Notes:

BondEnergy

Bond Breaking: ________________________________________

Bond Forming: _________________________________________

Bond Energy (Bond Enthalpy): The amount of energy required to break a chemical
bond

H (bonds broken) H (bonds formed)

H (reaction) =
means SUM

Example 1:
_______ H2 + _______ O2 ________ H2O
Example 2:
______ CH3CH2CH3 +_____ O2 _____ CO2 + _____ H2O
Example 3:
______ HBr _____ H2 + _____ Br2
 Assignments:
BondEnergiesWorksheet
1. Which process releases energy: breaking a bond or forming a bond?

2. Which process requires energy: breaking a bond or forming a bond?

3. If the energy used to break bonds is greater than the energy released in the formation of
new bonds, is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

4. If the energy used to break bonds is less than the energy released in the formation of
new bonds, is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

5. Look at the table of selected bond energies to the right.

a. Which is the strongest single bond on this table?

b. Which is the weakest single bond on this table?

Example: The heat of reaction can be calculated from a reaction, based on bond energies.

Lets examine the electrolysis/Decomposition of water.

The overall heat of reaction can be calculated as follows:

Write the Equation H2O H2 + O2
Balance the Equation 2 H2O 2 H2 + O2
Draw the Structures HOH HOH HH HH + O=O
Count the bonds Break 4 O-H Form 2 H-H and 1 O=O
Calculate bond energies 4*459kJ/mol 2*436kJ/mol + 1*498kJ/mol
Total Required 1836 kJ/mol Released (1370 kJ/mol) 872 kJ/mol + 498 kJ/mol

Thus, this is the reaction absorbs 466 kJ/mole more energy than released and the
thermochemical equation is: 466 kJ/mole + 2 H2O 2 H2 + O2
The heat of reaction is +466kJ/mole

6. Is the change in the example endothermic or exothermic? Explain.

7. Sketch a potential energy for the example in the change below.

a. Label the axes appropriately.

b. Label the reactants and products- with the actual formulas.
c. What must happen for this reaction to proceed in the forward direction?

d. What is the activation energy for the change? Give the actual value with units.
8. a. Is the synthesis reaction of H2 and Cl2 exothermic or endothermic? Using bond energies, show
all your work using the set-up above.

b. Write the thermochemical equation for this reaction ( add heat or energy as a reactant or product):

c. Which (reactants or products) has the highest potential energy?

d. Which (reactants or products) has the weakest bonds?
e. Which (reactants or products) has the strongest bonds?
f. Which do you think would be faster, the forward reaction or the reverse reaction? Explain.

9. Calculate the heat of reaction for the combustion of C2H5OH using bond energies.
 Activities:
FactorsthatAffecttheRatesofReaction
Reference: FACTORS THAT AFFECT RATES OF REACTION by Pamela England Rodgers (2004)

PURPOSE: To observe a variety of factors which affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
To apply the collision theory to explain rate variation.

Part A: The More the Merrier-

Materials List:

test tube rack 0.1 M HCl (5 mL) magnesium metal 9 pieces

3 medium test tubes 0.5 M HCl (5 mL)
3 small balloons 1.0 M HCl (5 mL)

Procedure:
1. Obtain three medium test tubes and place them in a test tube rack.
2. Place 5 mL of 0.1 M hydrogen chloride in one test tube, 5 mL of 0.5 M hydrogen chloride in
the second test tube, and 5 mL of 1.0 M hydrogen chloride in the third.
3. Obtain 9 small piece of magnesium. Place three pieces into the three separate balloons.
4. Without spilling the magnesium or allowing it to drop into the test tube, fit each balloon over
the mouth of one of the test tubes.
5. Simultaneously, drop the magnesium into the test tubes. Watch closely, paying particular
attention to the size of the balloons for the first 2-3 minutes. What do you
observe?___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? (circle one) How do you know?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Based on your observations, what is the relationship between concentration of reactants has
and the rate of a chemical change?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. At the particle level, explain why you observed the rate variation between the trials.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Draw particle diagrams for the each of the three trials representing the reasoning for the
rate variation.

