fl.t terrain. The'
nam. or town. and vUlQU on pietomaPl ....
wrItten in lhl' nall ...e lanj(ualle to factlltate- toor-
dm~tloH nn the Ilrotlnd. Any information that nn
be lilled to ('orred e';illtinK mnpII should be for-
wardf'd til U", IlPprl)priate he.dquRrten fer
jlrflJTljlt dilllM!mination. EI1in!t!r rf(!onnaiMence
to lIupplement map dllLa llli of prime imporlancf.
The enllineel'll .~hould ebtain informatiOn on the
!ollowhw: (Engillet>T re<onnaUlllanee lloolltd be
accomplil!hed .11 outlined in FM &-SO and FM
~-36)'
4. i.oeation and rondition of roads. trails, ral1-
wa,va. And bride!>.
b. Locations for pouibw road. alrt\eld and fs-
dUty construction, .nd wnatrurtion materiala.
f', High w.ter level of rlVN'1l and IItreamt.
d, Condition fJ1 bank!! at dver and stream
CTOMlng'llltea,
t.. Location nf w.ter IOllr(e1l for drinitinlf.
!aunderinif, "lid bath 1ft,.
,. Cr~ntry trafficability dAta tor wheem!
.nd armored vehldes,
u, Soil trllffleabllity,
h.. Location of actual and potential obetadlll
and barrier.
_ ....... c _
a. There an; n'l1maroua facto ... that compUeate
ruad oonatrucUon In th~ jllnl"le, The huvy r.aln.
fall ImpoHll a drain.... problem of major GOn
ctrn" Whene"r pouibie, low l1'Ound should bit
avoided in layin, Gut. road. WMn it fs impoui.
ble to bYPUlllow. ,wampy around. it may be nero
HUry to ton.ttuet pontoon brldau or loni' Hr-
tionll of corduroy road, It i. adviuble to cut the
riaitt nf way milch wider than nannal 30 the sun
C.II dry out the roIId bed, The enlarpd rlaht of
way alao provide& room for the conatrucUon of
diteh.. n~ry to keep the .u~rade dr.tned.
LAr~ dltehe& ronstructed with /lCr.a.pera mAY be
neceuary to dratn Inundated areu near roadll
and alrfieldlL TM', 5-812 and 5-380. provide dew
tslkN:.I: inform..tlon on drainaae. lite Hledion and
COlIstrllction of roadll.
h. The enlineen need heav)' construction
flquipment, and IpetlaJiaed de.rinl equipment
mUllt be ptueured fOr .upportinl enlineer unita
or inatallationll, A particularly .... Iuable piece of
equipment for ritarln, JunrJe aN!U ill the tree
doseI'. Thill V1lhle1e, equipped .....itb a clearln,
blade aheart trHIII. IItumpa. and brUflb at iround
t.vel and then pilea: the t"ut mawrial lntc wind-
rOWII, It wa... ftI a cleared area clean, lmootb. and
f,... of Iltump holea ~ with 8uftkient ft __tron
to prtlVllnt eroaron. [f the road net .....111 permit. an
HAal~1
flltl'rna~1' route pl!lB ill lIet up toO the- main roads,
or lIedlOI1M f,{ tbem. milY IX' ~,to!(l!d when major
rt-pairll fire Tl!!quired.
3-441. lllve, Croa,I"I
1/, In larlfe seale }UlliJ:. operationl, when time
and eqUipment are Available, ~tatld.rd river
crOlUlInJ( proeetiure-Jl, bridSlin/C', and IItrelm Cf'08I1-
inJl expedient. de-scribed In FM 81-60 Rre IIpp!i-
cable', In IImlll1 M:ale- operationa, or &II t\fld ex:pe-
dif'ntll, roP*' IIUli!'eI)SIOn britt,. lind &Ulpenllion
...hjt' mflthl;(h~, s" dellCribed, in FM 3!-12 .and TM:
!l-2JO. m.y be useful,
h. The junite provide!> excellent t"oneealment
for riftr Cl'ouin, t)pen.tiol'lll In ml}llt inaiancell.
The lack q{ K'lrul l'!\ilti nirt3 On both banb IX t"bar_
at"teriaUc of junlle river crouinl opf!rtitlon&.
Troop!! and h.. nd-earrled rnatei.l can he broua:ht
up to almost any d_ired aite without. .addlHon.l
road conatl'lJction, How.ver. when aelfcUnlf the
!lite, the cUrnatic conditionll of the area illICit ..
annulIl rainfan and t\oodlna: conditionll muat be
c.refully analyzed, rta.ht\oodll Are ehar.cterllltic
or moat junlfle area., even in the dry MalOn. If
Mavy equipment ill to ba uNd, road con.trudlon
.....
Nlquired and lIOiI trameablllty mu.t be cOMldw
~, H.uy lift heliropwrs tan be ueed to tr.na.
port atandard bridie eomponenta or bridlf! tim-
ber. to &it. l'flqulrinl brldlrina or br[~ ,.patr
and _110 .t the lite to erou ptHOnnel .nd equip-
ment by .,rUft until brldlrini' baa been inata,l1ed.
- . -Supply
W.ter aoumll are UlluaUy .bundant. but apecial
trealm.,\t ia rflquin:d for purltkation, See p&ra~
Kfaph $-7d, for health haurdll and methoda of
en,lneer and Individual water hutment.
:-46. MI,.. Warfare
All the junKie Itself 18. .n a"ectlve oblt.aeJe
eg:a,inat vehirlea. antitank mina and other antlv&-
hid~ obetacletl are normally oont\ned to roadll,
traili. And occa.ional patehell of c::ktared around.
