Libro de Gases

Gases & Applications
Gases & Applications

Cover picture
The use of lasers is widespread across many industries from medical to
microelectronics. Excimer lasers, which are filled with precise mixtures of
Helium, Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Chlorine and Fluorine, are now routinely used
for eye surgery where very high accuracy is needed every time. The same
high precision lasers are used to produce the microchips used in everyday
electronics items such as laptops and mobile telephones.
The high energy produced by lasers makes them ideal for a wide variety
of welding and cutting applications. The cover picture shows a laser welding
machine. These industrial lasers, typically filled with mixtures of Carbon
Dioxide, Helium and Neon, are used extensively in the manufacture of
car body components such as bonnets and doors where different metal
thicknesses need to be welded quickly and precisely. Welding process gases
such as Argon, Helium, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are also used to further
improve the quality and finish of the welded parts.
As an example of an additional application, these same lasers are used in

power stations where laser cladding improves the high temperature properties
of critical components.
Turn the pages of this Gases and Applications hand book to read on and
discover more...
Cover picture courtesy of TRUMPF

Disclaimer
Linde reserves the right to make alterations to specifications, quantities, etc,
for production or other reason, subsequent to publication.
The information contained herein has been prepared by qualified experts

within Linde. While we believe that the information is accurate within the
limits of the analytical methods employed and is complete to the extent of
the specific analyses performed, we make no warranty or representation
as to the suitability of the use of the information for any particular purposes.
Linde has no control whatsoever as regards performance or non-performance,

misinterpretation, proper or improper use of any information or suggestions
contained in this book by any person or entity and Linde expressly disclaims
any liability in connection thereto. In any case shall Lindes liability arising out
of the use of the information contained herein be limited by the fee established
for providing such information.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied

in any form by any means graphic, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, typing or information and retrieval system without
Lindes written permission.
4 Gases
Foreword
This book Gases and Applications has been produced to give a brief glance into the wide field
of applications our gases have. Although the content of this book is comprehensive, the idea of
the book is not to be an encyclopaedia nor a product catalogue, but more to raise your curiosity
and give you inspiration in the field of gas applications.
Gases are used somewhere in almost every production chain. For instance when the local
workshop fine tunes the car ignition, the result is checked with the help of instruments calibrated
with specialty gas mixtures. When bananas arrive from foreign countries, they are often ripened
in an atmosphere achieved with the aid of specialty gas mixtures. One of the first applications a
child of today meets, and remembers, is helium filled balloons. Other more common applications
are for welding and in medicine.
The rapid expansion of new customers and applications of gases is noticeable. Especially in
areas such as environmental techniques and information technology, the use of new gas-based
technology has increased. One of the reasons for this is that products purchased today cannot
match the purity of high purity gases (for instance 99.99999%). This higher purity is important
for many new techniques that are very sensitive to all kinds of contaminations.
Enjoy the reading, and we are happy to receive any kind of feedback on our HiQ website
(http://hiq.linde-gas.com)
The Linde Group

Business Area Merchant and Packaged Gases
Linde AG, 2009. All rights reserved.

HiQ is a registered trademark of The Linde Group.
Applications 5
Contents
Foreword 4
Introduction to the 2010 edition 6
How to use the book 7
Application areas and product sources 11
Cross reference register 12
Gases and applications 14
Index 192
6 Gases
Introduction to the 2010 edition

This revision of the book includes the classification and labelling of substances according
to the new Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
criteria developed by UN.
The aim of GHS is to ensure internationally comparable high standards for health, safety
and environmental protection.
The global implementation of GHS affects more than 60 countries. The European GHS came
into force on 20th January 2009 and it has been taken as reference in this book. Where
no information are provided by the relevant EU regulation, the proposals from the Industry
have been considered.
Applications 7
How To Use The Book

