Wee Copyrighted material for licensee's use only. ‘800813427 08 Feb 10, 8 API Recomenten Practice 674 injectonPoins (AQ 5 70, BS + Figure | ints are sometimes subject to accelerated or localized corrosion from normal or abnormal operating jection points may be treated as separate inspection circuits, and these areas need to be inspected reguler schedule. Examples of injection points are chiorine in reformers, water wash in overhead injection in catalytic cracking wet gas, antifoam injections, corrosion inhibitors, and neutalzers. Injectio conditions. thoroughly of systems, polysul ‘When designating ah injection point circuit for the purposes of inspection, the recommended upstream limit of the injection point circuit is & minimum of 12 in. (300 mm) or three pipe clameters ustream ofthe injection point, whichever 's greater. The recommehged downstream limit ofthe injection point crcut is the second change in low-direction past the injection point, or 25 (6 m) beyond the first change in flow direction, whichever is less. In some cases, it may be ‘more appropriate to extend thig circuit tothe next piece of pressure equipment, as shown in Figure 22. The placement of CMLs within jection point circuits subject to local following guidelines: corrosion should be in accordance with the 2) establish CMLs on appropriate fdkygs within the injection point crcut, ) establish CMLs on the pipe wal at fly location of expected impingement by the injected fui )CMLs at intermediate locations along te longer straight piping within the injection point circuit may be required, 4) establish CMLs at both the upstream and Sownstream lmits ofthe injection point circuit For some injection points, it may be benefcial surface, However, thickness measurements will remove piping spools to facilitate a visual inspection of the inside { be required to determine the remaining thickness. The preferred methods of inspecting injection points re radiography andlor ultrasonic, as appropriate to establish the minimum thickness at each CML, Ciose grid UT iyeasurements or manual scanning may be used, additonal automated UT (AUT) C-scan techniques, real-time radiographic examination techniques (RT), ot electromagnetic, acoustic transducer (EMAT) with Lamb waves may bé\needed to identity the worst localized corrosion within the ireuit During periodic scheduled inspections, more extensive insection should be applied to the injection point eicut in an rea beginning 12 in. (300 mm) upstream of the injectich nozzle and continuing for at least 10 pipe dameters downstream ofthe injection point. Additionally, measure and |ecord the thickness at all CMLs within the injection point circuit. For more thorough and complete information, see NACE Publ 7.4.2 Process Mix Points Process mixing tees arelpipe components that combine two process streams of differing composition, temperature or ther parameter at could cause damage]Mixing tees can be subject to accelerated damaadelher fom coneson ot ‘mechanical mechanisms (¢.g. thermal fatique). Some examples include: a) mixing of a chloride-containing stream from a catalytic reformer (e.g, naphtha) with a wet hydrocarbon stream from elsewhere: ) mixing a low-temperature, high-sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream with @ high-temperature stream is an issue When bulk fluid temperature is increased where high-temperature sulfidation becomes active: ©) mixing hydrogen into a hydrocarbon stream where the stream temperatures are significantly different. Copyrighted material for licensee's use only. Single user license only, copying prohibitedSERL Copyrighted material for licensee's use only. ‘00813427 08 Feb 10 InsPecmon PRacrices FoR PIPNG SYSTEM CowponeNTs 9 or 12. minimum, ‘whichever is overhead vapor line Injection point ‘overhead condensers Injection point piping creuit dlstileton column 1 2 3 4 5 Typleal TMLs within injection point circuits Figure 22—Iinjection Point Circuit ‘The inspector, unit process engineer and corrosion engineer will typically review process flow diagrams to identify susceptible process ming tees and deine the extent of the mx pot eu. Mae