TK5102

Ad
Advanced
dTTransportt Ph
Phenomena
Transports in Laminar Regimes:
Complex Problems

I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan

Chemical Engineering ITB

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/1

Outcomes

Students can simplify equations of change to derive

mathematical models of complex problems in transport
phenomena.
Students can estimate property profiles for complex
problems in transport phenomena.

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1
 The Equation of Change
for Isothermal System

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Equation of Continuity

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2
 Mass balance
over a volume element 'x, 'y, 'z

'x, 'y, 'z Rate of mass accumulation

'x'y'z w/wt
z
Rate of mass in
( vx'y'z)x + ( vy'x'z)y
+ ( vz'x'y)z
y
Rate of mass out
x, y, z
x ( vx'y'z)x+'x + ( vy'x'z)y+'y
+ ( vz'x'y)z+'z
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/5

Mass Balance
over a volume element 'x, 'y, 'z
'x'y'z wU 'y'z  U vx    U vx 



wt x x 'x

 'x'z  U v y    U v y 
y y 'y

 'x'y  U vz  z   U vz  z 'z

wU w ( U vx ) w ( U v y ) w ( U vz )
   0
wt wx wy wz
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/6

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 Mass Balance
over a volume element 'x, 'y, 'z
wU G DU G
  U v  0 or  U  v  0
wt Dt
(Rate of increase of mass per unit volume = Net rate
of mass addition per unit volume by convection)
Incompressible fluid
G
v 0
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The equation of continuity

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 The Equation of Motion

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Momentum concentration

Three components of momentum (x,

(x y,
y z
components)
Concentration of x-component of
momentum : vx
Accumulation rate of x-component
x component of
momentum
w ( U vx )
'x'y'z
wt
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/10

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 Flow of momentum
by molecular diffusion
y
z y
yx
x zx
xx

'y'zW xx  'x'zW yx  'x'yW zx

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/11

Flow of momentum in by molecular

' y ' zW xx x x
 ' x ' zW yx
y y

 ' x ' yW zx z z

Flow of momentum out by molecular

' y ' zW xx x x  'x
 ' x ' zW yx
y y  'y

 ' x ' yW zx z z  'z

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 Flow of momentum
by convective mechanism
v x 'y'z

U vx volumetric flow rate v y 'x'z
'x'y v 'x'y
z
('y'z v x )( U vx ) Qz
Qy
 ('x'z v y )( U vx )
 ('x'y v z )( U vx )
Qx
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/13

Flow of momentum in by convective

('y'z v x )( U vx ) x x  ('x'z v y )( U vx )
y y

 ('x'y v z )( U vx ) z z

Flow of momentum out by convective

('y'z v x )( U vx ) x x '
'x
 ('x'z v y )( U vx )
y y 'y

 ('x'y v z )( U vx ) z z 'z

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 Forces acting on fluid

Gravity
('x'y'z )( U g x )
Pressure
('y'z )( p x x  p x x '
'x
)

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The equation of motion in terms of 

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 The equation of motion in terms of 

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The equation of motion in terms of 

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9
 Equation of motion for a newtonian
fluid with constant  and 

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Equation of motion for a newtonian

fluid with constant  and 

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 Equation of motion for a newtonian
fluid with constant  and 

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Tangential annular flow of a

Newtonian fluid
Outer cylinder rotates at
angular velocity of o
Incompressible and
Newtonian fluid with constant
transport properties
Laminar flow in  direction
onlyy at steadyy state condition
1D momentum transfer in
radial direction
Pressure varies in radial and
axial directions

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11
 Continuity equation

wU 1 w ( U rvr ) 1 w ( U vT ) w ( U vz )
   0
wt r wr r wT wz

wvT
0
wT
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Equation of motion for r-component

wvr wvr vT wvr vT2 wvr wp

U  vr    vz 
w t wr r wT r wz wr

w 1 w (rvr ) 1 w 2 vr 2 wvT w 2 vr
P  2  2  2  U gr
w
r r w r r wT 2
r wT wz

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/24

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 Equation of motion for -component

wvT wv v wv v v wv 1 wp
U  vr T  T T  r T  vz T 
wt wr r wT r wz r wT

w 1 w (rvT ) 1 w 2 vT 2 wvr w 2 vT
P  2  2  2  U gT
w
r r w r r wT 2
r wT wz

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/25

Equation of motion for z-component

wvz wvz vT wvz vT2 wvz wp

U  vr    vz 
w t wr r wT r wz wz

w 1 wvz 1 w 2 vz w 2 v z
P  2  2  U gz
wr r wr r wT 2
wz

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/26

13
 Simplified equations of motion

wp vT2 (Effect of centrifugal

Eq. B.6.4 U
wr r force on pressure)
d 1 d (Velocity
Eq. B.6.5 ( rv )
T 0 distribution)
dr r dr
wp (Effect of gravity
Eq. B.6.6 Ug
wz force on pressure)