When authorlMd by appropT\a. ~mand-e:u.
antJper.onnel min. cen ba .rectlvel), empklyed
to delay. .top. and canall.. the Inemy and to
..rve &Ii warning d.vlca. the loliatlcal .upport
ror mme warfare ill vel')' difficult. s..FlI.1Q....8,2
lind &.-S1 for additional infOf'ml.uon on the ear
ptoym~nt and removal of miMI and booby trap',
......
PM :11-2$
3-47. Nwwlr Wacpons
'I'M obJIbJ'les rl:'sultill.ll from the dfe('lll of nu
df'IU weJ\]l(ln~ in junille t.erTfiln mHY be! eaflier 00
bypaHH th.lI to (lVercnlIlf'. ln taCtiNI.i !lituation,
tht" time lind enginecr el'fort required to t'rOfJ!I tree
blowdown ,IIrea" ma.y be eJ:cefll!.ivf!. AlteTni!.te
routt-II fd movement mUllt be plannMi fOT, and pre-
pllred .11 flfI(1n .Il 1I(llllliblp to provide meanl! for
t'l'Il'llinuinl{ mflvemellt de~Plte nuclear attack.
3-48, AddhionQI Conlld.rat60ns
Il. T,tt.r!4 CffflritlQ (J,H'ratiQfu. In tholle jun.\l'le
ar.:lus which p11rmlt encmy forces to operate with
rel.tiv~ impunity. requirement will uiat to
provide tactic-al forc-e.~ with a IIpeeialized I.nd
dearing eQI!bility to lev.,1 dtmae velretathHl
which may fterve all adive or potiential lIIJletu
riel fur Pllcm.Y p4H'llnnel, equ~pment. fJuppllea
IIlId other underKround in&t.lI.tionR, or to clear
~ throul'h th~ areu for linea of rom
munl~atlon. To mMt thia rtQu!Ttment. eonaideu-
Hol'l should be givel'l to tlwo attach~nt of a ape-
claliJlNI enginef'r lJnd dearing rompany (TOE
6-81T). to whkh tree doura are or.\l'anlc. TrH
dozer& are capable of f.mnJ tnea up to 4R incheJl
in diameter in matter of minutes,
b, Engil$ur l,.iwf Ckaring Compa'/l-~. The mill_
aton of tbe en.i~r iand clearin.\l" company 1&:
(l) To <':Mar eKr..ntlVe dense vqNtion in
ermal.,..... for the pu~ of denyfn.\l' their u.~
by the enemy u bun ot operaUon. &upply buM,
ma"..halllnj' areu, ambuah sit., and conr and
coneMlmant,
(2) To cleAr denM ~ii*latlon trom .reaa ad-
jacent to triendly Inllallation tor tbe purpcM of
improvlnj' imltallation lecurlty by provldin. ob-
aerv.tlon and Baldi of ft"" al'ld to reduce proba.
bility of ambUlh aton, land HnM of <:ommunlca-
tlone.
e, Co",tf'1lCtW'lt. Of H.U<podlItKd Air S~,.i"... En
aineer unlt& I>I"pnl<.: to or eupportln,. ainnobile
unit&, to", required to COl'I&truct hellpada and air.
ItriPI In remote aruJI ot the: jun,le in IUpport ot
_.00_
R.pid. rellablt eommunieaUona aN! _nUal In
_ . IX. COMMUNICATIONS
Junrlt operationiL Command and control. AN!
IUpport:, rMUPply, evacuation and 1"'tUPIo)'lMnt
an aU dependent on etft.lve ecmmunlcatlona,
The importante of ..tabUllhln8' and maint.aintn"
nJiabie eommunicatlona un not be oveNfPPful..
.....
tat'llra! nperl,tiUJlII. J<!ngineer work creW&,
mjuipped with Il8l'utine ell,\(inr portable NlW1l .nd
dt!tnolillnnM. AU! airlift4!d by helicopter to the reo
I'i\(,,,,junale flreft b.nd T&l)pel to tbe lIite. TileII('
creWK make the il'litial dearanee of tre,," .nd un
derbru1l:h with th(' MAWR and demolitionll iowt'rt'd
to them trom the heJlcopter. Follow_on enll'ineerll,
equipped with lectlOnallled airmobile enKlneer
equijlment, are air-Ufted to the junil'le c1earinA'
with thllir equipment .nd t'xp.nd the landinA'
tone Or "irlltrtp In are(lrdanre with the t&CUesl
1)lso.
If. f)l'lIlrudj().tt of TlIl1tt~!1J IJnd Bunhy,. When
personnel .rt.
ene-my tunnels .nd bu.nkerl ue located, el\Ji'ineer
eharRmi with their destruction OT
thl'" denial t)f tht'ir future UMf' by the enemy, ThifJ
iH IlCromp"lfthe11 hy rollarminil' lhe tunnelll or bun-
kerA with "urfsee cf.tering ('hUIlES, (lr by plse.
\ng and Jetonatinjt uplll~!v6ft, inside \he tunnel.
or by filllnil' the tunnela with CS '),8tala and
seann. the entrancet\.
e. CaMtnu:b'tm fit Artdlertf Padt in Swamptt
Afflle.
(1) (;,nera!. En,inee:r units, aupportina op-
".bone In lIwampy aF*U tonat't'ud. all~weather
firll\,\( BurfltCel! tor the: Ule of artillery 6P*ratlng
in awampy areal!. Tht!T"e ar. two enmpiea IU rol~
Iowa:
(a} WoOden pad. ThIM type II of local de.
alln .nd m&nut&etufi'i. They a,. lC..ided and
ranp from 20 feet in dlamet.r for towed 10ltmm
howituFI to 80 fnt by 80 feet oblong oct.pna
for eelf.propelled 176mm and 8-inth run . (See
FMI1-I!i.i
(b) Ddt p0tform. Th* delta platform la
a hexaQ'tlnai platform ludate 22 teet acroee and
il made of aluminum tubin, c<lvered with a walk
in8' area of aluminum ehaln link feneln,. SI,: 20.
foot le8'111 nlend trom the platform at 1& de..,.ee
an8'les.
