Larsen Ice Shelf

coast of the Antarctic Peninsula from Cape Longing to

the area just southward of Hearst Island. In 2005, it cov-
ers approximately 78500 km2 of the earths sea with ex-
ceptionally thick ice. It is named for Captain Carl An-
ton Larsen, the master of the Norwegian whaling vessel
Jason, who sailed along the ice front as far as 6810' South
during December 1893.[1] In ner detail, the Larsen Ice
Shelf is a series of shelves that occupy (or occupied) dis-
tinct embayments along the coast. From north to south,
the segments are called Larsen A (the smallest), Larsen
B, and Larsen C (the largest) by researchers who work in
the area.[2] Further south, Larsen D and the much smaller
Larsen E, F and G are also named.[3]
The breakup of the ice shelf since the mid-1990s has been
widely reported,[4] with the collapse of Larsen B in 2002
being particularly dramatic. A large section of the Larsen
C shelf was reported to have broken away in the week
beginning 10 July 2017.[5]

1 Ice shelf

Larsen Ice Shelves A, B, C, and D

Processes around an Antarctic ice shelf

The collapse of Larsen B has revealed a thriving

chemotrophic ecosystem 800 m (half a mile) below the
sea. The discovery was accidental. U.S. Antarctic
Program scientists were in the north-western Weddell
Sea investigating the sediment record in a deep glacial
trough of roughly 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000
sq mi) (twice the size of Texas or France). Methane and
hydrogen sulde associated with cold seeps is suspected
as the source of the chemical energy powering the ecosys-
Location of the Antarctic Peninsula within Antarctica tem. The area had been protected by the overlying ice
sheet from debris and sediment which was seen to be
The Larsen Ice Shelf is a long ice shelf in the north- building up on the white microbial mats after the breakup
west part of the Weddell Sea, extending along the east of the ice sheet. Clams were observed clustered about the

1
2 1 ICE SHELF

vents.[6] 1.1.2 Larsen B

The former Larsen A region, which was the furthest north
and was just outside the Antarctic Circle, had previ-
ously broken up in the middle of the present interglacial
and reformed only about 4,000 years ago. The former
Larsen B, by contrast, had been stable for at least 10,000
years.[7] The ice of the shelf is renewed on a much shorter
time-scale and the maximal ice age on the current shelf
dates from only two hundred years ago. The speed of
Crane Glacier increased threefold after the collapse of
the Larsen B, likely due to the removal of a buttressing
eect of the ice shelf.[8] Data collected in 2007 by an in-
ternational team of investigators through satellite-based
radar measurements suggests that the overall ice-sheet
mass balance in Antarctica is increasingly negative.[9]

1.1 Breakup

The collapse of Larsen B, showing the diminishing extent of the

shelf from 1998 to 2002.

