SOCI Reviewer
Human Variation
Nationality- the identity that is tied to being a
part of a nation or country who share same
history, tradition and language.
Ethnicity- acquired through smaller cultural
group that share specific environments,
traditions and histories.
Social Differences- refers to biological
characteristics of human.
Gender- refers to the socially constructed roles,
behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given
society considers.
Heterosexual Opposite sex
Homosexual- same sex
Gay- attracted to male
Lesbian- attracted to female
Bisexual- attracted to both sex
Asexual- never attract to any type of
sex
Polysexual- attracted to multiple type
of gender
Pansexual- accommodate all types of
gender
Transexual- Transgender
Socioeconomic Class
varies between societies as the ideas
associated with being poor and rich
differ based on the collective
experience of individuals.
Global North- developed
country or industrialized
country
Global South- developing
country
Political Identity
Refers to the set of attiduted and
practices that an individual adheres to
in relation to the political systems and
actors within his or her society.
Political Beliefs
Communism
Democracy
Socialism
Religion
Sorcerer of Le Gabillou- example of a Paleolithic
artworks. This artwork depicts the supernatural
ability of a religious practitioner to become half-
man and half-animal.
Monotheistic- One God
Polytheistic- Multiple God
Cultural Variation
Ethnocentrism- is a perspective that promotes
an individuals culture as the most efficient and
superior. Most appropriate that other culture.
Cultural Relativism- the conceptual tool that
people may adapt when faced with a plurality of
culture.
Race- used a form of human classification that
was based on observable traits and
characteristics.
Biological Equalitarianism- prevent further
racism. Promotes equality of our biological
makeup despite our ancestry.
Culture- is defined as that complex whole
which encompasses beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge and everything that a person learns
from a society
Biological Capacity for Culture
Thinking Capacity- primary biological
component of humans that allowed for culture
is the developed brain.
Frontal lobe- motor/ cognition
Parietal lobe- touch & taste
Temporal lobe- hearing skills
Occipital lobe- visual skills
Cerebellum- coordination
Compare to chimpanzee, humans have larger
brain.
Speaking Capacity
Vocal tract of human is larger than that of
chimpanzee.
The tongue of human is more flexible that
chimpanzee, allowing for more control in
making sounds.
Gripping Capacity
This capacity is crucial for tool-making activities
Power Grip- enabled humans to wrap
the thumb and fingers of an object.
Precision Grip- enabled humans to hold
and pick an objects steadily.
Walking/Standing Capacity
Bipedalism- walk and stand with two
feet
Quadropedalism- walk and stand with
four feet
The Oldowan Industry
- Stone tool industry
- Raw materials made into tools through
percussion flaking
- Used by Homo habilis
Acheulian Industry
- Homo erectus
- Hand axes
- Choppers, cleavers and hammers.
Mousterian Industry
- Homo neanderthaleans
- Named after Le Moustier
- Combined Acheulian industry and
Levalloisian technique.
- Used premade core tool
Aurignacian Industry
- Used raw materials such as flint,
animals bones, and antlers
- Developed self-awareness
- Cave paintings and fabrications of
accessories such as figurines, bracelets
and beads.
- Cave paintings found in El Castillo Cave
in Cantabaria, Spain
- Earliest evidence of music appreciation
Magdalenian Industry
- This industry saw the end of Paleolithic
period as it transformed to Neolithic
period.
- Named after La Mdeleine
- Advancement in technology such as
creation of microliths from flints, bone
and antlers.
- Creating figurines, personal adornments
and other forms of mobiliary art.
- Used of temporary man-made shelters
such as tents made of animal skin.
- Allowed early humans to have more
leisure time as evidence by their
preoccupation with decorative
materials.
Paleolithic Industry
- Old Stone age
- Nomadic Lifestyle (Travelers)
- Depended heavily on their environment
and climate
- Development of complex human groups
through the establishment of culture.
Neolithic Industry
- New Stone age
- Discover agriculture and animal
husbandry which allow them to settle
down in one area.
- From foraging to agriculture
- Agriculture encountered permanent
settlement.
Early Civilization and the Rise of the State
State- is a political entity that has four
requisite elements: territory, sovereignty,
people and governmanet.
Divine right theory- ruler convinced
that their right to rule is based on their
filial relationship with supernatural
forces and entities.
Force theory- a group of forces
members of another group to subject
themselves to their rules.
Paternalistic theory- the father is
essentially the leader of the first
political unit. Male-dominated society
Social contract- creation of a state was
a mutual agreement between the ruler
and the ruled to ensure order and
security from outsider threats.
Natural theory- humans have innate to
be a part of a community
Democratization of Early Civilizations
Demokratia- a political ideology that aimed at
dispersing power from the monopoly of the
elites to the masses.
The Legacy of early Humans to Contemporary
Population
UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization is the primary
transnational entity that manages and
negotiates matters relating to human heritage.
Tangible heritage
Movable tangible heritage- pieces that
are often removed from the sites where
they were found and transferred to
museums for safekeeping and
maintenance.
Immovable tangible heritage- pieces
that are often left to the elements of
nature (i.e., rain, wind, sand, sun)