intensive inspection chosen for bagep the damage mechanism is usually requitedal]specific mixing tees. This could include close grid thickness surveys, UT scanning techniques, and profile RT. Some users apply injection point inspection requirements to susceptible process mixing tees. 143 dertion Sat S70, dani than ( epcom plese) 7 onion aa in deugt can wary Sneanty fo spont che peng Tilnpec shut mont wal thickness on selected dead-legs, includina) both the stagnant eng and at the connection to an active line [Trsystems Sieh oo ovread lon ok eae a ae ae i eyes int are ofthe deacieg where the meta ale eating ot dewponk angers not pong estar the hah ese Fonte an crate sete conc cane eae SSeS Saga et org oto, Ne hah Sang such car ao Lagat and ge Bi nat be ceseananh ote bet te eee ea (or ammonium-salt corrosion is occurring. Additionally, water can collect in dead-legs that can freeze in colder environments resulting in pipe rupture. Copyrighted material for licensee's use only. Single user license only, copying prohibitedCopy mata fr eens’ use on > the purer) yo ee ae ces a te oe Tata (S70, sare onrne Gaal lk mre geet fel ~ er baeea crs an cd uae es acs every for additional details on CUI mechanisms, APS ss seston proddes guidelines fo ening potential CU! areas for ispecson, The ent fa CU nspecon 9-LGnm program may vary depending on the local climate. Marine locations in warmer areas may require a very active 5 program, whereas cooler, drier, mic-continent locations may not need as extensive a program, arees, ak C 7AA4) naulated Piping Systems Susceptible to CU \CAuSeS] Certain areas ofpiging systems are potentaly more susceptible to CUL (aps cine id Sia tgeactens purge Cooling vdter fers Source ») those exposed to steam vents Steamverts Tees Condersdtion= Source. Ee anes dillage sphens + Source .) those subiect to process spils or ingress of moisture or acid vapors: {and 350 °F 175 °C){CU! is particulary aaaressive where operating temperatures cause equen orearincaus Bipdenssion and reevaporaton of atmosphere moisture, se © carton stee pining systems which normaly operate in service(Sbove 350 °F (175 °C), but ae inintermitent SOrvice a ol 3 service; RAK 9) dead-iogs and attachments that protrude from insulated piping and operate at a diferent temperature than the operating iomierature of he acive ine 10 2 led 3) ic stainless stoe! piping evetem jn 120 °F (60 °C) and 400 °F (205 °C) (ausceptible to CAlonda SCC, chloride SCC), 1) vibrating piging systems that have a tendency to infict damage to insulation jacketing providing a ath for water ingress; 1) Bissmtaced long syatoms that can expevence tracing leak, eepelly at tubing ftngs beneath the ngulaton, WER 1 piping systems with deteriorated insulation, coatings, and/or wrappings: bulges or staining of the insulation or jacketing system or missing bands (bulges can indicate corrosion product buldu 1) piping systems susceptible to physical damage of the coating or insulation, thereby, exposing the piping to the. environment. 7.4.4.2. Typical Locations on Pi ing Circuits Susceptible to CUL The above noted areas of piping systems can have specific locations within them thet are more susceptible fo CUI These areas include the following —e—e— RK (2) Alt penetrations or breaches in the insulation jacketing systems, such as — deadegs (vents, drains, etc) Copyrighted material for licensee's use only. Single user license only, copying prohibited.Copyrighted material for licensee's use only, ‘800813427 08 Feb 10 ons md breches in He insulation jackiting systems dp Prenc Sysreu Couronne 4“ = ne anger and te spots; — saves ndings (neguarrultn suze) — ttn fp shoes: ane sear and leita ting penetatens Afefe| © ointion ston agence pngcrgenere {2 Desrmaia manne 3 4) Insulation jacketing seams located on the top of horizontal piping or improperly lapped or sealed insulation ove jacketing, nore 2 met tnsustn na vot pbe role SUSCEPEM 5 cauiking which has hardened, separate, oris missing To a Low sone pin yt tt ave 2 Kaun bass te ten sta, neg ow ps ng Cul Unsupported piping runs. h) Carbon or low-alloy steel flanges, bolting, and other components