From 31 January 2002 to March 2002 the Larsen B sector

An image of the collapsing Larsen B Ice Shelf and a comparison
of this to the U.S. state of Rhode Island.
The Larsen disintegration events were unusual by past
standards. Typically, ice shelves lose mass by iceberg
calving and by melting at their upper and lower surfaces.
The disintegration events were linked by The Indepen-
dent newspaper in 2005 to ongoing climate warming in
the Antarctic Peninsula, about 0.5 degrees C (0.9 de-
grees F) per decade since the late 1940s.[10] According
to a paper published in Journal of Climate in 2006, the
peninsula at Faraday station warmed by 2.94 degrees C
(5.3 degrees F) from 1951 to 2004, much faster than
Antarctica as a whole and faster than the global trend;
this localized warming is caused by anthropogenic global 1.1.3 Larsen C
warming, through a strengthening of the winds circling
the Antarctic.[11]
1.1.1 Larsen A
The Larsen A ice shelf disintegrated in January 1995.[2] 1992 and 2001 the Larsen Ice Shelf lowered by up to 0.27
partially collapsed and parts broke up, 3,250 km2 (1,250
sq mi) of ice 220 m (720 ft) thick, an area comparable
to the US state of Rhode Island.[12] In 2015, a study con-
cluded that the remaining Larsen B ice-shelf will disinte-
grate by 2020, based on observations of faster ow and
rapid thinning of glaciers in the area.[13]
Larsen B was stable for at least 10,000 years, essentially
the entire Holocene period since the last glacial period.[7]
By contrast, Larsen A was absent for a signicant part of
that period, reforming about 4,000 years ago.
Despite its great age, the Larsen B was clearly in trou-
ble at the time of the collapse. With warm currents eat-
ing away the underside of the shelf, it had become a
hotspot of global warming.[14] It broke in a time of three
weeks or less, with a factor in this fast break-up being
the powerful eects of water; ponds of meltwater formed
on the surface during the near 24 hours of daylight in
the summertime, then the water owed down into cracks
and, acting like a multitude of wedges, levered the shelf
apart.[15][16] Other likely factors in the break-up were the
higher ocean temperatures and the decline of the ice of
the peninsula.[17]
As of July 2017, Larsen C is the fourth largest ice shelf
in Antarctica, with an area of about 44,200 km2 (17,100
sq mi).[18]
Satellite radar altimeter measurements show that between
1.1 Breakup
2016 rift in Larsen C, wide view
Glacierice shelf interactions.
0.11 meters per year.[19] In 2004, a report concluded
that although the remaining Larsen C region appeared to
be relatively stable,[20] continued warming could lead to
its breakup within the following decade.[21]
The breakaway process had begun by mid-2016.[22][23]
On 10 November 2016 scientists photographed the grow-
ing rift running along the Larsen C ice shelf,[24] showing
it running about 110 kilometres (68 mi) long with a width
of more than 91 m (299 ft), and a depth of 500 m (1,600
ft). By December 2016, the rift had extended another 21
km (13 mi) to the point where only 20 km (12 mi) of un-
broken ice remained and calving was considered to be a
certainty in 2017.[25] This was predicted to cause the calv-
ing of between nine and twelve percent of the ice shelf,
6,000 km2 (2,300 sq mi), an area greater than the US
state of Delaware,[18] or twice the size of Luxembourg.[26]
The calved fragment was predicted to be 350 m (1,150 ft)
thick and to have an area of about 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq
mi).[18] The resulting iceberg was predicted to be among
the largest icebergs ever recorded, unless it would break
into multiple pieces.[25]
On 1 May 2017 members of MIDAS reported that satel-
lite images showed a new crack, around 15 km (9 mi)
long, branching o the main crack approximately 10 km
(6 mi) behind the previous tip, heading toward the ice
front.[27] Scientists with Swansea University in the UK
say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to
31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that Since the ice shelf was already oating, the icebergs de-
3
prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg. The rift tip
appears also to have turned signicantly towards the ice
front, indicating that the time of calving is probably very
close, Adrian Luckman and Martin O'Leary wrote on
Wednesday in a blog post for the Impact of Melt on Ice
Shelf Dynamics and Stability project, or MIDAS. There
appears to be very little to prevent the iceberg from break-
ing away completely. The larger swath of the Larsen C
ice shelf that sat behind the calved iceberg will be less
stable than it was prior to the rift and may rapidly disin-
tegrate in the same manner as Larsen B did in 2002.[28]
In June 2017 the speed of the imminent Larsen C iceberg
accelerated, with the eastern end moving at 10 metres (33
ft) per day away from the main shelf.[29] As discussed by
the Project MIDAS researchers on their site: In another
sign that the iceberg calving is imminent, the soon-to-be-
iceberg part of Larsen C ice shelf has tripled in speed
to more than 10 meters per day between 24 and 27 June
2017. The iceberg remains attached to the ice shelf, but
its outer end is moving at the highest speed ever recorded
on this ice shelf.[30]
On 7 July the Project MIDAS blog report stated: The
latest data from 6th July reveal that, in a release of built-
up stresses, the rift branched several times. Using data
from ESAs Sentinel-1 satellites, we can see that there are
multiple rift tips now within 5 km (3.10 miles) of the ice
edge. We expect that these rifts will lead to the formation
of several smaller icebergs.[31]
Imagery from NASAs Aqua MODIS showing the complete break
of the ice shelf as of 12 July 2017
On 12 July 2017, Project MIDAS announced that a
large, 5,800-square-kilometre (2,200 sq mi) portion of
Larsen C had broken from the mainland at some point be-
tween 10 and 12 July.[5][32] The iceberg, designated A-68,
weighs more than a trillion tons[33][34] and is more than
200 m (700 ft) thick.[35] The nal breakthrough was de-
tected in data from NASAs Aqua MODIS satellite instru-
ment, which images in the thermal infrared at a resolu-
tion of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), and conrmed by NASAs
Suomi VIIRS instrument.[36][36] The iceberg is not ex-
pected to be an immediate danger to shipping, but it could
pose a threat if it moves signicantly northwards.[35]
4 4 NOTES AND REFERENCES

Clear view of the Antarctic

Peninsula, the Larsen Ice Shelf, and the sea ice
covered waters around the region.