(2) Dew VoIj!', Then pad. or platfOrmt InI1
aklo be uHd for command poets. troop .helter..
lirat aid ltations or heliport.a,
&i&ed. FOI' thie ruson a rommander muat 11....
tommunkat1oJUI high priority in bia pianni~ and
luperviakJn. All available mUM of communJea.
tiona are UMd in jungle optraUona. Atthw"h
wire 1& nonnaJJy the mo.t dependable. a lIuk! tom-
bat situation may Jimit ita uM.. nteeMltatln, NU-
&nee on other meaM of eommuntuUQn, All tOm-
munle.vonll equipment ill adverBely .. I'f'ed.ed by
tropiral rlimaUr (ondltiom" Malnumanre will have
to be l>erformNl on a continuous ba.aill to prevent
(orrollion lind funll'u)!: /lTowth,
l-SO. Impioy....nt
Junjtle operaU(Jnll plare additional demandl on
the retl.ourrel of communiration units and perlon.
nel; tartical and IIIA'nal ul1it/l may requIre aUIf-
mentation of algnal Pffflflnnel and equipment u,
acrllmpliah the rommand and rontrol functions.
Re-Aidea pMv!d!njt normal '-"Ural rommunkll.
tilln! networkll, ahrnal unib may have to oper.te
long diltance Tlldlo Mia. Army alrrraft will have
w be uHd in many InlltanC"i!ll til provide a radio
relay eapablHt)' lUI well p ual.Un, in wire 1l\Y-
jmr operationl.
S-SI .......... of 1M J ..... E _....
B. Mu.ht9trr C<>mmwnicclimtr,
(1) The .peed fif aurface me:I:MqeNl il HV-
erly limited by jungle terr..in &nd veretation, The
lack of roads reatrit"tt full use of motor vehitlea.
..nd foot mfIfIMllJ[er! will have considerable diffi-
rulti. with land naviraUon and natural obala
elM, The u&e of air meaaenpr. oWe,. all .ttrar~
tl .... alternative, but one that i. limited by availa-
bility of airrraft, scareity of good landing areu,
weather wnditiona, And the f.ct that air .etMty
aida tbe enemy in locatinr friendly troop ....eu.
it} Tht' reliability and IIPMd of fluriace mea-
8en~rl can be Improved by employlnr tbem in
pairll and by .1ee1ln8' meuen,el'1l who aN c:om
petent and relOul'alfu] Indlvlduall, thorou,hly tao
mlliar with the environment and who art well
trained in the UM of map Ind ct'Imp&ll. DePfnd.
Inll' on the availability ttt aireraft and landin,
area. ai r m(llMngerR ('an provide tut and reliable
eervlc(l,
b. ViI'IW COJllmtmiCGtimu.
(1) Vi.ual mu.n. of rommunlutwD i. ,..
atrleted by the lenlie' vqetaUon, Commandera
wIll rarely bue YlII.IHII contact with all eletnentl (it
membel'1l 01 their unit. Certain .tandard colora of
emoke or ftan sipals ha~ Ihnited uae beeallM
they bMnd in with VQetation (1'Ntl\) or oft'er I;t.
tie contTut with fo, or hue (while),
(2) The elfedlvensu of vi.ual rommuniea-
tiona an be Improved by enaurln. that each indl~
vidual undenlanda the me&nin8' of the aitnal and
puMI It ou to othen In bla vicinitY. Cai1lful ....
lec:t:ioft of c:okn (flvch IU red or yellow) whteh
contrut wIth the b&ekeround color of the junJle
1m...... t1M elfacti.... ranee of vtaual communi-
('atiun". When a unit )11 expectinK vl/lU/i1 lIian"'l
at a givell time, delllgn ....d ohMrvera ran be
placed in treeM, high A'foulld, or other vantage
l)oin1ll.
e. SQlmd Commimica/iollil.
(1)> Den!le Vegetation tetldll to muffle rounda.
and baltle nOillL'll further reHlrict lhe ulle of Mound
C"<)mmunieatiIHul.
(2. All f)f!f!lotlntl"1 mllllt undertltatld the ailf-
m.11I u-t al)d mUHt be trained to pall" on .lIl1iK-
nalfJ ri'Ceivcd. To increaHt' ranSC't', lIoumhl whldt
contrail: with normal jungle baekground noil4!ll
IIhould be empluyeU 1f(lr example whisuin, or
metalhr noL'I@II). ConverMely, when dOH to the
t>ntlmy. !\(lunda whieh blend with normal jun.le
noilleR e.n be uaed to ilX'reue M!('urlty. In either
(:~, !\(l~Jnd lIijfnall'l Hhiluid be tested prwr to use
tn determine their range and reliability.
a. WiN' COnlmunil"l1tinnll.
(I) Tbe beavy rain .nd hip hUmidity of tha
trvpie8 reduC'e the range (about 2{J ~nt) .nd
reliability of wire rommunicationa. Wire layin,
in tbe jungle J'equir@a mont time and tluitable
wiN! laYing rouie. 8,1'e limited. The inc:realled
W~r and ronf'@alm.nt make It eui.,. for tb.
flIemy 1,0 int.rcept or interrupt wire communica
tiontl .Ild to .mbWlh maintenance crtWe. WI,.
laid by .iT 0""top of the jungle canopy je ex~
iftmely dlffkult to maintain and recover.