under insulation in high-aloy piping systems. Particular attention should be given to locations where insulation plugs have been removed to permit piping thickness ‘measurements on insulated piping. These plugs should be promptly replaced and sealed. Several types of removable plugs are commercially available that permit inspection and identification of inspection points for future reference, 745 sotsoai(snyintatace (Seq 570, 5.5.5; Section 9, +Tale 2 inkervahs) Kame ([lospection at grade should inciude checking forfoating damage, jit deoth measurements (Feignificant [eee bee Suter eee ‘corrosion is noted] me ‘ay be required to assess whether the corrosion is located tthe S/A METEGE-G carbs nore porate IE biked aygand Thincssresunge et GA mriaces can eopase the mil and aooelrto corel, lcaatngs ane weeping se et prpety rexioed igre oon bxampe of corosion ea SA interface ahaugh hed boon wrapped wth ape ffs tuled png he satay cathodte protection as determined by moniter in accordance wih API 870, eecavaton is reed ese ites g KK svidence'ct coatna or wrapping demane [he buted ping fs uncoated at grace, consderaton choad ve Gece sree excavating 6 in. (150 mm) to 12in, [300 mm) deep to assess the potential for hidden damage. Alternately, specialized Err technqe such as gutted waive Gan be aed is trsen recs mere soba saa 5 40 it concrete-to-air and asphalt-to-air interfaces for buried piping without cathodic protection, the inspector should look ye L jdence that the cauiking or seal at the interface has deteriorated and allowed moisture ingress Uf such @ Table cancion exists on piping systems over 10 years ol, t may be necessay inspect forcorosion beneatninesurace /ApM before reseating the jin : ‘yg ) SES TEE & dderiorated seal © lo yearvak x See API 571 for additional information on corrosion at SIA interfaces. 7.46 Service-specific and Localized Corrosion 7.4.61 [Aa effective inspection program includes the folowing four elements that help Identity the potential fr service-speciic and localized corrosion and select appropriate CHLS. \ 5, 2) aninspector with knowledge ofthe service and where coreson i kel to oocur, b) extensive use of NDE, our IS Copyrighted material for licensee's use only. c em Sil User censo ony, copying protonCopyrighted material for licensee's use only. ‘400913427 08 Feb 10 2 API Recoumenceo PRACTICE S74 4 fou IS Figure 23—S/A Interface Corrosion ‘©) communication from operating personnel when process upsets occur that can affect corrosion rates, SK | oy senteion opi at may te missed fom te ecay png cu nspectan pograns h ow a mY degradation concern. DE | examptes nctrument braies for equipment connecting to ping ceuits, temporary piping used during maintenance outages, and swwing-out spools. 74.6.2 There are many types of internal corrosion possible from the process service. These types of corrosion are usually localized, and are specific to the service, Examples of where ths ype of corosion might be expected ince: 2) dounsteam ofineston pons nd upstream of product separator (2g. hydroprocessor reactor event nes) ») dew-point corrosion in condensing streams, (e.g, overhead fractionation); Ye slea €) unanteipated acd or caustic caryover trom processes into nonallyed piping systems or in the case of caus, + it nn-post vel heat ated (Ted) ste ing systems, AY >K |) unere condensation or bong of ais (organic and inrganc or waters kel to occur €) where naphthenic or aher organic ads can be presenti the process steam, 1) where high-temperature hydrogen attack ean occur eee API 941); HOPE Lies N Lodornh Service Specific Process Corrosion Copyrighted material for icendee's use only. Single user license only, copying prohibited.Copyrighted material for licensee's use only ‘A00813427 08 Feb 10 TLiternel Serv) eee Specitic Process Cour InsPecrion PRACTICES FoR PNG SysTeM ComPonENTS ° 9) ammonium salt condensation locations in hydoprocessing streams (see API 932-B); 1h) mixed-phase flow and turbulent areas in aide systems, also hydrogen grooving areas; yee |) where high-sulfur streams at moderateto-high temperatures exist; R 1) mixed grades of carbon steel piping in