Photographic imagery from ESAs Sentinel-1B taken on 12 July

2017, showing the complete break

parture from Antarctica did not immediately aect global

sea levels. However, a number of glaciers discharge onto Larsen B area in March 2013
the shelf from the land behind it, and they may now ow
faster due to reduced support from the ice shelf. If all the
ice that the Larsen C shelf currently holds back were to
enter the sea, it is estimated that global waters would rise
by 10 cm (4 in).[37]

2016 rift in Larsen C, detail

1.1.4 Larsen D

3 See also
The Larsen D Ice Shelf is between Smith Peninsula in
the south and Gipps Ice Rise. It is considered to be
generally stable. Over roughly the past fty years it has Glacier retreat
advanced (expanded) whereas comparable George VI, List of Antarctic ice shelves
Bach, Stange, and Larsen C ice shelves have retreated (to
a much greater net extent). The most recent survey of Larsen Inlet
Larsen D measured it at 22,600 km2 . There is fast ice
along the entire front. This makes it dicult to interpret Sea level rise
the ice front because the semi-permanent sea ice varies in
thickness and may be nearly indistinguishable from shelf
ice.[38] 4 Notes and references
[1] U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information
System: Larsen Ice Shelf

2 Gallery [2] Fox, Douglas. Witness to an Antarctic Meltdown. 307

(1): 5461. doi:10.1038/scienticamerican0712-54.

[3] Rignot, E; Jacobs, S; Mouginot, J; Scheuchl, B

(13 June 2013). Ice Shelf Melting Around
Antarctica (PDF). Science. 341 (6143): 266270.
doi:10.1126/science.1235798. Retrieved 21 January
2017.

[4] Chris Wickham (9 May 2012). Warm water threatens

vast Antarctic ice shelf (+video)". The Christian Science
Monitor / Reuters. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
Larsen A and Larsen B ice shelves
marked in red. [5] Iceberg four times the size of London breaks o from
Antarctica ice shelf. The Daily Telegraph. 12 July 2017.