(2) Wire URed should be in aood (londltion
and Inltalled in treee or from po1811. Spllctl
ahould be al'ttully mad. W avoid ,Ipal loun
when wet, Mar,Ina1 clrcuila can be ImPtOY\kI by
Ilyln, two pain of IInM per drl'ult and by l.Ialna
rtpe.t.ra or t.eleph9nt amplYifyln, devleee. Speed
of lu1n, and IeeUrlty can be Increued by UH of
_!reraft. See FM Zt-20 tor fl@ld wire and l'able
t,eeludQuM,
RGI& CetuI",.,.icatiON.
(I) Redlo 'QV811 aN abtorMd by the damp
and deruwt WI,.tI.tlon. and it 11: not unusual for
th. nm,. uf a eet opI'I"atad: in the jvn,le to be .!"e-
duced br 10 to 81 ~nt of the normal ran,..
AbIorptlon w.. are eoJnpounded hI' the pater
.~b.rll' nol. ~ and lnRabllity of Ute iO-
~pht:re t)'l)kal or the tropi-.. WelPt and ~
t\rImlUon dr. the UH of man J)ICt ,.dto..
whU. tIM lar,. fthlw1ar mMlltad: ... ha... ltm~
ltfd moblUt7 beeaUN of tha aeareftr of road&. The
jun.... envinmrrHmt atreet.. dHrvant m- of
radio propaption in tbt foUowl.'OI' manner:
(eI:) The fT'O\Uld ".... ( . . t b7 ~
r hl.ch frequtuey AF ami:nt ..t.) b qulcld7
abtorbld and ~ Umited to ... &han one
mUe.
.....
 (/I) 1)lrKt wave or IintHlf-IlJ,Ilht pf'(lp&a~
Uon ill (NNluently blQCktKl by vea-etAtlon or ter~
r.in, 8elecllon of lIuitAble 1IlteK for thi.ll type ot
transml"ion i~ cnmpllclil.tfld by dimcultie.ll In mak-
ina reconllai""allC(" and the tact. that the belt .iteR
may 10M! inaccellfllihle and vulnerable to enemy AC-
tion,
(t) Sky wnt propagation ill Ilubject to
Mah .tmOftpherk noifle and unstable ionollpheriC'
conditiona, Further. Ilky waVi! antennae uaually
teke mon~ time \0 inlltall and uqutre fairly lar[lt!:
cltared areal whLeh may not be eMy to find in the
Jlmaie,
12) In a JunKie l!nvironment, etTteUve radio
rommunicatioM involve tIM! duil'1land loc.Uon of
anlennM, AnUlnnu should be clear of the junale
eanopy. an _ntid condition when deaUtijf with
1iM-ot-ai,nt Hta, Specl.1 purpou antennae
(which may be tuue lUmIl or Improvll'M!d 6tid e]{-
pedlentl:) can rrutly inc~ t.M taftit' and ,.\i~
ability of radkt eommunkatioM in the junrte
Other tethniquu whieh may bit applitid:
(4) UN OW (mol"1le code) mode rtf opera.
tion on AM tot. when feu,hle,
(b) UN lon,-wirll ant4:nnu ot 14 wave
ien~ or lTuler hllte&d of whip or rod aNn-
""". (e) IneNlMe power, Tni, i. ulluaJly rtf
only muainal vatu. u power mu..t be incf'9aMd
many times to obte:ln .aBaht incNfIUe In tan..,
(4) Whip anttnJUI.I when UMd. .Irould bit
.Urhtly tilted away from di.tant mUon. to im-
prove .ley wlVe proparatlon,
(~) Carefully HIed frequendel to avoid
Interference and atmoepherlc nruM.
(I) When f_lhle, U" Ilnrle aldebtnd Mlta
Inatead of conventional AN' radlOll u they pro-
vide more operatinr channelfll and a betUlr power_
to-weiaht ratio.
(11) U . . around or urlal ~antrnjMlon
.taUona to extend the ranre of tactical radio Nta.
(1) 8M: FM 24-18 FM 24-2), and F'M
31-73 fOr information on other Reld upedlentli,
t.ecluliques. and .pedatantlil'lnu,
f,lItJi1ttmantfJ.
The iuntlll environment, complk:ate.
(J)
m&inl.enance. uJ)4IClAlly at tIM! Operator hlvel, The
combination of hiih l.emparature and humidity
cau" a quk:k deterioration ot communication.
equipment Wire and cable at\t o:poMd to tM
damqi~ elTect. of WM.ther, tul'lpa and wildlife,
and bIltterltl run down. even In awrap.
{2} ThoroUlJh and tr.quent operator m&lntl:
n&nce ia etMnt!&l. Air eenditlonina 1& hlrhly tf*
teeuve a.a11\111t temper.tUN:, humidity and du.t
.....
prnblllm.ll, Equipment that III el:JKlI'Ied to dampneu
will dry out raater 11 It III kept aperaUn,Il, but
ullera nf thi" tl'chnique mUll keep in mind th ..
dTecbo or ovt'rheatinjI when the equipment III
operlil.ted contlnljULl~ly. neteriorAti(ln "f battierle"
CRn be reduced by IIturinl in rool and dry flltorQ"e.
pre{ernbly refriKer.ted.
3-52, Comrn","icarioM 11'1 OtfftNnt
Jungl. Areal
The eommullicatinn problemll encountert!d in a
jungle environment are generally applicable W
aU thtet! or the major jun.le artall of the world,
The mOl'lt lIitnil\cant variatioM amoq t.hM!
three artat involve at.ml1llpheri~ noiu l.v.la, fr~
q.uency predkl!on. and radio proplpUon chane-
leriAtieJl, lnfll'rtrulUon on these matte,. on an ar...
bui. can be obtained from USASTftATCOM
(ATTN: SCCCE-4, Fort Huachuca, Arirona,
8'i6l3). Within each major jUtijfle aNa thett! may
'be a wiM variation tn type& of terrain .nd vep.
tation. Limitttio1\lll &H . .nerally NVf:.Nl:lt in up..
land fort'lllt areu; communkaUona in the ..vanna
are eonaiderably MIller and l'naJ' approach nor~
mal. while in &Wamp1 antM mobllity beeomM a
major problem It I\'lay beeome eat,..mely diff\cult
to nnd nrm around position. for hetvlu commun~
icatlOO.ll equipment.