To identify a gas:
3 The gases are listed in alphabetical order. See the cross references in the index to find alternative names.
3 In the index there are lists according to CAS and EC numbers.
3 Using the cross reference register you can easily identify the gases used for each applications area.
To read the gas information page:

2
26 Gases Applications 27
1 Bromomethane
Methyl bromide, R-40 B1
CH3Br,
7
CAS: 74-83-9 EC: 200-813-2 UN: 1062 ADR Class 2, 2T DOT Class 2.3 CHEM FOOD MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D
4
Chemical bromomethane 2.5 Source
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.5% Commercial and laboratory methods of manufacturing More recently proposed processes involve the reaction
H2O bromomethane are generally similar and are based primarily of hydrogen bromide with excess chloromethane.
<1,000 upon the reaction of hydrobromic acid with methanol.
Typical filling pressure
15 C: 1.6 bar(a) 70 F: 13 psi(g) Other methods involve the treatment of bromine with a
reducing agent, such as sulphur dioxide or phosphorus, in
3
Characteristics the presence of water.
Colourless liquefied gas, odourless in small concentrations. Has a chloroform type odour at high concentrations.
Hazard classifications Applications

EC C&L EU GHS C&L Bromomethane is used as: Bromomethane is used in fumigation of soils, seeds,
Signal word: DANGER a methylation agent in organic synthesis flowers and fresh vegetables/fruits as well as for products
a low-boiling solvent manufactured of natural materials (e.g., wood, sisal).
a refrigerant in the cold storage industry
Toxic Environmental
hazard
R-phrases: H-statements:
R23/25 - Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system may explode if heated; H341 - Suspected of causing
and skin; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage genetic defects; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H301 - Toxic if
to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation; swallowed; H373 - May cause damage to organs through
R68 - Possible risk of irreversible effects; R50 - Very prolonged or repeated exposure; H319 - Causes serious
toxic to aquatic organisms; R59 - Dangerous for the eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation;
ozone layer. H315 - Causes skin irritation; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic
life; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.
6
Physical data
Molecular weight: 94.939
Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [C] 3.56 at 14.5 psi, [F] 38.43
Density: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m3] 4.106 at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft3] 0.251
Vapour pressure: at 0 C, [bar] 0.88 at 32 F, [psi] 12.76
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.84 at 70 F, [psi] 27.76
Flammability range in air, [% volume]: 10.0 16.0
Specific volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 0.244 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 3.98
5
Material compatibility Legend: Good Fair Avoid
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8
Note:
Bromomethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol
on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
For further information on the protocol see page 8.
1) 3 Names, chemicals formula, CAS, EC and UN numbers of the substance.
3 CAS number is a unique numerical identifiers for chemical elements

(CAS=Chemical Abstracts Service is a division of the American Chemical Society).
3 EC number (European Commission number) is the seven-digit code that is assigned to chemical
substances that are commercially available within the European Union.
3 UN number is a four digit number assigned by the United Nations to identify dangerous goods. UN
numbers range from UN1001 to UN3500 and are published as part of their Recommendations on the
Transport of Dangerous Goods (also known as the Orange Book) and have generally been adopted by
member states.
3 Where applicable R-codes have been provided for the substances. This being a historical system for
coding possible refrigerants, results in that possible refrigerants are not used as such today, due to
their impact on the ozone layer, environment or general hazardousness. ASHRAE stands for American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
8 Gases
2) 3 Hazard symbols for road transportation of gases.
ADR symbols according to ECE/TRANS/175 (Class 2 Gases).
Primary labels:
Non-combustible Flammable Toxic
Combination labels:
Non-combustible/Oxidizing Toxic/Oxidizing Toxic/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable Flammable/Self igniting Toxic/Self igniting
Toxic/Oxidizing/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable/Corrosive
DOT symbols according to United States Department of Transportation; The Safe Accountable,
Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act of 2003.
Primary labels:
Non-combustible Flammable Toxic
Combination labels:
Non-combustible/Oxidizing Toxic/Oxidizing Toxic/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable Flammable/Self igniting Toxic/Self igniting
Toxic/Oxidizing/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable/Corrosive
3 Note that national and local laws and regulations regarding transport and packaging of hazardous
material must be followed at all times. The hazard symbols shown in this book may vary in certain
regions and countries.
3 National laws and regulations govern the permission to produce and use products that may be
dangerous due to flammability and/or toxicity. Hence some of the gases contained herein may
not be allowed on certain local markets.
Applications 9
3) 3 The short summary of characteristic includes information such as colour, odour, physical
and chemical properties.
3 To indicate the hazardous properties of the gas, the data sheets are marked with the following
symbols and designations according to 67/548/EEC (called EC C&L in this book).
Environmental Corrosive Harmful Irritating Toxic Very toxic Oxidizing Flammable Extremely
hazard flammable
3 According to the new Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
the following pictograms are replacing the above mentioned orange labels:
Physical hazards Health hazards Environmental