hot corrosive oll service [450 °F (232 “C)] or higher temperature and sulfur content in the cil greater than 0.5 % by weight), NOTE Nonsicon-kiled steel pipe (¢g. ASTM AS3 and API SL) can corrade at higher rates than slicon lle steel pipe (2.9. ASTM A106) in hightemperatu $n environme under deposit eorsion in slurries, crystallizing solutions, or coke-producing fuids; 1) chloride carryover in catalytic reformer units, particularly where itmixes with other wet steams; rm) welded areas subject to preferental attack; 1) *hot spet" corrosion on piping with extemal heat racing: NOTE _ In services which become much more corrosive tothe pining with increased temperature (es. sour water, caustic in carbon steal), carosion or SCC can develop at hot spets that evelop under low flow condons. ©) steam systems subject to “wire cutting,” graphitization, or where condensation occurs. 7.4.6.3 Where a temporary (or swing-cut) piping spool has not been removed prior to process operation start-up, it should be verified that the temporary piping is either effectively isolated from the process (such as double-block valve orf isolation blind), or that the temporary piping is of adequate material and mechanical design for the continued process operation, inclucing potential no flow conditions. One particular concem is raised for temporary piping of inadequate material that may be subject to high-temperature sulfidation or other damage mechanisms if let exposed to the process. If the temporary piping is isolated and left for a significant period of time, lock-outtag-out can be a means to prevent inappropriate and inadvertent service. TAT Erosion and Erosioncorrosion Gog 5] [ ( reyoated items = on wv.au) [Bion canbe detneq hte removal of sutace teal y the action of puneroes ini impacto aldo Ti pols, ov eaviahl teen be characterized Sylgroores rounded Noles, waves, and vallys ha ectonal pater, Eran sual) in tour of ult flow ith we atchange of recion ins nn apt or couetoar Sreaniol vaves ere vapotaaon can tate pce Eeloncasage fe uualy hovoes fe aeane Wen ange Glarus of old or lau rices and righ wetce.& carbine of coroabn and seston fevaorcarose) ‘Suu sates greser meta os encanto esposed tam coreatnor eran eon 2) eine pi wig nn og oo 4 sey tow cn erg eh teflon ) downstream of piping configurations (welds, thermowells, flanges, etc) that produce turbulence particulary in velocity sensitive systems, such as ammonium hydrosulfide and suifuric acid systems. a-e’ Copyrighted materiel for censee's use ony Single User loonse ony, copying prohibitedCopyrighted material for liceneee’s use only. ‘800913427 08 Feb 10 “ API RecolmuenneD PRaonce B74 ISA ta le a ee eee To ocelot sc ee Sea AP1E7{ for atonal formation on erosion and ersin-corosion. BUNK 1.48 environmental Cracking 7.4.8.1 Piping system materials of construction are normally selected to resist the various forms of SCC. Some piping systems can be susceptible to environmental cracking due to upset process conditions, CUI, unantcipated ‘condensation, or exposure to wet hydrogen sulfide or carbonates. Examples ofthis include the following a) (Cllatide SCC of austenitic stainless steels resuiting rom moisture and chlorides under insulation, under deposits, under gaskets, or in crevices, Saas ty [Baivthionic acid SCC of sensitized austenitic alloy steels resulting fom exposure to_sulfideimoisture ‘condensation/oxygen, ee ©) Caustic SCC (sometimes known as caustic embritlement) 4) Amine SCC in nonstress-relieved piping systems. ) Carbonate SCC in alkaline systems. 4) Wet hydrogen sulfide stress cracking and hydrogen blistering in systems containing sour water. 