10. Clean-up: Place all contents in the HCl + Mg Waste Beaker. Wash and return reusable
materials.

Part B: Up in Flames- (Teacher Demo)

1. What happens when your teacher lights the pile of Lycopodium powder?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What happens when your teacher sprinkles the Lycopodium powder over the flame?
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? (circle one) How do you know?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think the pile of Lycopodium and the sprinkled Lycopodium powder acted
differently?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. At the particle level, explain why you observed the rate variation between the trials.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Draw particle diagrams for the trials representing the reasoning for the rate variation.

Part C: Bubble, Bubble Toil and Trouble-

Materials List:
2 test tubes Vinegar ice water
2 250-mL beakers Baking soda hot water

Procedure:
1. Obtain two 250 mL beakers, fill one with very hot water and fill one with ice water.
2. Add 5 mL of vinegar into each test tube. Place one in each beaker of water. Let sit for 2
minutes.
3. Simultaneously add a small amount of baking soda (a tip of a scoopula) into each test tube.
4. What do you observe?
_______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Based on your observations, what is the relationship between temperature and the rate of a
chemical change?
___________________________________________________________________________
6. At the particle level, explain why you observed the rate variation between the trials.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Draw particle diagrams for the trials representing the reasoning for the rate variation.

8. Clean-up: Place all contents in the sink. Wash and return reusable materials.

Part D: Elephant Toothpaste (Teacher Demo)

1. What do you observe?
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? (circle one) How do you know?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. What do you call a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction?____________________

4. At the particle level, explain why you observed the rate variation between the decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide with a catalyst and without a catalyst.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Draw particle diagrams for the trials representing the reasoning for the rate variation.

Part E: Application-
When a tablet of Alka-Seltzer is added to water and the following reaction occurs:

sodium bicarbonate (aq) +

hydrogen citrate (aq) carbon dioxide (g) (CO2)+ water (l) + sodium citrate (s)

Assume the reaction takes 2 minutes and 40 seconds to reach completion. Develop a method
that will allow a second piece of Alka-Seltzer to dissolve as quickly as possible. Write your
procedure below and explain how each step would alter the rate of the reaction.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Energy&KineticsTESTREVIEW
PARTI:HeatingandCoolingCurve:
Define Temperature: _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Average kinetic energy changes as particles change SPEED SPACING (circle)

Potential energy changes as particles change SPEED SPACING (circle)

______1. In what part of the curve would substance X be in the solid phase only?
______2. In what part of the curve would substance X be in the liquid phase only?
______3. In what part of the curve would substance X be in the gas phase only?
______4. What part of the curve represents a mixed solid/liquid phase of substance X?
______5. What part of the curve represents a mixed liquid/gas phase of substance X?
______6. What is the melting temperature of substance X? LABEL THE MELTING POINT
______7. What is the boiling temperature of substance X? LABEL THE BOILING POINT
____________8. In what part(s) of the curve would increasing kinetic energy be displayed?
____________9. In what part(s) of the curve would increasing potential energy be displayed?
____________10. In what part of the curve would the molecules of substance X be farthest apart?
____________11. In what part of the curve would the molecules of X have the lowest kinetic energy?

____________12. In what part(s) of the curve would decreasing kinetic energy be displayed?
____________13. In what part(s) of the curve would decreasing potential energy be displayed?
____________14. In what part of the curve would the molecules of substance X be closest together?
____________15. In what part of the curve would the molecules of X have the lowest kinetic energy?

Identify the correct term for the phase change that takes place:

16. ________________________ solid gas

17. ________________________ gas solid
18. ________________________ gas liquid
19. ________________________ solid liquid

20. Using only 6 particles, draw a particle diagram that represents a

solid: liquid: gas:

PARTIISpecificHeatCapacity
1. Twometalsareheatedfor5minuteseach.MetalAstemperaturerisesby23C
andmetalBsTemperaturewasraisedby18C.Whichmetalhasthehigherheat
capacity?Explain.