hazards
Explosive Flammable Oxidising Gas under Corrosive Toxic Corrosive Irritant/ Respiratory
pressure Sensitizer (and other)
Furthermore a signal word (DANGER/WARNING) needs to be added on the label, Hazard (H-) statements
are replacing Risk (R-) phrases and Precautionary (P-) statements are replacing Safety (S-) phrases.
Transport of dangerous goods diamonds are not affected by GHS. In the case of a single package
GHS pictograms may not be used when they duplicate transport of dangerous goods pictograms.
EU GHS entered into force on January 20th, 2009 (Reg. Nr 1272/2008 called EU GHS C&L in this book);
all products shall be classified and labelled in accordance with GHS criteria:
- by December 1st, 2010 for all pure substances,
- by June 1st, 2015 for all mixtures.
4) 3 Purity classification is written in two ways:

a) As a quality code, e.g. 4.5 -where the number before the dot represents the number of nines
and the last number indicates the last decimal.
4.5 = 99.995%
5.7 = 99.9997%
b) As purity in percent, e.g. > 99.9995%
This represents the minimum concentration of actual gas. In the case of liquefied gases the purity
always represents the liquid phase. Purities given are typical purities. Other purities are available,
contact your local Linde representative for details.
3 Under the heading Impurities the maximum concentrations of specified impurities are stated. The
actual concentration can be less. In the case of liquefied gases the impurity specifications are based
on vaporised liquid phase.
10 Gases
5) 3 For most of the gas types there are recommendations for suitable material when selecting equipment
under the heading Material compatibility. The information has been compiled from what Linde
believes are reliable sources (International Standards: Compatibility of cylinder and valve materials
with gas content; Part 1: ISO 11114-1:1997, Part 2: ISO 11114-2:2000). The data must be used with
caution. No raw data such as this can cover all conditions of concentration, temperature, humidity,
impurities and aeration. This table should basically be used to choose possible materials after which
more extensive investigation and testing should be carried out under the specific conditions of use.
The data mainly concern high pressure applications at ambient temperature and the safety aspect of
material compatibility rather than the quality aspect. For more specific information and for information
not obtained in this book please contact your Linde representative.
6) 3 Physical data reproduced by permission of DIPPR, The American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
3 When nothing else is stated the pressure is absolute.
7) 3 Application icons on the top right of the page summarize the application areas where the gas is used
for. Source and Applications paragraphs provide some examples of how the gases can be manufactured
and used. See the Application areas and product sources paragraph for more details.
8) 3 The Montreal Protocol (1987) on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This international
agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, will lead to the eventual total phase-out of
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Halons, Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFC), Methyl Chloroform, Carbon
tetrachloride, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), Methyl bromide and Bromochloromethane.
Total bans or production caps and import quotas now apply to all categories of ozone depleting
products (ODP) in all signatory developed countries.
In developing countries high ODP products are currently subject to control, regulation of lower
ODP products is scheduled to apply by 2015.
Some territories (e.g., EU) have already imposed application-specific usage bans ahead of the
Montreal Protocol schedule.
Certain exemptions apply for essential uses (e.g., laboratory, medical and military) and non-emissive
applications (e.g., as feedstock in production processes).
3 The Kyoto Protocol (1997) is an international Framework Convention on Climate Change with
the objective of reducing greenhouse gases in an effort to prevent anthropogenic climate change.
The scope of the protocol covers a basket of six identified greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide,
Methane, Nitrous oxide, Sulphur hexafluoride, Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), and Perfluorocarbons (FC).
Some territories (e.g., EU) have already imposed tighter emissions limits and application-specific
usage bans ahead of the Kyoto Protocol schedule. Other countries (e.g., USA) are considering limiting
the production and import of some of the products covered by the Protocol.
Carbon dioxide is the baseline unit to which all other greenhouse gases are related. Therefore carbon
dioxide has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1.
Applications 11
Application areas and product sources