_ . eon.-......... I. J ..... Stability
F41"".
CommunlcaUona aupport: In jururle .tab1l1iy oper.
aUorw hu tht followlnl' charlod.rlstlCl;
4. LlmltatioDa on the nnrmal UH of wire ud
FN' tldlo requ!1. a fH&tl:r dependdce on multi,..
channel VHF radio. indlldJnl' tha j)QMibla IlM of
termlnala below brl,adt level.
b. Tadlcal unJte enppel in .tabl:llty II'peratlon.
have an IncreMed need for communlcaUonl, IIJ'
dally at the lower leva1&.. Thla requinmllmt, eou-
pled with t2w lowered performanc. ot l&etleal
tldlo "te In. t.he junrle. may ntICeNitate aiq(l1Mtftw.
latll;m of C<lmmunkatiou r..aun:'M..
c. Adyiaory and civic Kt.km effort. may be
hampu4!d by the hl1llt count.ry'a obaolete communi.
eationa equipment whoM performanoo ma,. hi:
onlY mar-,naL
4, Sipal unit. may become tnvoJvtid in nhabll*
ma1nteMnoe and eonatruction of the a t
itati~
eoufltry'a eomtnunlutiona fKiliti-.
e. ClOIIe ~Uon with loc:aJ mlHtary eom~
f!;unieatlone ~nMl can provide UNtul Il'\for~
matlon on prov..n l\eld ~xptdienb and optimum
tnquencief<. Thill ll'! ell~i.!1y true ill the calle nt
Ahort and mMlum ranl{e AM r.did oommunlea
tiollll.
f. lIIo1ated lIi,lln.1 .Itell (Qpeelally multtchlnn*'
radio) are both elllliflnti",l and vI.l!nerable in jungle
Iltabillty opcratiflnA. Dill' ~ weather and lerrain
theN' lIitt'PI mllY be n'l('hed only during certain
period.. Thill requlrl!ll that eAch "Itie b(! JIIClf-aulI-
tAining And e-npab\e of llelfdefenlle,
(I. Greater ulle ot airoorne e-(lmmlnd poata. aer-
i.! retrRnllmillll!on and "Iteraft in lIupport of tac-
tie-al operationll requiri! an eff'ee-tlve air-ground
("ommunicati(ln:lll aystem.
3-54. Comrnwnicotkm. In
Opwatto..
Jvn." livtH'i,..
a. G6Ifrfl/. C.ommunicatlnnll In jungle riverine
operationa require certain chan,llY in normal doc-
trine and procedurM. TheM chanpa a~ not druw
tic. but do involve .~l.nted appJieatiott ot bule
principiell to a uniqlre environmi!nt. fn pnerill.
jungle riverine operationa will place .ddition.}
deman(Ja nn the wmmunleatlona ruourcy rtf
_ X. INI1WG1NCI
HS._I
The basic principlell of combat Int4:lIlpnee and
other in~lligence operationll Are applicable In
jungle operatinn&. However, certain upeeta of in~
t4lllipnce will rect'ift increued emphull beeau_
of the unusual C'harafteri.licti nf the junale I/lnvl~
ronment. Suce-If!a&ful oPf'l'lliolUl in junal' .,....
will dtpend on the detelled knowledp nf tbt: ter-
rain and climatology u well all its effects on per.
fIIonnel. equipment and luppliel. natural and man-
made fellurell, and activitiell. Rouah terrain cOu.
pled with denae veptation will impoMl limlta-
tlonfll on colleetlon f'fforU. Coll.etion plannlna
mUllt be d,lalled In ordf'r to Inllure adequ.te ;:ov-
erare ot the area: of operatlonll. In junale opera-
lione !ncreaaed emp}laal:e: ill plae-ed on rapid di3-
fM!:minaUon ot intsllipnce, Intellipncf' on spe-
cific junllle aN!a ill df'rivecl from area and country
IItudlea j!,upplt'men~ with operat.lnnal intelli
pncl' collected ~ally,
_ . AnoIyoK 01 tho " ' - 01 Oponoliof..
The analYll1a of a junKie area rtf operation. in-
IIOlvu the urn. conel"'raUona .. doa tn. anal,.
tlil of any other a,... of operlltlona. Tha collection
both lIignltl uni~ and the orpnlc communicationll
platoonflllnd .ertlOnl'l at uctkal unit.!.
h. Spp()itll 'CO!w'df'r(!ti{Jn~. Special communica
tion ... ('olllllderllUoDII IIpplklible to J'iverine opera
tionll influde:
(I) Empha!li" on communicatinns lIupport
(or tactleal unita operatin,ll in a wi-de arell"
(2) A w-eater requirement for Ilignal .UI
mentfltlon (nt tile-tical unit e-ommunicationll re-
MUte-ell.
(3) 1..(',", tellanre on wIre communicatlonll
and more on radio, with emphallifll on lhe Uiltl of
the Ilsrht man-park lleiB at the lowcr tadiC'al unit
levelll,
(4) EXlenalvll' Ulle ot multichannel radio, in~
dudinJt the paa8ible UM' o( tt>rminal& below brl
Ilade \evel.
(5) Knowled"e of !Unal C'Ommunk-ation or
pniutlon, proeedurea and equipment, to lndudf'
qualitl:catlfln and thol'(lu"h familiarization with
tlh!pboard inlltalled equipm,nt provided tor em
barked Arm,. units,
is; InereMf'd m;liinif'n.n~ end w&terproot-
Ifill requlremf'nll for all oommunkatiOM equip..
ment.
ot information un weather alld terrain, and thfItr
eiT~ on both trif'ndly and \lMmy eoul"Ml of ac~
lion. ia pnrequildte to th' Initiation of an oper-
ation in thl'un,lt.