27

Distribution of angular velocity

Eq. B.6.5
d 1 d
( rv )
T 0
dr r dr
BC: v = 0 at r = R and v = oR at r = R
Velocity profile

vT :o R
 r /(N R )  N R / r 
1/ N  N 
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/28

14
 Momentum flux and torque
Momentum flux
d v
r r
dr r
2 o ( R / r ) 2 ( 2 /(1 2 ))
Torque

Tz r r R 2 RL R
4 o R 2 L 2 /(1 2 )
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Concentric cylinder viscometer

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15
 Flow near a slowly rotating sphere

1 2 v
r
r 2 r r
1 1
( v sin ) 0
r 2 sin
BC 1 : v = R sin at r = R
BC 2 : v = 0 at r =

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/31

Cone and Cup Viscometer

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 Cone and Cup Viscometer

Velocity distribution
v R( R / r ) 2 sin
Torque

Tz 8 R 3

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/33

Equations of Change
for non isothermal system

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/34

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 Energy Equation
w
(0,5 U v 2  UU ) { (0,5 U v 2  UU )}  q
wt
Accumulation Convective Conduction
of energy mechanism

( pv) ( [W v])  U (v g )

Pressure Viscous Gravitational

forces forces forces
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/35

Special Forms of Energy Equation

w
UU 
UUv
U  v) (W : v)
q  p(
wt

DU
U q  p( v) (W : v)

Dt
(the equation of thermal energy)

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18
 Special Forms of Energy Equation
Incompressible fluid (constant )

DU
U  q  (W : v)
Dt
U = H p/
DH Dp
U  q  (W : v) 
Dt Dt
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/37

Energy equation
in terms of fluid temperature
DT wp
U C v  q  (W : v)  T ( v)
Dt wT V
DT w (1/ U ) Dp
U C p  q  (W : v)  T
Dt wT p Dt
For incompressible fluid : Cv = Cp
DT
U C p  q  (W : v)
Dt
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 Energy equations
for incompressible fluids

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 TK5102
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 TK5102
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 TK5102
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 Forced Convection
of Laminar Flow in Pipe
Fluid in at T1
Steady state momentum and heat
r transfer
z 1D momentum transfer (vz = v(r))
Heat fluks qo

T = T(r,z)
Constant physical properties

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/47

Continuity equation

wU 1 w ( U rvr ) 1 w ( U vT ) w ( U vz )
   0
wt r wr r wT wz

wvz
0
wz
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/48

24
 Equation of motion for z-component

vz vz v vz v2 v p
vr vz z
t r r r z z

1 vz 1 2 vz 2 vz
2 2 gz
r r r r 2
z

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/49

Energy Equation

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 Forced Convection
of Laminar Flow in Pipe
Fluid in at T1 Continuityy equation
q
r dvz/dz = 0
Equation of motion
z dP 1 d dvz viscous
Heat fluks qo

0  P r  Ug dissipation
dz r dr dr
Energy equation
2
dT 1 w dT w 2T dvz
U C p k r  2 P
dz r wr dr wz dr

heat conduction
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/51
in z direction

Tangential flow in an annulus with

viscous heat generation
Incompressible and Newtonian
fl id with
fluid i h constant transport
properties
Outer cylinder rotates
Laminar flow in  direction
Steady state condition
1D momentum and heat transfers
in radial direction
Pressure varies in radial and axial
directions

28 September 2009 DGA/52

26
 Energy Equation

wT wT vT wT wT
U Cp  vr   vz
wt wr r wT wz

1 w wT 1 w T w T
2 2
k r  2  2  )v
r wr wr r wT wz
2

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/53

Dissipation Function
wv 2 1 wv
2
wvz
2

)v 2 P r

T
 vr  
wr
r wT wz
wvT 1 wvz 2 wvz wvr 2
P    
w z r wT wr wz

2
1 wvr w vT
r wT  r
wr r
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/54