[6] Domack, Eugene; Ishman, Scott; Leventer, Amy;
Sylva, Sean; Willmott, Veronica; Huber, Bruce (19
July 2005). A Chemotrophic Ecosystem Found Be-
neath Antarctic Ice Shelf (PDF). Eos, Transactions
American Geophysical Union. American Geophysi-
cal Union. 86 (29). Bibcode:2005EOSTr..86..269D.
doi:10.1029/2005EO290001. Retrieved 20 October
2016.
[7] Ice Shelf disintegration threatens environment, Queens
study (Press release). Kingston, Ontario: Queens Uni-
versity. 3 August 2005 via American Association for
the Advancement of Science's Eurekalert.
[8] Rignot, E.; Casassa, G.; Gogineni, P.; Krabill, W.;
Rivera, A.; Thomas, R. (2004). Accelerated ice dis-
charge from the Antarctic Peninsula following the collapse
of Larsen B ice shelf (PDF). Geophysical Research Let-
ters. 31 (18): L18401. Bibcode:2004GeoRL..3118401R.
doi:10.1029/2004GL020697. Retrieved 22 October
2016.
[9] Perlman, David (2008) Antarctic Glaciers Melting More
Quickly San Francisco Chronicle (26 January) p. A2,
online
[10] Connor, Steve (2005) Ice shelf collapse was biggest for
10,000 years since Ice Age The Independent, London (4
August), online
[11] Marshall et al., The Impact of a Changing Southern
Hemisphere Annular Mode on Antarctic Peninsula Sum-
mer Temperatures, Journal of Climate, vol. 19, pp.
53885404, October 2006.
[12] Hulbe, Christina (2002). Larsen Ice Shelf 2002,
warmest summer on record leads to disintegration. Port-
land State University.
[13] NASA Study Shows Antarcticas Larsen B Ice Shelf
Nearing Its Final Act (Press release). NASA. 14 May
2015.
[14] Pearce, Fred (2006). The Last Generation: How Nature
Will Take Her Revenge for Climate Change. Eden Project
Books. p. 92. ISBN 1-903919-87-8.
[15] Larsen B Ice Shelf Collapses in Antarctica. National
Snow and Ice Data Center. 18 March 2002. Retrieved
2017-07-12.
[16] Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapse Triggered By Warmer Sum-
mers. Oce of News Services, University of Colorado
at Boulder. 16 January 2001. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
[17] Experts challenge ice shelf claim. Two scientists have
claimed that climate change was not the only cause of the
collapse of a 500bn tonne ice shelf in Antarctica six years
ago. BBC News. 7 February 2008. Retrieved 21 October
2016.
[18] Growing Crack in Antarcticas Larsen C Ice Shelf Spot-
ted by NASAs MISR.
[19] Shepherd, Andrew; Wingham, Duncan; Payne, Tony;
Skvarca, Pedro (2003-10-31). Larsen Ice Shelf
Has Progressively Thinned. Science. 302 (5646):
856859. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14593176.
doi:10.1126/science.1089768.
5
[20] Riedl C, Rott H, Rack W (2004) Recent Variations of
Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, Observed by En-
visat Proceedings of the 2004 Envisat & ERS Symposium,
Salzburg, Austria, online
[21] Rignot, Eric (2007) Mass Balance and Ice Dynamics
of Antarctic Peninsula Glaciers for IPY2007-2008 Pro-
posal #359, International Polar Year Expression of Intent.
[22] Adrian Luckman; Daniela Jansen; Martin O'Leary; the
MIDAS team (18 August 2016). A growing rift on
Larsen C. projectmidas.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
[23] Zee Media Bureau (23 August 2016). A massive rift is
threatening Antarctic Larsen C ice shelf to collapse. zee-
news.india.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016. Media re-
port on Project MIDAS
[24] Lo, Sarah, ed. (13 December 2016). Rift in Antarc-
ticas Larsen C Ice Shelf. John Sonntag (image credit).
NASA. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
[25] McGrath, Matt (5 January 2017). Huge Antarctic ice-
berg poised to break away. Science & Environment.
BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2017 via BBC.com.
[26] Nicola Davis (12 July 2017). Iceberg twice size of Lux-
embourg breaks o Antarctic ice shelf. Guardian. Re-
trieved 13 July 2017.
[27] Huge Antarctic ice shelf crack now has second branch.
[28] A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks from
breaking o a Delaware-size iceberg. Business Insider.
Retrieved 2 June 2017.
[29] O'Leary, Martin; Luckman, Adrian; Project MIDAS.
Larsen C iceberg accelerates ahead of calving. Project
MIDAS. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
[30] Larsen C Ice Shelf Rift Approaching Its End, Outer Edge
Moving Away From Ice Shelf At Speed Of 33 Feet Per
Day. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
[31] Larsen C rift branches as it comes within 5 km of calv-
ing. Project MIDAS. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
[32] Giant iceberg splits from Antarctic. BBC. 12 July 2017.
[33] Massive iceberg breaks away from Antarctica. CNN. 12
July 2017.
[34] Larsen C calves trillion ton iceberg. Project MIDAS. 12
July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
[35] Amos, Jonathan (12 July 2017). Giant iceberg splits from
Antarctic. BBC. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
[36] MIDAS, Project. Larsen C calves trillion ton iceberg.
Project MIDAS. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
[37] Huge Antarctic iceberg poised to break away. BBC
News. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
[38] Overview of areal changes of the ice shelves on the
Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years. The
Cryosphere Discussions. 3 pp579-630. URL:
http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/3/579/2009/
tcd-3-579-2009.pdf
6 5 EXTERNAL LINKS

5 External links
Break up of the Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica,
NASA Earth Observatory.
Coastal-change and Glaciological Map of the
Larsen Ice Shelf Area, Antarctica, 1940-2005
United States Geological Survey

Antarctic ice rift close to calving, after growing

17km in 6 days (Swansea University, Project Midas
- June 2017)