2.Thewateratthepoolinthesummerstaysmuchcoolerthattheairtemperature
formostofthesummer.Explainwhyusingspecificheatcapacity.

3.Ifaluminumandbrassareheatedto125C,whichwillhavemoreenergy?Explain


whyusingtheirheatcapacitiesgivenbelow.

PARTIIIQ=mcT: SpecificHeatCapacities(J/gC)
Aluminum=.903
Labeleachvariable:Brass=.386
Q=Sand=.740
m=Lead=.128
c=Iron=.449
T=Water=
4.18

1. ThemassofachunkofLeadwasmeasuredtobe22.2grams.If682Joulesofheat
energyisaddedtothesampleofiron,howmuchwillthetemperaturechange?

2. Alargeamountofbrasswasdumpedintoabucketofveryhotwater.Thetemperatureof
thebrassincreasedfrom25.1oCto47.3oCwhile763Joulesofheatwasabsorbedfromthe
water.Whatwasthemassofthebrass?

3. A57.9gramsofhydrochloricacidwasheatedonahotplatefrom34.3oCto72.6oC.Itwas
determinedthatthishotplatesupplied4526Joulesofheatenergytothehydrochloric
acid.Whatisthespecificheatcapacityofhydrochloricacid?

PARTIVEnergyTransferandConservation
1. a. A piece of copper at 95C
is placed in a calorimeter with water at 25C.
Which way
will the energy flow between the copper and the water? Why?

b. When will the energy transfer stop?

c. If the Q value for the water is 22J, what is the Q value for the copper? Why?

PARTVPotentialEnergyDiagrams:

1. The PE of the reactants of the forward reaction is _____ kJ

2. The PE of the products of the forward reaction is _____ kJ

3. The PE of the activated complex is _____ kJ

4. The activation energy of the forward reaction is _____ kJ

5. The heat of reaction H of the forward reaction is _____ kJ

6. The forward reaction is endothermic or exothermic (circle)

7. Draw the general shape of a potential energy diagram that is

Endothermic:Exothermic:

8. For the diagrams above use, greater than (>) or less than (<) signs to show the relationship
between products and reactants for the forward reaction:

PE Reactants ____ PE Products PE Reactants ____ PE Products

Bond strength reactants _______ Bond strength products Bond strength reactants _______ Bond strength products

9. For the diagrams above, add the term heat to the appropriate side of the equation:

________ + reactants products + ________ ________ + reactants products + ________

PARTVIBondEnergy:

Forthebelowquestions:
a. CalculateHrxn
b. Drawtheappropriatepotentialenergydiagram
c. Labelandexplainwhetherthereactionisexothermicorendothermic

1. ____H2+____I2-------->____HI

EndothermicorExothermic?Why?

2._____CH4+_____Br2-------->_____CH3Br+_____HBr

EndothermicorExothermic?Why?

3._____N2+_____H2------>_____NH3

EndothermicorExothermic?Why?Would
productsorreactantshavestrongerbonds?

PARTVIIKinetics:
1. UsetheWORDBANKBELOWtofillintheblanks:

energycollideconcentrationcatalystorientation
Particles can only react if they _____________ with enough _____________ for the reaction to take
place. They also must collide in the correct ________________. These two statements make up
something called the Collision Theory.

2. In top boxes on the diagrams below, indicate whether the reaction will be slow or fast in comparison
to the connecting box.

3. In bottom boxes in the diagrams below, indicate what factor is affecting the rate of reaction.
Your options are: catalyst present, no catalyst present, high concentration, low concentration,
high surface area, low surface area, hot, cold

The use of a catalyst provides a surface for one types of particle to

attach to making it easier for the other particle to collide with it.

