Orifice and Jet Flow Meter

ABSTRACT the stream is the least, and fluid velocity is at its

maximum.
In this experiment, it was designed to
understand numerous properties of water flows
through an orifice including the Coefficients of
Discharge (CD) and Coefficients of Velocity (Cv).
Comparison of the fluid discharged from the orifice
was observed. Based on the results, as the vertical
dropping distance increases the coefficient of velocity
decreases however as the water level of the tank Fig 1.2 Vena-Contracta
increase the coefficient of discharge decreases.

INTRODUCTION In this experiment, the equipment to be used

are HB019 Orifice and Jet Flow and HB100 Hydraulic

Orifice is an opening in the side of the
reservoir in which fluid is discharged. Orifice flow Bench. HB019 Orifice and Jet Flow. The equipment

occurs when the water level in the reservoir is well
above the orifice. Once the water level drops below
the opening of the orifice, it has to be considered as
being over a weir. There are different types of orifice
depending on their size, shape, shape of edge, and
nature of discharge. The usual purpose of an orifice
contains a removable acrylic cylinder with a chrome
plated brass sharp edge. The orifice is placed at the
lower inside wall of the reservoir. An adjustable
overflow allows various constant heads for the test
and trajectory of the jet. The equipment rests on

is the measurement of discharge. The fluid that is adjustable footings and a level gauge is provided. The
discharged from the orifice is known as Jet Water. equipment, which is connected to the Hydraulic

Bench, is fed with water.

Fig 1.1 Orifice

A
fluid is said to
be at Vena-
Contracta when a fluid stream where the diameter of
 EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVES
Applying the principle of conservation of
energy in the form of the Bernoullis equation the 1. Operate an Orifice and Jet Flow instrument using
velocity at the Vena Contracta can be obtained. a hydraulic bench.
2. Determine the coefficient of velocity and
= 2 coefficient of discharge under various constant
heads for a given orifice diameter.
Fig 1.3 HB019 Orifice and Jet Flow
and HB100 Hydarulic Bench 3. Properly compare jet trajectories with that by

Equation 1.1 Velocity at Vena Contracta theory of mechanics.

4. Determine the effect of modifying the mass flow
Due to energy losses, the coefficient of rate of water to the coefficient of discharge of the
velocity is included in the equation. orifice.

METHODOLOGY
=
2

Materials
Equation 2.2 Coefficient of Velocity
1. Hydraulics Bench
Since the volume of water was directly 2. Stopwatch
measured in the beaker, the acutal flow rate can be 3. 500mL Beaker
determined by it to the time recorded on the 4. 12-inch Ruler
stopwatch.
Procedures

= 1. Clip on a graph paper on the probe board

behind the probes.
Equation 1.3 Actual Flow Rate 2. Place the apparatus on the Bench and
Theoretical flow rate can be determined
adjust for leveling.
3. Connect the Bench outlet to the apparatus
using the theoretical velocity and dimension of the
inlet.
orifice.
4. Adjust the overflow pipe to obtain a
=
required level in the tank.
5. Open the water supply valve to obtain a
Equation 1.4 Theoretical Flow Rate steady flow with minimum overflow.
6. Wait until the water level in the tank and jet
Thus, the coefficient of discharge can be determined profile is stable before adjusting the tips of
as the probes to be in line with the center of
the jet.

= 7. Record the tip of the probe profile (upper

tips) as well as Y = 0 mark.
Equation 1.5 Coefficient of Discharge

2
 8. Record the volume of flow using a stop Distance
Trial
from the
watch and the bench measuring tank or graph,
1 2 3 4 5
mm
measuring cup. X1 = 50,
0 0 0 0 0
Y1 = ?
X2 = 100,
DATA AND RESULTS 5 4.5 4.5 5.5 8
Y2 = ?
Technical Data of the Equipment X3 = 150,
13 12.5 14.5 14.5 21
Y3 = ?
X4 = 200,
24 25.5 26.5 27.5 45
Orifice Diameter : 3mm Y4 = ?
X5 = 250,
Trajectory probe : 8, stainless steel 39 41.5 44.5 46.5 67
Y5 = ?
Maximum constant head: 420 mm X6 = 300,
58 59.5 63.5 67.5 99
Y6 = ?
Cylinder diameter : 200 mm
X7 = 350,
79 83.5 89.5 92.5 138
Y7 = ?
X8 = 400,
The following table below shows the gathered and 104 108.5 117.5 122.5 182
Y8 = ?
calculated data:
Table 1.1. Tabulated results and calculation of flow
rate (1x10-5m3/s) Table 1.3. Tabulated Results of Coefficient of velocity,
Cv
Trial

