Transductores piezoelctricos, modelado y caracterizacin

El anlisis presentado ocupara principalmente en el modelado de convertidores

piezoelctricos del tipo, sndwich o Langevin, de alto poder (aplicables en la limpieza
ultrasnica, el soldado de plstico y cualquier otra aplicacin industrial), el mismo anlisis
puede ser fcilmente extendido para ocupar un campo mucho ms amplio o cualquier
otro tipo de transductor piezo elctrico.
Los modelos utilizados para el propsito descripto en este libro de manera que agrupen la
mayor cantidad de parmetros de un circuito equivalente para la impedancia de un
convertidor piezo elctrico (resonancias en serie y en paralelo de un modo de vibracin
aislado) son los Butterworth Van Dyke (BVD) y/o los circuitos duales de estos,
desarrollados por Redwood (ambos basados en las simplificaciones de Manson para
circuitos equivalentes y/o el desarrollo de modelos basados en los resultados
experimentales y sus analogas electromecnicas.
Los objetivos de este documento son
- Representa run convertidor piezoelctrico en resonancia en serie o en paralelo,
con el propsito de la caracterizacin y la optimizacin, dependiendo de los
propsitos del diseo elctrico. Tambin de explicar cualitativamente los modelos
de convertidores acordes a los armnicos de alta frecuencia
- Establecer un concepto general de la carga mecnica de un convertidor
piezoelctrico (donde la carga mecnica es presentada en una forma normalizada
usando las unidades de carga mecnica comparables a una resistencia interna en
el circuito del convertidor)
- To analyze the optimal power transfer of piezoelectric converters (when
transformin electrical imput in mechanical ouput), operating in sereies and paralell
resonance, amd explain mechanical loading process and losess in both situations
The Fig.1 presents two of the most used lumped-parametrers piezoelectric converter
impedance models (mutually equivalent, BVD= Butterworth Van Dyke, dual circuits
models),
The more general models (again mutually equivalent), representing real piezoelectric (non
loaded) converters with dielectric losess and internal resistive electrode - elements (Rop
(=)Leakage AC A and DC resistance, Ros1 Ros2 (=) Dielectric resistive loss of
piezoceramics) in pisezocermais are presente don the Fig.2

The other dissipative power losses (R1 y R2) are belonging to the mehanical circuit branch
and come from converter joint losses, from planar frition losses between piezocermaics
and metal parts, from mounting elements and from material Hysteresis related losses
(internal mechanical damping in all converter parts).
For ani electric combination (or connection) between one capacitance and one resistance
we shall introduce the symbol C* , and for any electric combination between one
inductance and one resistance we shall introduce de symbol L*
The other elemenst in FIg.2 are: Cos Cop (=) Clamped, static capacitance/s of
piezoceramics, C1,2, L1,2 (=) motional mass and stiffness elements of converters
mechanical oscillating circuits/s (see Fig.7 to find aproximate mathematical relation
between all model parameters). We could also add in seruies to any of imput converter
terminals the cable (and winding) resistance, since every real converter has imput
electrodes, solderer or bonded ( electrical) joints, and a cable (presently neglected
parameters).
The influence of an external acoustic loiad on the converters modeling is presente don the
Fig. 5, by introducing loading resistances RL1 and RL2, as closest and very much simplified
equivalent of the real converter loading (in reality loading resistances RL1 and RL2,
sometimes should be treatead as complex impedances as the most general case).
In literatura regarding the same problematic its very usual to see that left side
piezoelectric conveter model from Fig. 5 has loading resistance in series with motional
inductance and capacitance, and for the modelo on the right side of the Fig. 5 is usual that
loading resistance is found in parallel with motional inductive and capacitive circuit
elements (but using Electric Circuit Theory we can easily play with any of parallel or series
elements combination, as presente don Fig. 4). Its also clear that loading nature or load
resistance would change, depending how and where we place it (in situacions, like series
connection/s with motional inductance, load resistance would increase with load
increase (starting from a low value), and in case of placiung it in parallel with motional
inductance (as presented in Fig. 5), load resistance would drecrease with load increase
(starting from a very high value)).
In all above given converter models (Figs. 1,2,3,5), we can recognize motional current im
and motional voltaje um as the most iomportan mechanical ouput power/amplitude
controlling parameters of piezo electric converters in series and parallel resonance. When
converter is operating in series resonance, in order to control its ouput power and/ or
amplitude we should control its motional current im and in the regime of parallel
resonance, output power and/or amplitude directly proportional to the motional voltaje
um. More precisley, when we compare two operating regimes of the same converter,
when converter is producing the same output power (in series and/or parallel resonance),
we can say that converter operating in series resonance is able to deliver to its load high
output force (or high pressure) and relatively low velocity, and when operating in parallel
resonance its is avble to deliver high ouput current velocity and relatively low force
(knowing that output convreter power is the product between the velocity and force
delivered on its fron emitting Surface). Here we are using the electromechanical analogy
system: (current force) & (voltaje velocity). When we are talking about converters
series resonance i sable to deliver to its load high output forc (or high preassure) and
realitvely low velocity, and when operating in parallel resonance it is the case of motional
current forc resonance (when converters impedance has low values), and when we are
talking about converters parallel resonance (when converter has high impoedance
values).