Coordinates: 6730S 6230W / 67.500S 62.500W

 7

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1 Text
Larsen Ice Shelf Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsen_Ice_Shelf?oldid=790856891 Contributors: BlackGrien, Fred Bauder,
Cyde, Kingturtle, Mbstone, Dragons ight, Raul654, RedWolf, David Edgar, DocWatson42, MPF, Foot, Henry Flower, Jason Quinn,
Piotrus, Melikamp, Kaldari, Oneiros, PFHLai, Neutrality, Canterbury Tail, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, Bender235, Zaslav, Swid,
Cedders, Rajah, Grutness, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, QVanillaQ, Rd232, Geo Swan, Dhartung, LukeSurl, Ceyockey, Dejvid,
Woohookitty, Catachresis, Bdj, Knuckles, Sin-man, Rjwilmsi, AySz88, GnniX, Parutakupiu, Ahpook, Wjfox2005, The Rambling Man,
Takwish, Alexvilagosh, Nick, D. F. Schmidt, Cheeselog3000, GeoCapp, Smkolins, Spondoolicks, Arthur Rubin, Rms125a@hotmail.com,
C-randles, Red Jay, Imerilai, SmackBot, Hydrogen Iodide, McGeddon, Finavon, Gilliam, Hmains, Bluebot, TCY, Can't sleep, clown
will eat me, Backspace, Thor Dockweiler, Howdoesthiswo, Kuru, J 1982, Tony Corsini, Petter73, Smith609, Dean1970, Masem, Hu12,
Kilroytech, Friendly Neighbour, Sack36, Rowellcf, BloodMech21, Cydebot, Mike Christie, JohnInDC, Varavour, MECU, Arch dude,
Awien, Murgh, Bongwarrior, Dentren, Rich257, Brusegadi, Gabriel Kielland, Adrian J. Hunter, Keith D, Vertigo-1, AstroHurricane001,
Gruhl~enwiki, WarthogDemon, Jeepday, Mikael Hggstrm, SriMesh, Malik Shabazz, VolkovBot, Kyle the bot, Knowledgebycoop, Red
Act, Ask123, Theophilus reed, Canaima, UnitedStatesian, Spinningspark, SiggyF, Red58bill, Tomfy, Adam37, Cpey, Paulinho28, Ice
Explorer, ImageRemovalBot, Sagredo, ClueBot, Pakaraki, Mild Bill Hiccup, Watti Renew, Piledhigheranddeeper, Bde1982, BakuMatt,
Gosco16, Another Believer, Theking2, Jax 0677, Dislocatedthumb, Tayste, Addbot, ToolmakerSteve, Narayansg, CurtisSwain, Fievarsty,
Kasitis333, Michael of Lucan, Redeemedsl, Zorrobot, Jarble, Luckas-bot, Ptbotgourou, Librsh, Sparrow 08, AnomieBOT, AaRH, Archon
2488, Larsenb, ArthurBot, Csar, Xqbot, Ystil, Anna Frodesiak, GrouchoBot, Ruodyssey, Polargeo, Joaquin008, Originalwana, OgreBot,
Rm2342, Moonraker, Jaguar, Reaper Eternal, Schwede66, EmausBot, Philippe277, RaptureBot, SkywalkerPL, ClueBot NG, MelbourneS-
tar, Bibcode Bot, BG19bot, Northamerica1000, MusikAnimal, Meatsgains, One Ton Depot, Pdadme, Hghyux, Dexbot, Steven81514,
TROLOLOL33, Shhhhwwww!!, Stub Mandrel, Prokaryotes, Finnusertop, Makkachin, Larsen Shelfeau, Monkbot, Insertcleverphrasehere,
T bonham, GeneralizationsAreBad, AndyJ1972, Mr. Fulano, Giammarco Ferrari, Libby Benlea, RileyBugz, Cpaaoi, CrazyScienceUser,
Environs2017, Usmankg, GageEmmons and Anonymous: 135

6.2 Images
File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Frank Vincentz
File:Antarctic-Peninsula-Ice-Shelves.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/
Antarctic-Peninsula-Ice-Shelves.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Overview of areal changes of the ice shelves on the Antarctic
Peninsula over the past 50 years. The Cryosphere Discussions. 3 pp579-630. URL: http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/3/579/2009/
tcd-3-579-2009.pdf, Image cropped from screenshot of original work. Original artist: A. J. Cook and D. G. Vaughan
File:Antarctic_Peninsula,_the_Larsen_Ice_Shelf,_and_the_sea_ice_covered_waters_around_the_region.jpg Source:
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Contributors: File:Earth ag PD.jpg, File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17 with transparent background.png Original artist: NASA (Earth
photograph)
SiBr4 (ag image)
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interactions.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://nsidc.org/sotc/iceshelves.html Original artist: Original Image by Ted
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jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=89257 Original artist: NASA photographs
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8 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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main Contributors: I created this map using this online map creation tool. Then I coloured the area that I believe is where the Larsen A and
Larsen B ice-shelves were. I used this satellite photo from this page for reference.
Original artist: Geo Swan at en.wikipedia.
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