27
 Energy Equation
2
1 w wT w vT
k r  r
r wr wr wr r

From momentum balance:

vT :o R
 r /(N R)  N R / r 
1/ N  N 
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/55

Energy Equation

1 w wT 4 P: oN R 1
2 4 4
k r  0
r wr wr (1  N ) r
2 2 4

Boundary conditions :
T = Tb at r = R
T = To at r = R

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/56

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 Energy Equation
(dimensionless form)
1 d d4 1
[ 4N
4N
[ d[ d[ [4
r T  To P:o2 R 4N 4
[ 4 N
R Tb  To )(1  N 2 ) 2
k (Tb  To )(
Boundary conditions :

= 1 at  = 1

= 0 at  = 0
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/57

Temperature Profiles

Annulus
ln [ 1 1 ln [
4 1   N 1  
2
1  2
ln N [ N ln N
Treating annulus as parallel plates
[  N 1 (1  [ )([  N )
4  Br
1  N 2 (1  N )
2

Note : N = Br 4 / (1 2)2
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/58

29
 Tangential flow in an annulus with
viscous heat generation
 = 92
92.33 cP
 = 1.22 g/ml
k = 0.0055 cal/(s cm C)
Tb = 100 C
To = 70 C
R = 5.060 cm
 = 0.99
 = 7980 rpm
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/59

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30
 Tangential flow in an annulus with
viscous heat generation
 = 92
92.33 cP
 = 1.22 g/ml
k = 0.0055 cal/(s cm C)
Tb = 100 C
To = 70 C
R = 5.060 cm
 = 0.50
 = 7980 rpm
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31
 Continuity Equation for Component

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Mass Balance of A
over volume element 'x, 'y, 'z
'x, 'y, 'z
z Rate of accumulation
'x'y'z wA/wt
Rate of production
'x'y'z rA
y
Rate of A in
x, y, z
x nAxx 'y'z + nAyy 'x'z
Rate of A out + nAzz 'x'y
nAxx+'x 'y'z + nAyy+'y 'x'z + nAzz+'z 'x'y
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/64

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 Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System
Component A
A n Ax n Ay n Az
rA atau A n A rA
t x y z t
Component B
A nBx nBy nBz
rB atau B nB rB
t x y z t
Mixer

(n A nB ) rA rB atau ( v) 0
t t
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/65

Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System
Component A
c A N Ax N Ay N Az C A
RA atau N A RA
t x y z t

Component B
c A N Bx N By N Bz c
RB atau B N B RB
t x y z t
Mixer
c c
( N A N B ) R A RB atau (cv* ) RA RB
t t
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/66

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 Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System
Component A Average velocity
A n A nB v
n A rA
t
Ficks law
n A wA (n A nB ) DAB wA

Component A
A
( Av) ( DAB wA ) rA
t
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/67

Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System
Component A Average velocity
c A N A N B cv*
N A RA
t
Ficks law
N A x A ( N A N B ) cDAB x A

Component A
c A
( c Av * ) ( cDAB x A ) RA
t
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/68

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 Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System (dilute component)
Component A with constant and DAB (weight base)
A
A v v A DAB 2 A rA
t
A
v A DAB 2 A rA
t
Component A with constant and DAB (molar base)
c A
c A v* v* c A DAB 2 c A RA
t
c A
v* c A DAB 2 c A RA x A ( RA RB )
t
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 TK5102
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Reaction in Pipe Reactor

r
Dilute solution z 2R
Concentration cA
L

Fast reaction A B at cylinder wall

B in solution can be neglected
Steady state, isothermal, and laminar flow
Constant transport properties

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/72

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 Reaction in Pipe Reactor

Equation of motion
dP 1 d dv z Boundary conditions:
0 r
dz r dr dr vz = 0 at r = R
dvz/dr = 0 at r = 0
Continuity equation of A
c A 1 c A 2 c A Boundary y conditions:
vz DAS r 2
z r r r z cA = cA0 at z = 0
cA = 0 at r = R
dcA/dr = 0 at r = 0
neglected

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/73

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