(l,T"..",.",
(1) luna" teJorllin il analyzed In terma of
the Ave mmta". MpecW; k,y terrain, ot.rYatlon
and nelda rtf fire, ~over lind tont!'l!alment, obllt..
des. and avenue uf apPl'Oal!h. ThHoe Mpeeta aNI
dillCuMed In paravaph. 6-Zt and 8-2.8 thl'oup
S-lI2.
(2) Geodatlc and map cOVera.. of mOllt Jun-
,Ie areall III nth"" limited ht My.ta.e and aceu-
rlUlY. Thill create.. a requirement tor matet de-
tail In the collection and .nalyda of blttaln infor.
mAtion and IncNla.aM the mlrnitude of the effort
required, lunrl. operation. a,. Influenced to
lar... deane by tM v.riaU.oM of 11011 ttal'lnbllity
and tIw "ptaUon of the area. Thea topovaphll!
factoh aNI particularly Important when c01\l19r
Inr the crun-eol.lnt". movmneni of dt.mounted
tnlOpt or meeruanlsed unitt, .lId whm ~ttn,
landin,/drop mn... tor alrmobUe/airborne opera..
hona and artillery ftrinr ~Uona. lunrle opera..
tiOn. require that all unite: cuntlnuouab collect
~.phic intormation, Awl r.coftnaiuaDCe

'M :111-4.
and ,",rull phutography ~lin provjde valuable- ter.
rAm inrormllU0I1: however, when the del!ired .n~
formalinn {'an out bt obtained by air mean,""
xwund t'olle'CtiOl) lillendes *uch aA diBmounted pa-
lmll'tnftY be employed \0 obtain the necesury ter-
rain information.
h, Wf'l1tAer, Periool'l of rainfall CAn Ul!uaUy be
Ilredirled with Ac(,uracy. The frequency and '101+
ume of rainfall muat bt! evaluated with re:Mpect to
ih e1'f('t't on operathmfl; e.Il . a heavy volume of
rain may prohibit the u" of wheeled Or trac'ked
vf't'llciefl in the area and may impoH rel!iricUona
on the movement of foot troopa, For further .+
lib! on wellther in the jungle areas, flee parall't'aph
6-2(,
:&-57. Opwotfon,
5, Jtlttolli"rnu C~z.,., The lI'eneraJ doctriM,
methoda, and proctdurfl8 for collection planninll'.
('ollecting. procealling end diaeeminatlng, and
ulllin.IC intem~ni'e are coveroo in FM :W-~6, The
tllCCf!M of jun,ll'lt: combat operationlll may tMpend
on accura~ and limely intelliienef' which I. rap.
idly diueminawd to Utf' UAer level. The activltifAl
connedf'd with InteJll~nee operation,", follow a
four-atep cycle oriented on the tomrrat;der'a mla'
Aion. Sped ..1 eonllideratkona for Intelligence prod+
uchon in elllch J'ltep of t.he cyde dgrini Junlle
Qper.t.iona are di3(uued belo....
{I) Colkoctjon plinnti'ltg, ,M In conventional
op<eraUonA, the objectJ\tf towarda whkh intellltr
ence activitiel iA diretted will bt! the commander'a
de~ermination of hi. Intelliff1\t:e TequlN!menta.
The rommander'A intelligene.l reqll~nmfnb an
thoe.e facti! whieh he needI to know coneemlDi
the weather, (.eonain, and the enel'l'lY in OMfr to
allCfiNlafully execute hili &.llilianed miuion, 'J"heIJe
intellilJence ~quirementa I1Infra11y ean be dl
vi.d~ into t~ brOf.O clIotqoriea---nl*ntilil elt}.
ments of information (EEl) Mond 4ther intelll-
rence requiremente (OlR).
(<<) EMenUal Elementl of Information It
d.t\n.d .. those critical items of information ,..
,ardin, the enemy and hia environment, need-
ed by the commander by a part!eul&t time, to re-
tau 'WIth other auilabit Information and lJrt,al
II~ in order to ... i,t him In reaehina a loai~
eal declalon. Any fntmY eaPAbiUty or characterla-
tie of the anaa whkh la a I'OYfrninlil' factor In the
eommandilr'a det:lalon on the cholet of a COli'" of
IICtlon wm bt an EEt
(b) other Int:alli,ence Jit.equinl'lMnta are
datlned command and other Mff requirement.
&.II
which do not qualify IIa EEl,
.....
Il'} Intl"llillenn' plllnninif hi Ii ~ontinuoU!l:
pf(l~ and the IntelllKence Omcer muat bt! ready
to provide Mil eiltimate ror tlw next operation and
to revil!e the current elllimatt! to meet chan,lnlt
oper.tional conditiona. He actompUa~ thia by
<,ol\t!nually updatinll' the intelllgenee requir ....
mentA, by evaluatina and pr~parinM' the eollection
plan, by IDUance of Iil'uidance. or<k!rs, .nd re-
fjU~tll to information collection apncitHI and
lhrotq(h Ii continuoul check on the productivity of
the collection a,enciell.