4. Addition of a catalyst reduces: _________________________

____________________________________________________

5. In the boxes provided draw a particle diagram below to show how more or less surface area will
affect the rate of reaction:

6. More surface area provides: __________________________

__________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7. Higher concentration means that there are: ______________

particles. A larger number of particles results in _____________

___________________________________________________

8. In the boxes provided draw a particle diagram below to show how

temperature will affect the rate of reaction:

9. Higher temperatures mean that particles move: ____________

Faster moving particles result in _________________________

___________________________________________________
 Assessment:
Energy&KineticsTEST
MultipleChoice(2pointseach)

_____1. Particles in a solid speed up and then begin to increase the amount of space
between them turning into a liquid, this process is:

a. endothermic
b. exothermic

_____2. What is the melting temperature of the substance represented in the above curve
(Figure 1)?

a. 46 C d. 95 C
b. 57 C e. 100 C
c. 71 C

_____3. In the above diagram (Figure 1), the section labeled 3 represents

a. solid only d. liquid only

b. solid and liquid e. freezing
c. melting
_____4. What happens to the heat energy entering the system in section 4 (Figure 1)?

a. Heat energy is transferred to kinetic energy

b. Heat energy is transferred to potential energy
c. Heat energy is causing a phase change
d. A and C
e. B and C

_____5. When gaseous water condenses to liquid water:

a. atoms of hydrogen and oxygen recombine to form H2O

b. H2O splits into hydrogen and oxygen particles
c. the water absorbs energy from the surroundings to increase particle spacing
d. the water releases energy to the surroundings to decrease particle spacing
e. the water particles become more disordered

_____6. I get burned often when using a metal spoon in the kitchen, but Im never burned by
wooden spoons. Why?

a. They have the same heat capacities.

b. Wood has a higher specific heat capacity.
c. Metal has a higher specific heat capacity.
d. The mass of the wood is higher.

_____7. Use the table below to answer the following question:

Material Mass Flame Energy Initial Final

Duration Added Temperature Temperature

Sodium 10.0 grams 3 seconds 150 Joules 20.0 C 71.2 C

Glass 10.0 grams 3 seconds 150 Joules 20.0 C 37.9 C

The specific heat capacity of sodium is:

a. Greater than glass, because sodium has a larger rise in temperature

b. Less than glass, because sodium has a larger rise in temperature
c. The same as glass, because the amount of energy added is the same.
d. The same as glass, because the mass of the two substances is equal.
_____8. Use the table below to answer the following question:

Material Mass Initial Final Material Mass Initial Final

Temperatur Temperatur Temperature Temperature
e e

Aluminum 10.0 g 72.0 C 54.0 C Water 10.0 g 50.0 C 54.0 C

Copper 10.0 g 72.0 C 52.0 C Water 10.0 g 50.0 C 52.0 C

Wood 10.0 g 72.0 C 57.0 C Water 10.0 g 50.0 C 57.0 C

Glass 10.0 g 72.0 C 53.0 C Water 10.0 g 50.0 C 53.0 C

Based on the data in the table above, list the substances in order of high specific heat capacity
to low specific heat capacity.

a. wood, glass, copper, aluminum

b. wood, aluminum, glass, copper
c. copper, glass, aluminum, wood
d. glass, copper, aluminum, wood

_____9. If all of the substances were heated to 50.0 degrees celsius, which substance would
have the least amount of energy?

a. wood
b. copper
c. glass
d. aluminum
Use the Potential Energy Diagram below to answer question #10-16

Considering the chemical potential energy diagram above, answer the following questions:
_____10. What is the heat of reaction (H) for the reaction depicted by the diagram?

a. -25 J . 35 J
d
b. 25 J e. -60 J
c. -35 J

_____11. The overall change in energy of the FORWARD reaction for the diagram is:

a. endothermic
b. exothermic
c. both
d. neither

_____12. Give the letter from the graph representing the activation energy for the reverse
reaction?
_____13. Give the letter from the graph that represents the total potential energy for the
reactants?
_____14. Which has stronger bonds, the reactants or products?

a. reactants
b. products
c. their bonds are equal in strength
_____15. Pick the choice that best describes the scenario in the potential energy diagram.
a. More energy is absorbed than released.
b. Less energy is absorbed than released.
c. The products have more potential energy than the reactants.
d. The reactants have more potential energy than the products.
e. Both b and d
f. Both a and c

