CONTENTS

1. Introduction 18
Importance of Electrical Energy
Generation of Electrical Energy
Sources of EnergyComparison of
Energy SourcesUnits of Energy
Relationship among Energy Units
EfficiencyCalorific value of Fuels
Advantages of Liquid Fuels Over Solid
FuelsAdvantages of Solid Fuels Over
Liquid Fuels.

2. Generating Stations 940

Generating StationsSteam
Power StationSchematic Arrange-
ment of Steam Power Station
Choice of Site for Steam Power
StationsEfficiency of Steam Power
StationEquipment of Steam Power
StationHydroelectric Power
StationSchematic Arrangement
of Hydroelectric Power Station
Choice of Site for Hydroelectric
Power StationsConstituents of Hydroelectric PlantDiesel Power Station
Schematic Arrangement of Diesel Power StationNuclear Power Station
Schematic Arrangement of Nuclear Power StationSelection of Site for
Nuclear Power StationGas Turbine Power PlantSchematic Arrangement
of Gas Turbine Power PlantComparison of the Various Power Plants.
(vii)
3. Variable Load on Power
Stations 4168
Structure of Electric Power System
Load CurvesImportant Terms and
FactorsUnits Generated per
AnnumLoad Duration CurvesTypes
of LoadsTypical demand and
diversity factorsLoad curves and se-
lection of Generating UnitsImportant
points in the selection of UnitsBase
load and Peak load on Power Station
Method of meeting the Load
Interconnected grid system.

4. Economics of Power
Generation 6986
Economics of Power Generation
Cost of Electrical EnergyExpressions
for Cost of Electrical EnergyMethods
of determining Depreciation
Importance of High Load Factor.

5. Tariff 87100
TariffDesirable characteristics of a
TariffTypes of Tariff.

6. Power Factor
Improvement 101126
Power FactorPower TriangleDisadvantages
of Low FactorCauses of Low Power Factor
Power Factor ImprovementPower Factor
Improvement EquipmentCalculations of
Power Factor CorrectionImportance of Power
Factor improvementMost Economical Power
FactorMeeting the Increased kW demand on
Power Stations.
(viii)
7. Supply Systems 127158
Electric Supply SystemTypical A.C.
Power Supply SchemeComparison of
D.C. and A.C. TransmissionAdvan-
tages of High Transmission Voltage
Various Systems of Power Transmission
Comparison of Conductor Material in
Over head SystemComparison of
Conductor Material in Underground
SystemComparison of Various Systems
of TransmissionElements of a
Transmission LineEconomics of Power TransmissionEconomic Choice
of Conductor SizeEconomic Choice of Transmission Voltage
Requirements of satisfactory electric supply.

8. Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines 159201

Main components of Overhead
LinesConductor Materials
Line SupportsInsulatorsType of
InsulatorsPotential Distribution over
Suspension Insulator StringString
EfficiencyMethods of Improving
String EfficiencyImportant Points
CoronaFactors affecting Corona
Important TermsAdvantages and
Disadvantages of CoronaMethods
of Reducing Corona EffectSag in
Overhead LinesCalculation of
SagSome Mechanical principles.

9. Electrical Design of Overhead Lines 202227

Constants of a Transmission Line
Resistance of a Transmission LineSkin
effectFlux LinkagesInductance of a
Single Phase Overhead LineInduc-
tance of a 3-Phase Overhead Line
Concept of self-GMD and mutual
GMDInductance Formulas in terms of
GMDElectric PotentialCapacitance
of a Single Phase Overhead Line
Capacitance of a 3-Phase Overhead Line.
(ix)
10. Performance of Transmission Lines 228263
Classification of overhead
Transmission LinesImportant Terms
Performance of Single Phase Short
Transmission LinesThree-Phase Short
Transmission LinesEffect of load p.f.
on Regulation and Efficiency
Medium Transmission LinesEnd
Condenser MethodNominal T
MethodNominal Method Long
Transmission LinesAnalysis of Long
Transmission LineGeneralised
Constants of a Transmission Line
Determination of Generalised
Constants for Transmission Lines.

11. Underground Cable

264299
Underground Cables
Construction of CablesInsulating
Materials for CablesClassification
of CablesCables for 3-Phase
ServiceLaying of Underground
CablesInsulation Core Cable
Dielectric Stress in a Single Core
CableMost Economical
Conductor Size in a Cable
Grading of CablesCapacitance
GradingIntersheath Grading
Capacitance of 3-Core Cables
Measurement of C c and C e
Current carrying capacity of
underground cablesThermal
resistanceThermal resistance of
dielectric of single-core cable
Permissible current loadingTypes
of cable faultsLoop tests for
location of faults in underground
cablesMurray loop testVarley
loop test.
(x)
12. Distribution Systems
General 300309
Distribution SystemClassification of
Distribution SystemsA.C. Distribu-
tionD.C. DistributionMethods of
obtaining 3-wire D.C. SystemOver-
head versus Underground System
Connection Schemes of Distribution
SystemRequirements of a Distribu-
tion SystemDesign Considerations in
Distribution System.