(2) (JOU?ctiOfl, All of the lUIuaJ aourcet of In
/ormntion are ....ailable in jult.ICle operations, Na.
tiven and t'ivi!i.,\& who live on the frinjWl of the
junlfle are pos.51ble lI!Ourcelll of ,nformation. 'They
mlhl be able to provide information on the ttr~
rain, enemy moWnH'Inta and diapoalt;lona, and Ib-
KllltirAI &upport .!Ivallable W the enemy_ All nvall
llble Ml'nciel will 'be ut.iHf.l!d to collect informa>
lion in Ctlmronance with their capabilitiM-. Patrola
and uther amall unit adiortl'l are axtenaively em
ployed to hx:ate enemy unitll. These patrols are
O'ften the brat apney for the collection of infor-
mation ('QnCf!'rnini the terram and the enemy,
Lontt-ranie re-connalnance patrols and ambuah
p&trolll are employed t& a mu.:h veater extent in
jun,ll'le operationA .nd aN! a lJood means for (Olw
lectlnllinformatlon. Beeau" radio ill normally ell
sentia' for communieation in junl1e operationa.
radio intercept clin be utilized effectively &II a col-
lection means, e"en to lower comba~ tchelona.
{:H pratealing. The 8equenCu In proeeulng
intormtion inlh intelli,rent:e d~ndll upon the
nature and the urgency of the Information. Alw
thou.h recordin, of information is usually the
tint step, thertl are many hatanle in junlle
combat when recordln, may occur aimultaneouiay
With evaluation and inwrpretatkm or even "ter.
Thla: ia Mpedally t.rue ()f inlormatloo coneerning
enemy tarpta. A time la, !n the prott!!lfling of In-
formatlon may mean diaalpaUon of the tarret.
(") DiuemiMtimi OM we. The timely cH...
aemmat!on or Avanable In~llI~nee and lte lmtnfl_
diate UR 1ft of vital importance 1n junllk opera~
tiona. In ord.r to &t:compUah this it may be neeu
auy to ~t.abuh and maintain additional H'O-
munltAtlon mean! to expedite tM diauml1llltion
of In~lI,enCf!. 'Thla would 1.0 Hrve to upedite
the J1:JlQrtina of information,
,f). COtiKterillittliUgenc:e. Counterlntelu.ette4! in
Junile opratwne eona.lat. of meanl to dlllCt'ive the
enemy. deny the enemy informaUon, &nd detect
and elI:poIe, or neutrallae. the etHlm,. eaplon.....
aubvenion and ..botare effort. Counterintel-
lIjlt!nee wHl allllume Kreuter importan~t' when
friendly unlta Mort' {1p~'ratinlf In junglt' grehll eon-
tiauouOl lo I)OpulatMl gre&ll.
S.r:tlon XL MtUTARY
$-sa. GeMrO:I
Combat ftupport and combat aervic:e support futu::-
lionft ~uch l$Il thv collec:tion and evnt'U.tlon of pri..
()neN. of war alld tiviliall ll\ternee~; the control
of indlviduala, refui(eft\, and the tivlUan popu-
lace: the invefltigatinn of crimj;l; Uai!l.on and coor-
dination with other law enfortemtnt agentlea;
phyaieal iU!(!urity of indallationll and movement;
!lnd trame mntro! are routinely rejl,'lIrtk-d 1\)0 IIOf'
mal to military poli~e milJ.lliom! in aupp:ort of any
type of comMt openUon5, An anah'lIia of each of
thl'Jle fu ~tion,", to determlne itl! l"X'rtint'nO! In
\he junKle envirollment, the exiatj;lncj;l lind extent
of any "pedal l)f'(Iblf!1'nll or cOllllideration. in~
YOlved, the amount of military poli~e rellOuree8
t'eq\llred for inteltration in a combined arma Ilr-
pnization, and the tapability and eft'ecUvefJe611 of
military poilu platoo. and M!llarate squad ele-
menta for providing necegary aupport dUrinit' jun-
II'le operationa mWlt bf determined &.II a part of
the normnl planninlf !Wquli:"nre before each OpeTll_
tlGn. Standard lIupporl prnc!i:"durell ror each type
tuk forte organtution, e,If" brix:nde Dr lnIttlllion,
may t"(IQuire modllkahnn in a junli'!e environ_
ment. ('.fiMlderation n1 extended diatanee8 be-
tween unilfl, the dlverllities of mifllliorut, l!e-para~
Hon from parent diviftjon, lIerufity need" of 10ifiH.
tlt:al inlluUationl! and lineft of rommuniutlon re
quirln~ Ii greater dB(entraliutilln 01 the tontrol
of military pollee aupport, an inereaHd reliance
upon ai.KI"Ii1t aupport, and the tMgradation of
FM radio rommunietl.tlons. all IOfil.ll!1l('e lind add I,()
the requiremente Ilf tlw military police- !lUpport
orpnlu.tion and prtx:euureH natldeu to nUl(ment
the tp'k forre lind itt: various support adivlt.i...
In mort' roflY*ntional oper"tiona military potiet
operate in relatively IM!eUN! rear area with wjde
freedom of mOVM'lenl and Mfdy for df'ployment
in amall numbers or even .. indivldllal&. These
condit!OM do not exillt in junile operationl; eon-
lMIqu"ntly, operational methoda mlJ11t 'be adjusted
to fU a l1ew and cotllltsnUy chanrini Iltuation
with the l!:hltl of ,",Upport emphallia from one
fundional area to another. rllr in.Uance, organiu.
tional fral[tnootation down to ,",quad and team
level may be net_ltated, e,Il,. OM military poliee
~31-1J
e R",'flllIl!IIK,{'HI(t' ami ,...!rn"iUlltUt'. Recon-
IlniMnn.-e gnd 1<ur,,'Iillnur'e in junJl'le operaUonOl
lIrt' dillt:UlVWU in PHrunlphlllS~& throut:h 1S-7.
poua
minu. per battalion t/l.lllt fMl't' eM invoti.ICa-
!U,jU/l.d
titln of aime lind the t'VfU'llllti.m of pthwner" of
wltr,
3-60. Functionol Support Activit...
Millt.tlry pobre arc pMrti!:ulafY ~uited for f:!mploy.