_____16. What is the activation energy for the forward reaction for the graph depicted.
a. 80 J d. 35 J
b. 25 J e. 60 J
c. 45 J

_____ 17. When lycopodium powder is heated in a pile, it burns slowly with a yellow, sooty
flame yet when it is blown through a candle flame, it burns explosively. An explanation of this
observation is that:

a. the candle flame acts as a catalyst to the reaction

b. the concentration of oxygen in the flame is higher than in the air above the spoon
c. the lycopodium powder reacts with something in the candle flame
d. the exposed surface area of the powder is much larger when blown into the flame
than on the spoon
e. the heat from the candle flame is more concentrated, causing the lycopodium powder
to reach its ignition temperature easier

_____18. The rate of reaction increases with increasing temperature primarily because:

a. the activation energy is lowered as the temperature is increased

b. increasing the temperature increases particle speed and energy allowing for more
frequent and more energetic collisions
c. the heat of reaction is increased
d. increasing the temperature decreases particle speed and energy allowing for more
frequent and more energetic collisions
e. increasing the temperature increases the activation energy
_____19. In a chemical reaction at constant temperature, the addition of a catalyst:

a. increases the concentration reactants allowing for more collisions

b. decreases the surface area of the reactants allow for less collisions
c. lowers the heat of the reaction
d. does not affect the reaction in any way, it moves forward as it normally would
e. decreases the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to take place

_____20. Which of the following affects the rate of a reaction?

a. Catalysts
b. Concentration
c. Surface Area
d. Temperature
e. all the above
 Specific Heat Capacities _ J__
(g*C)
Aluminum= 0.903 Sand= 0.740 Iron= 0.449
Brass= 0.386 Lead= 0.128 Water= 4.18

Heat of Fusion for Water 334 J/g

Heat of Vaporization for Water 2260 J/g

21) A large amount of Iron was placed in a beaker of very hot water. The temperature of the
Iron increased from 15.1oC to 43.3oC while 543 Joules of heat was absorbed from the water.
What is the mass of the Iron? (3 points) SHOW ALL WORK

22) 39.4 grams of magnesium was heated on a hotplate from 26.3oC to 82.6oC. It was
determined that this hotplate supplied 1056 Joules of heat energy to the magnesium. What is
the specific heat capacity of magnesium? (3 point) SHOW ALL WORK

23)A 32.9 gram sample of sand is added to a 75.5 gram sample of water. The water increases
its temperature by 83.2 degrees celsius. What was the amount of energy released by the
sand? SHOW ALL WORK.

BONUS) A 74.9 gram sample of solid water (ice) is at 0.0 C, eventually the solid water melts
and as a result is liquid water at 0.0C, how much heat energy must be added to completely
melt the sample into liquid water? (3 points EXTRA CREDIT) SHOW ALL WORK

24) When a house was newly built both the hot and the cold copper water pipes in the kitchen
were smooth and shiny. After a while, the outside of these pipes underwent a reaction and
became dull and rusty (covered with a thin, brown coating). The outside of the hot water pipe
was much more rusty than the outside of the cold water pipe.

Using your knowledge of factors that affect the rate of reaction, explain why the outside of the
hot water pipe was more rusty than the outside of the cold water pipe. Be sure to include the
factor that affects this rate of reaction, and how a change in this factor affects the rate of
reaction. Include a particle diagram to help explain answer. (2 points)

25) a. Use bond energies to calculate Hrxn also

known as the heat of reaction.
(6 points ) SHOW ALL WORK!!!

_3_CO2 + _4_H2O _1_ CH3CH2CH3 + _5_O2

b. On the x/y axis

provided, using the
calculated values, sketch
a potential energy diagram
for the above reaction,
label:
(6 points)

a) reactants
b) products
c) Hrxn heat of reaction
d) activation energy
e) activation energy of
reverse reaction