13. D.C. Distribution 310355

Types of D.C. DistributorsD.C.
Distribution CalculationsD.C.
distributor fed at one end
(concentrated loading)Uniformly
loaded distributor fed at one end
Distributor fed at both ends
(concentrated loading)Uniformly
loaded distributor fed at both ends
Distributor with both concentrated and
uniform loadingRing DistributorRing
main distributors with Interconnector
3-wire D.C. systemCurrent distribution
in 3-wire D.C. SystemBalancers in
3-wire D.C. systemBoosters
Comparison of 3-wire and 2-wire d.c.
distributionGround detectors.

14. A.C. Distribution 356373

A.C. Distribution Calculations
Methods of solving A.C. Distribution
Problems3-phase unbalanced
loads4-wire, star-connected
unbalanced loadsGround
detectors.

(xi)
15. Voltage Control 374386
Importance of Voltage Control
Location of Voltage Control
EquipmentMethods of Voltage
ControlExcitation ControlTirril
RegulatorBrown-Boveri Regulator
Tap Changing Transformers
Autotransformer tap changing
Booster Transfor merInduction
RegulatorsVoltage control by
Synchronous Condenser.

16. Introduction to
Switchgear 387395
SwitchgearEssential features of
SwitchgearSwitchgear Equipment
Bus-bar ArrangementsSwitchgear
AccommodationShort circuit
Short circuit currentsFaults in a
Power System.

17. Symmetrical Fault

Calculations 396421
Symmetrical Faults on 3-phase
systemLimitation of Fault current
Percentage Reactance
Percentage reactance and Base
kVAShort circuit kVAReactor
control of short circuit currents
Location of ReactorsSteps for
symmetrical fault calculations.

(xii)
18. Unsymmetrical Fault
Calculations 422459
Unsymmetrical Faults on 3-phase
SystemSymmetrical Components
MethodOperator aSymmetri-
cal Components in terms of Phase
currentsSome Facts about
Sequence currentsSequence
impedancesSequence
Impedances of Power System
ElementsAnalysis of Unsymmetrical
FaultsSingle Line-to-Ground
FaultLine-to-line FaultDouble
Line-to-Ground FaultSequence
Networks Reference Bus for
Sequence Networks.

19. Circuit Breakers 460486

Circuit BreakersArc Phenomenon
Principles of arc extinctionMethods of arc
extinctionImportant TermsClassification of
circuit breakersOil circuit breakersTypes
of oil circuit breakersPlain break oil circuit
breakersArc control oil circuit breakers
Low oil circuit breakersMaintenance of oil
circuit breakersAir blast circuit breakers
Types of air blast circuit breakersSF6 Circuit
BreakerVacuum circuit breakers
Switchgear ComponentsProblems of circuit
interruptionResistance SwitchingCircuit
Breaker Ratings.

20. Fuses 487496

FusesDesirable Characteristics of
Fuse ElementsFuse element materi-
alsImportant TermsTypes of
FusesLow voltage fusesHigh volt-
age fusesCurrent carrying capac-
ity of fuse elementDifference be-
tween a fuse and circuit breaker.
(xiii)
21. Protective Relays 497520
Protective RelaysFundamental
requirements of Protective
RelayingBasic RelaysElectro
magnetic Attraction Relays
Induction RelaysRelay timing
Important termsTime P.S.M.
curveCalculation of relay
operating timeFunctional relay
typesInduction type Over-cur-
rent RelayInduction type
directional power Relay
Distance or Impedance relays
Definite distance type impedance
relaysT ime-distance imped-
ance relaysDifferential relays
Current differential relaysVoltage balance differential relayTranslay
SystemTypes of Protection.

22. Protection of Alternators and

Transformers 521540
Protection of AlternatorsDifferential
Protection of AlternatorsModified Differential
Protection for AlternatorsBalanced Earth
Fault ProtectionStator Interturn Protection
Protection of TransformersProtective systems
for transformersBuchholz RelayEarth fault or
leakage ProtectionCombined leakage and
overload ProtectionApplying Circulating
current system to transformersCirculating
Current scheme for Transformer Protection.

23. Protection of Bus-bars

and Lines 541551
Bus-bar ProtectionProtection of
LinesTime Graded Overcurrent
ProtectionDifferential pilot-wire
ProtectionDistance Protection.

(xiv)
24. Protection Against
Overvoltages 552568
Voltage SurgeCauses of Overvol-
tagesInternal causes of overvol-
tagesLightningMechanism of
Lightning DischargeTypes of Lightning
strokesHarmful effects of lightning
Protections against lightningThe
Earthing ScreenOverhead Ground
wiresLightning ArrestersTypes of
lightning arrestersSurge Absorber.

25. Sub-Stations 569585

Sub-stationClassification of Sub-
stationsComparison between Outdoor
and Indoor Sub-stationsTransformer
Sub-stationsPole mounted Sub-sta-
tionsUnderground Sub-stationSymbols
for equipment in Sub-stationsEquipment
in a transformer sub-stationBus-bar
Arrangements in Sub-stationsTerminal
and Through Sub-stationsKey diagram
of 66/11 kV Sub-stationKey diagram of
11 kV/400 V indoor Sub-station.

26. Neutral Grounding 586603

Grounding or EarthingEquipment
GroundingSystem GroundingUn-
grounded Neutral SystemNeutral
GroundingAdvantages of Neutral
GroundingMethods of Neutral
GroundingSolid GroundingResis-
tance GroundingReactance
GroundingArc Suppression Coil
Grounding (or Resonant Grounding)
Voltage Transformer Earthing
Grounding Transformer

Index 605608
(xv)

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