1 2 3 4 5 Coefficient
Trial
of
Water velocity,
Level H, 410 390 370 350 250 1 2 3 4 5
Cv
mm
Cv,1 - - - - -
Volume,
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
L Cv,2 1.104 1.194 1.225 1.140 1.118
Time, s 33.38 35.81 36.90 38.54 46.22
Cv,3 1.027 1.074 1.024 1.024 1.035
Flow
rate, Cv,4 1.008 1.003 1.010 0.991 0.943
1.498 1.396 1.355 1.297 1.082
(x10-5)
m3/s Cv,5 0.989 0.983 0.974 0.953 0.966

Cv,6 0.973 0.985 0.979 0.947 0.953

Table 1.2. Tabulated Results of Distance from the Cv,7 0.972 0.970 0.962 0.946 0.942
graph, mm
Cv,8 0.969 0.972 0.958 0.939 0.938
Table 1.4. Tabulated Results of Coefficient of
discharge, Cd

Coefficient of Trial
discharge, Cd 1 2 3 4 5
Cd 0.75 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.69

3
 rely on the water level in the tank. The lower the water
Trajectory of Jet level, the trajectory of the jet effects in greater vertical
0 distance. Thus, the vertical dropping distance
DISTANCE Y FROM ORIFICE, MM

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500

-50 increases as the horizontal distance increases.
Lastly, as the vertical dropping distance increases the
-100
coefficient of velocity decreases however as the
-150 water level of the tank increase the coefficient of
discharge decreases.
-200
DISTANCE X FROM ORIFICE, MM

EXP1: Qact = 1.498x10^(-5) Therefore, change in water level has an

EXP2: Qact = 1.396x10^(-5) impact to the trajectory of the jet. Besides, there are

EXP3: Qact = 1.355x10^(-5) some sources of error in this experiment. One of

EXP4: Qact = 1.297x10^(-5) which is it was difficult to accurately measure the

EXP5: Qact = 1.082x10^(-5) vertical dropping distance, y, as the center line of the
jet was not well defined.
For calculating the coefficient of velocity, CV1 is null
because the value of Y1 is zero and as we can see in
REFERENCES
the formula above the denominator will also have a
1. Orifice and Jet Flow Instructions Manual
value of zero. In getting the value of coefficient of 2. Introduction to orifice. (n.d.). Retrieved July 06,
discharge, Cd, given the formula above the value of 2017, from https://www.codecogs.com/library/
this coefficient is better if it is near or equal to 1. engineering/fluid_mechanics/orifice/introduction.
php
Since we are aiming to have an equal value of Qact
and Qtheo, it is much better to get a value of 1 for
APPENDICES
coefficient of discharge. If the value of Qact is the
For Flow Rate (as in Table 1.1):
same or near the value of Qtheo it means that the (a) Flow rate
experiment is accurate. The 250 mm water level Actual flow rate
height has a higher value of Y because it has a lower
=

trajectory compared to the 410 mm water level
0.5L 1m3
height. Qact = x
33.38s 1000L

ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, & CONCLUSION Qact = .

Based on the results, as the water level in the

tank decreases the flow rate decreases. Thus, the
For Coefficient of Velocity (as in Table 1.3):
speed of the water from the orifice is being controlled
Coefficient of velocity
by the pressure, as the water level decreases the
lower the pressure becomes. However, the Jet Water
4

=

1 X 1 0.100m
Cv,2 = = = .
2 YH 2 0.005mx0.410m

For Coefficient of Discharge (as in Table 1.4):

Coefficient of discharge

=


=



3
1.498x105 m s
Cd =
(0.003m)2 m
4
2x9.81 2 x0.41m
s
= .