1 (.

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2

2 2543 ~ p q , ~ p r , ~ r

. p q . q r . p r . p ~ q
2 2544 p q p (~ q )

. p ( p q ) . q ( p q ) . p ( p q ) . q ( p q )
2 2544 p, p q p (~ q r )

. q (~ r p ) . r (~ p ~ q ) . ~ p (q r ) . (~ p q ) (~ r )
2 2545 p, q [( p q )] ( p ~ q )

. ~ p q . ~ p q . p q . ~ p q
2 2545 p, q, r, s, t ( p q ) r
A [s (t q )] (r p )
. A . A
. A s . A t
2 2546 p, q r ( p q ) (~ p ~ r )

. q ( p r ) . ( p q ) r . q ( p r ) . ( p q ) r
2 2546 A ( p q) (r s) B (( p r ) s ) q
p (q (r s )) A, B
. A B . A B
. A B . A B
2 2547 p, q r ( p q ) ( p q )

. p ~ q . p ~ q . ( p q ) r . q ( p r )
2 2547
(1) p ~ q q r ( p q ) ~ (q ~ r )

(2) ( p r ) (q ~ r ) ~ q (~ p r ) p

. (1) (2) . (1) (2) . (1) (2) . (1) (2)

 2 (.)
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2 2544 U = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
P(x) x
Q(x) x 2 < 4

(1) x[~ P( x) Q( x)]

(2) x[P( x) Q( x)]

. (1) (2) . (1) (2) . (1) (2) . (1) (2)

2 2545 p, q r
p 0
q
r a a 2

. (~ ( p q )) r . ( p r ) (~ q ) . r ( p q ) . q ( p r )
2 2543
(1) p (q r ) ~ ( p q ) r
(2) p (q r ) (~ p q ) r

. (1) (2) . (1) (2) . (1) (2) . (1) (2)

2 2544
(1) p q
(2) p (~ q )
(3) p ( p q )

. (1) (3) . (2) (3) . (1) (2) .

2 2546 p q
[~ ( p q )] [ p ~ q]
. ( p q ) ( p ~ q ) . p (q ~ q ) . p ~ q . p
2 2544 p q
. ~ ( p q ) ~ p ~ q . ~ ( p q ) p ~ q
. p q p ~ q . p q p ~ q
2 2546 ( p r ) (q r )
. (~ p ~ q ) r . (~ p ~ q ) r . ( p q ) r . ( p q ) r
2 2547 p, q r ( p q ) r

. ( p q ) ~ r . ~ ( p q) r . ( p r ) (q r ) . ( p r ) (q r )
2 2543 ( p q ) r
. ( p ~ q ) ~ r . ( p ~ q ) ~ r . (~ p q ) ~ r . ( p ~ q ) ~ r
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2 2545
(1) q p (q r )
(2) ( p q ) r (~ p ~ r ) (~ r q )

. (1) (2) . (1) (2) . (1) (2) . (1) (2)