9), Hydrogen blistering and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) damage, This has not been as serious of a problem for Piping as it has been for pressure vessels. Itis sted here because itis considered to be environmental cracking ‘and can occur in piping although it has not been extensive. One exception where this type of damage has been a problem is longituinaly-welded pipe fabricated from plate mates See API 571 for addtional details on environmental cracking mechanisms afaey 7.48.2 [Wen the inspector suspects or is advised thet specie cicuts may be susceptible to environmental cracking, he/she should schEdule]supplemental inspections, Such inspections can take the form of surface NDE {iquid penetrant examination technique TPT] or wet TooreStent magnetic partcle examination technique (WEMT)| UT, or eddy current examination technique (ET). Where avaliable, suspect spools may be removed from the piping system and spit open for internal surface examination, 7.4.8.3 [ifenvironmental cracking is detected during intemal inspection of pressure vessels, and the piping is vtSQ considered equally susceptible, the inspector should|desianate appropriate piping spools, upstream and downstream of the pressure vessel. for ervtonmental cracking inspecion (Wren The pole Tor evvionmetial ceckng SR Tepedindin ping cieuls,apecion of eleced spools shoud See eg tee eee Such inspection should provide information useful in forecasting turnaround maintenanée.——— 7.49 Corrosion Beneath Linings and Deposits 7.4.9.4 [if external or intemal coatings, refractory linings, and corrosignsresistant linings are in good condition and there is no Teason to suspect a deteriorated condition behind them, it is}usually not necessary to remove them for ee inspection ofthe piping system. 1.4.8.2 The effectiveness of conosion resistant ings is greatly reduced due to breaks or holes in the fning. The SKK TLitings should be visualy inspected for genaration, breaks, holes. and bisters. if any of these conditions are noted, it may be necessary to remove portions of the internal ining fo Fwvestigate the efleciveness of the lining and the Condition of the metal piping beneath the lining. Altematively, ultrasonic inspection from the extemal surface can be Copyrighted material for licensee's use only. Single user license only, copying prohibited,Skate abs seek oee3 a eR Copyrighted material for icensee's use only, ‘800913427 08 Feb 10 InsPecTon PRACTICES Fon PING SYSTEM COMPONENTS 6 Used to measure the base metal thickness. When the lining is metalic and is designed to be fully bonded, extemal Ultrasonic examination can also be used to detect separation, holes and blisters. 7.49.3 Retractoy linings used to insulate the pipe wall can spall or crackin service, causing hot spos that expose the metal to oxidaton and creep cracking, Peioce temperature monitoring va visual, infrared, temperature indicating paints should be undertaken on these types of lines to confirm the integrity of the lining. Corrosion beneath refractory linings can resut in separation and bulging ofthe refractory. Microwave examination technique (MW) can examine the refractory for volumetric faws and for separation from the shel surface (f bulging or separation ofthe refractory lining is detecied portions of the reactory may be removed to permit inspection ofthe piping beneath the refractory. Otherwise, thickness measurements ulizing UT o° pofle RT may be obtained For he external meta suTace 7.84 [ler oprtng copes sun aot ae reset te trans sic] NDE engves eine from the ouside of the ppe euch a5 prot shoul be used to determine whether ath SeposTs ave ahve conosion Breath ta Shar 7.440 Fatigue Cracking 7AA0A. Fatigue cracking of picing systems can result fom excessive oye stresses that are often well below the Siatc yield strength of the material The cyt sifesses can be imposed by pressure, mechanical, or thermal me ‘and can result in low-cycle or high-cycle fatigue. [The onset of low-cycle fatigue cracking is often directly related to thd ‘umber of heat-uplcoo-dovm c\eies experienced, For example, trunnions or other attachments that extend beyond the pipe nsulaton ean act a8 2 cooing fn tat sats up a situation favorable to thermal fatigue cracking on tre hot pipe. Thermal fetique|ean also occur at mx points when process streams at diferent operating temperatures confifis) Excessive piping system vibration (e.g. machine or flow induced) can also cause high-cycle fatigue damage. See AP| 70, Section 5.4.4 for vibrating cicing suvvllance requirements and API 570, Secton 7.5 for design requirements associated with vibrating piping S10 