Role of Museum in Preserving Human
Heritage
Museum- are the repository of
archaeological finds that allow people from
the contemporary period to reconstruct the
culture and environment of their ancestors.
Introduction of Anthropology
Anthropology- promotes the holistic study
of humans
- Derived from the Greek words
Antropos(Human) and logos(study)
Sub-disciplines of Anthropology
Archaeology- examines that
remains of ancient and historical
humans.
 Cultural Anthropology- promotes
the study of a societys culture.
Linguistic Anthropology- examines
the language of a group of people
Physical Anthropology- look in the
biological development of human.
Applied Anthropology- attempts to
solve the contemporary problems.
19th Century Anthropology
Tristes Tropiques- presented the lives of a non-
modern society in Brazil
Key informants- individuals who have
significant knowledge on the topic being
studied by anthropologist.
Culture
Culture is everything
It is what people has, does, and thinks
as a part of a society
Material Culture- refers to a
tangible/visible parts of culture (i.e.,
clothes, food and buildings)
Non-material Culture- refers to a
intangible parts of a culture (i.e., values,
ideas & knowledge)
Culture is learned
Learned through his or her family,
school, church, and other social
institutions
Example: Victors attends church every
Sunday and he participates in the
religious traditions.
Example: She always watches K-Drama
now that her friend influenced her to
watch K-Drama.
Enculturation- process of learning your
own culture
Deculturation- culture has been lost
even the cultural trait itself
Acculturation- accommodate desirable
traits of a culture
Culture is shared
Shared intergenerationally
Culture affects Biology
Example: In Chinz, the women practice
foot binding to ensure their potential in
a good marriage.
Culture is Adaptive
Survival tools that they use in response
to the pressure in their environment.
Example: Joey wears T-shirts and
shorts. But when he migrated to Alaska
he always wears jacket and long pants
because of the cold weather.
Culture is Maladaptive
Environment has changed and culture
remained the same.
Example: People in province come here
to Manila to work because of a thinking
that they can gain more.
Culture Changes
It is never static
Changing need of humans as they
interpret and survive to their
environment.
Sociological Perspective
Sociology- is the scientific study of society
Sociological imagination- refer to the ability of
sociologist to understand society systematically.
Sociological Concepts
Society- is a product of human interactions as
human subscribe to the rules of their culture.
Social Interaction- framework of society. This is
a compilation of ways and means by which
human interact with each other within the
confines of a society.
Social Organization
Roles- a set of accepted behaviors that define
the individuals responses and inclinations.
Group- is a basic unit of society
Institutions- is a building blocks of a society
Sub-discipline of a Sociology
Human ecology- pursues studies that relate
human behavior to existing social institutions.
Applied Sociology- uses sociological research
and methods to solve contemporary problems.
Methods of Sociology
Positivist orientation- objective conclusions can
be made.
Non-positivist orientation- promotes a
subjective approach.
Political Science as a Discipline
Political Science
Polis(city-sate in ancient Greece)
Scire(to know)
Political System- can be either democratic or
socialist, parliamentary or presidential, and
unitary or federal.
American Political Science Association- the
study of government, public policies and
political processes, systems and political
behavior.
Political theory- examines the contemporary
application of political concepts such as human
rights, equality, peace and justice.
Comparative politics- aims to provide the
differences between government and political
systems
International Relations- study of state-to-state
relations and the wider margin of the impacts of
globalization and climate change.
Political Behavior- covers the attitudes,
knowledge and actions of one individual in
response to political variables.
Public Policy- inquires on the type of
government policies and the underlying
motivations for their enactment and
implementation.
Public Administration- examines the various
administrative schemes implemented by the
government officials.
Applied orientation- pervades all of its
sub-disciplines as they all address
contemporary issue.
Environment- consist of historical,
social, and economic conditions of the
society.
Input- forms of political events or
product that are needed by society
Demands- perceived need of the
population that could better their lives.
Support- mechanism within the system
that would allow such demands to be
facilitated.
 Political system- acts like a black box
through which every form of demand is
sifted and decided upon.
Output- the decision of the government
toward an input.
Feedback- government decides on,
opinions and responses would be made
by affected sectors.

Political Science Concepts

Politics- central concept in the disciplines

State- a political entity that consists of four

elements:

Territory- geographical space in which

the sovereignty of a state is exercised.
Government- manages the affairs of
the state in its acts of allocating scarce
values.

# of Rulers Normal Form Perv. Form

One Monarchy Tyranny
Few Aristocracy Oligarchy
Many Polity Democracy

People- synonymous to a Nation

Sovereignty- capacity of a political
system to make a independent
decisions within its territory.
Internal sovereignty- capacity of
political system implement its rules and
policies.
External sovereignty- recognition of
that systems existence and authority
by other actors.