Inent in the lolll,winif lallkK;
n. Halldt1H.q Prt~O'U'ff! of War nFt! Civil1fHf Ift-
tlTn!'!'II. In jUflJl'It' olleralion!! the handlinv of
prtl<\lfililT!\ uf Wllr nna t'jvlliull internees ...1lI be In
1l{'I'nraalU'I' with prinl'lplt'~ IIlld prOC'f'dllrea con.
lalllt'd In .~M 19->Ill or MJ1Hi/l.!lIlgnltkance ia the
fMt thd thv evftculltion "f ('aptured personnel
(rllm All unit If'veb. l'llll be mUff:! jlraetitally ac-
rHmpliJihed by the UM! r aif tr.nlll)(lri.a\lon, The
POlential ot limiled {~(Imbat reK()l11'U1I at the taak
'm'(1~ If:!vel call beHt be enhanf'ed by mliitary po-
lice HUP1U)rt pt!rHtlOnel ill prOfeAAinK, irtIArdlnl'.
and eva .... uliting l'el)tured perKolltlet The elfectl\'e"
n9111 or Much lYllt! support ill patent parUclllarly in
thOle situations ... hue captured pereonntl mutt
00 held In the immediate ar1!& of operations ler-
owrniaht periooR while awaitintr evacuation
me.atlA.
b. Tro.61t C(mlml. The volume of trad\c move*
mentft durlrtir Jungle operation.! ... 11l be siplft
cantLy redueed due lu thl" limited roa,d net prohl~
bllion ot
individual vehide movement, lnc~
delivery of personnel and materiel by air, and
conatant threat of eMmy I!.ctlvdy. Accordin,q,
Otmande fnr military polit:e baffic control txupt
in Mupport bliae nreaa are proportionately de-
creaaed &II compared to the atMUnt normally H-
'1ulred by brigade opel.Uonll in morf:! conven_
tional combat opeut!OIl.l. As In atabllity oper
tinnll, tramc control technlquea muat be modifted
to rednce unnecesury elCpoIlIN! to l60Iated tttemy
attack by JIIub5tltulinr tramc eK'Uru for traffic
control points and motor patrols whereV\H' poul*
ble, There wtll normally be a oopr number of
detllM and el'(lllainif altes that will raqllire tratlk
control. In addition, prellcribed dilltancu and In-
tervalll between vehicular elemell!.l In m..ard: col.
umnll muat be morE! rlgldly malllUJned to Mute
the ambnsh threat to convllya and to prevent
daml\P to the limiU!d road net. See FM 31-22 (or
further detallA of tran.!portation lOCurlty.
e. Ph'V6icc.l Srcurilv and POfIukl.Uetl AKd R ..
 'Mll-U
4CIII"Ct". ConITOt, Mll;ny (If the' teebniq\lel e'm-
ploytld (01" mutr()l !>( the civil populace:, throu5fh
liai!lOn Ilnd rombh~l opcrllUolll1 witb civil law
l1'nrorceml'flt ew.:irut, art' routine military police
function/!. in to stability operation fl,lthouJI'b tbey
are not .... ncrRlly referred to or ihou5fhl of HI thiN
terminololl'Y Enforcemellt of eurl~l'I: cbeckpoint
operll;tiurll> to include idl'ntifleati<1I'I of individual.!!
and vcrll\clltiun or mfl,nif~ts aJl'ainst nrjf't'leA;
"l'Qf'(>hf'it of indiViduals, motnr veilid_. boab!:,
bulldln,.R ,ltnd arbaR; jlH!illlre of evJdfnce and con
traband; and the euaduct of raid., are .11 routine
artivities. of normal military police operaUons in
t~ ltupport ot the romm",nder, The major dilfer-
enen in tbe appllcation of tb... technique/! in
juni~ o~rations I" on the 8Ca~ !n wblth the), are
employtld to support the tniMlon of the talk force
commander, Under ideal tonditiona wheNin a weI!
orunia.ed, efflelent civil poUte force Is .Iready In
uiatentf'. military police lIupport reqult'flrlente In
the bua areu or the rommander rna)' be IImlW
to manninll chtK:kpolntl, lI8CUrity of RTound linea
of communication., and Installation lecurity, In
the lat.tu function lIentry duJl' unib! will have
v.IIllle m lIut'h crltiul ball4l aN$!! U alrl\eld~, mu-
ultil,nR storaJ(!! areml, and other "'"111)1'1)' dumll!!.
Soo }<'M 11/:-:m for taPflbllitiell and advant.qv!l fit
,'fI,rlOUII m~1lII of phY4klli r.ecurU.v.
d. CnminalltuflliiRfltto'lt. The Investigation of
.:nmiulIJ IIodivili(!1I while u~ually initiaW by duty
mIlitary p<,li('~ nortnally mUllt tM' acoompl!/lh...d by
s.cae<Htetl rrimina' Invelltilfaton. InCIdent TfI,tPII
experiellred durin51' brigade and battalion IIUh!
operationll twd criminal !nveIltJ ..atlve flUpf\/1. ~
quired will depend upon area ~llIe of operation.,
tb~ liutnber and di!!trlbution of lhe civil popula~.
and the lanJ(1JaJ(t! barrit"r involved. Th~n! III no
rule.of.thumb meaHU'N!ment which wiU conlltltute
lfuidanee tor the appropTis.te deployment oJ su('h
aperialisu to batta!ion.lli"r:ed unit 81n~ tha provl-
"ifln of Iwt'h lIupport I" alway" tompllcated by the
utelKied dhltant~. bflween lIupponln .. baus and
areM of operations in tl"lthtl"r jumrle or fltllblllty
operatiomi. However, with greater reliance upon
Iwailability of airlift into th. afOOlI of operation.
f\<!I!l'!ible it ia mort! practical to hold thia limited
",!lOur=, on ~all in th~ ne.rellt hue area,