255.7 615 7.4.0.2 [Fafigue cracking can typically be frst detected at points of high stress intensifcation suc ad branch connections. Locations where metals having different coefficients of thermal expansion are jined by weiding cai Susceptble to thermal fatgue. [referred NOE methocs of detecting fatigue cracking include) PT, magnet particle gxaninaton ecu (sd ta ba UT wn repecing Fon te OO fr beak Soper Bete Tor UT on elbows would include the 3 and 9 o'clock positions. Acoustic emission examination technique (AE) also may be used to detect the presence of cracks that are activated by test pressures or stresses generated during the test, See AP| 570, Section 6 6 3 for fatigue considerations relative to threaded connections 7.4.40.3 [itis important for the ownertuser and the inspector to understand that fatigue cracking is likely to cause piping TalureTbefore detection with anv NDE methods. OF the fatigue cycles required to produce failure, the vast ‘majority are required to initiate cracking and relatively few cycles are required to propagate the crack to failure. AS ‘such, proper design and installation to prevent fatigue cracking are important. ‘See API 571, for additional information on thermal fatigue, mechanical fatigue, and vibration-induced fatigue, T.AA1 Creep Cracking 7.4.11.1 [Greep is dependent ofl time, temperature, and stress. Creep cracking can eventually occur at design Conetons since some piping code alowaole svestby arom Ts creep range. Cracking © accoerted by creep! faigue interaction when operating condions in the cep range are cycle. Pacularateon shouldbe gven fo areas of high sess concentration. if excessive temperatures are encountered, mechanical propery. and merosructural changes n metals can aso lake place, whch can permanenty weaken equpment. Ra.example of where creep cracking has been experienced in the industry is if] 1 “/« Cr steels above 900 °F (482 °C) 7411.2 NDE methods of detecting creep cracking include PT, MT, UT, RT, ET and alternating current field Tieasurement (ACFM), in-situ metallography and dimensional verification (ie. stapping pipe diameter) are other ‘common practices for detection. NDE volumetric examination methods, including profile RT and UT, can be used for detection of creep cracking] Single user license only, copying prohibited Q nm Creep oe dot soeCopyrighted material for lcenses's use only i ‘A00913427 08 Feb 10 “6 API RecouvenoeD Pracrice S74 ‘AE can be utilized to identify active creep cracking. The examination can be conducted whilst piping is in or out of operation. When the examination is conducted, the probabilty of detecting creep cracks can be a function of crack orientation. Any piping examined out of operation requires 2 pressure stimulus to activate any damage present. fev ‘See API 571 for addtional information on creep and stress rupture. 7.442 Brittle Fracture hee ee ee Cet ate St eae ate oy saul nprg spar artes tress na eg uraerer ae cha aan $7 concer with eatvely tin wall piping [Mast brie fractures rave occurs) the fst aooloaton ofa partular stress co failure shoud be considered when pressure testng of more carefully evaluated when pressure testing equipment pneumatically or when adding any other additional loads {Special attention should be given tolow-alloy steel (especially “Ya Cr-t Mo material), because they can be prone to temper embrittlement, and to ferric stainless steels 7.4.42.2 A through-wall crack resulting from britle fracture and causing a leak can be detected with helium leak detection. Alternatively, active cracking in embritied material can be detected and possibly located with AE. ‘See API 571 for additional information on brittle fracture. API 579, Section 3, provides procedures for the assessment of equipment for resistance to brite fracture. 74:3 FreezeDamage — ( ExPamsion AFTER FREEZING) QSPaf 14.12. [Ar cusreezng temperatures, water and aqueous solitons handle in piping systems can feze and cause faltré because tid expansion ot ese mattis [tr newpedtody severe reezing weather tis portent KIEL to veuay creck for reaze damage fo exposes ping componenisbetore te system thaws i rupture hes ovsured leakage can be temporarily prevented by the frozen fluid. Low poinis, drip-legs, and dead-legs of piping systems containing water should be carefully examined for damage. c 4& ESHE r213.2 Peproient ree damage, precautons need to bette ale, poe, or mk eae syst here rr Ua colen end nemposeiy Hoos doing ante o suieesaeains onponti een KL hemos onc! weatons fr hose procawons ls lion of the seat f rele! valves and plstoperted rele! ees, cisture could be present. Tal pipes on relief valves that clscherge to the almosphere shoud always have Teas oes (51056!) aK Sok Ctzed corrosion at ine support contact points is the res ctfereee_conosion due to a CoTTOsive species, water and o» nok cine mains dna PRM. “rtarea MH undeiected ancl not mga 7.445 Nonmetallic Damage Mechanisms 7444 Contact Pi Corr In many circumstances, the choice of FRP is based on its inherent resistance to degradation mechanisms such 2s ‘corrosion. However, no material is totaly resistant and so there is a potential for in-service degradation. The Norwegian Oil industry Association (OLF), Recommended Guidelines for NDT of GRP Pipe Systems and Tanks has compiled an extensive review of the topic and produced a framework that may be used in risk assessments and in evaluating damage mechanisms. eb ‘service damage mechanisms found in FRP nonmetallic piping systems are shown in Table 4, Copyrighted material for licensee's use only. Single user license only, copying prohibited. ZaQs vadCopyrighted material for licensee's use only. ‘800813427 08 Feb 10 secon Peace on Pe Sere Commoners " Damage Cause SHREK | Fens engraing ton poo consrucionsesga radeauaeWiGnessin design when png s bared oe Gesp PeSSRE 4) Re High flow velocities and particle impact can cause erosion at changes in flow KS firecton and esticions. eh QeiesseTEces ons: gh pced ends coraon deals Ud e OV aaGe whan FR Sas pS or TRIOS WO TS USSF Prk ancuter Vig barren Trion oer Tor aang oe ardor oT i, ea Xx Garbo sre 6 exposes ere Suma eapecaly sow saan, ‘Change in dimensions due to long farm exposure o eess-—ofan desorbed as xk —— [ce ‘Small crater in the surface ofthe laminate fom inoompete resin fi EE Reduction in hardness associated wih qolsture ingress when sin has excessive voids ‘Creep properties are dependent an the resin properties ‘Sharp impacto he external surface Permeation ofthe service fuid int the laminate (eernman in HCI senves), Liner eracking/mad eracking Chemical degradation, thermal shock or emperature excursions hoe Permanent dafecion ofthe material under ong tem atess and temperature. | NTIPrjet 128.68 i a good guide fr ientiyng some these flue mechanisms. 9 ; Lem s 75 Integrity Operating Envelopes = CAme gs S70 Ci refcated ‘The use of integrity operating envelopes (or integrity operating windows) for key process parameters (both physical yj and camea) tat odd nga ng tery fot pepryconoted eres ropecton ae Exp othe process parameters indugaltemperatures, pressures fulé yalocttes, pH, fow rats, chemical or walerhfesion rates, levels of corrosive constituents, cherrcal composition, etc.\Key process parameters for integrity operating envelopes ek containing. upper and lower limits can be establshed, as neéded, and deviations from these limits brought to the Stordorad tepccorlengnecing personel Partcuratonton to montoigwepy operating envelopes Saud pet also be proved curnghlartaps, SRuonne | tartups, shutdowns and significant process upsets. Se 8 Frequency and Extent of Inspection 8.4 General 8.4.4. The frequency and thoroughness of piping inspections will ange from often and extensive in piping classes where deterioration is extreme, to seldom and cursory in piping classes in noncorrosive services. The frequency of piping inspections should be determined by the following conditions: a) consequence of a failure (piping classification), os b) degree ofr (iketnood and consequence ofateiue), [Ke l:hood > probes (i 4 ( Por +CoF -) 6) amount of correson allowance remaining, d) available historical data, deep oF wk €) regulatory requirements (Ree) Copyrighted material for licensee's use only. Single user license only, copying prohibited.