In this book we have divided the market into twelve application areas. These areas are represented by icons
placed by the application text if the area is using the gas in question. The division is based on ISIC-codes, and
it is therefore in coherence with national statistics.
The applications given in this book are examples of how the gases can be used. Gases find their ways into
new application fields as the market grows and techniques get more refined. Therefore new applications
evolve and old disappear, in this respect the book is a snapshot at the time of compilation.
Product sources given in this book are not exhaustive, but rather examples of common possible ways of
producing the substances.
Note that purity levels and impurities shown on the left pages are examples from our broad specialty gases
programme. Some applications might need a higher purity than mentioned and in other cases a lower purity
can be sufficient for a certain application or process.
Linde can deliver most pure gases and a large variety of gas mixtures at all required purity levels. Please
contact your local Linde representative or visit HiQ.Linde-Gas.com for our full HiQ Specialty Gases Programme.
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD
MANUF MEDICAL METAL PHARMA
OEM PETRO R&D SEMI

12 Gases
Cross reference register

AUTO, automotive and transport related industries
Acetylene iso-Butane Ethane Nitric oxide Propene
Air, synthetic Carbon dioxide Ethene Nitrogen dioxide Sulphur dioxide
Ammonia Carbon monoxide Fluorine Nitrous oxide Sulphur hexafluoride
Argon Carbonyl sulphide Helium Oxygen Xenon
AUTO n-Butane Epoxyethane Methane Propane
CHEM, chemical industries except petrochemical and pharmaceutical

Acetylene Carbon dioxide Dichlorofluoromethane Hydrogen bromide Oxygen
Aminomethane Carbon monoxide Dichlorosilane Hydrogen chloride Phosgene
Ammonia Carbon oxyfluoride 1,1-Difluoroethane Hydrogen cyanide Phosphine
Boron trichloride Carbonyl sulphide 1,1-Difluoroethene Hydrogen fluoride Propadiene
CHEM Boron trifluoride Chlorine Dimethylamine Hydrogen iodide Propane
Bromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane 2,2-Dimethylpropane Hydrogen sulphide Propene
Bromoethene Chloroethane Epoxyethane Methane Propyne
1,3-Butadiene Chloroethene Ethanamine Methanethiol Silicon tetrachloride
n-Butane Chloromethane Ethane Methoxyethene Silicon tetrafluoride
iso-Butane Chloropentafluoro- Ethanedinitrile Methoxymethane Sulphur dioxide
1-Butene ethane Ethene Nitric oxide Tetrafluoromethane
cis-2-Butene Cyanic chloride Ethyl formate Nitrogen Trichlorosilane
iso-Butene Cyclopropane Fluorine Nitrogen dioxide Trimethylamine
trans-2-Butene Deuterium Hexafluoroethane Nitrogen trifluoride Xenon
1-Butyne Diborane Hydrogen Nitrous oxide
ENERGY, electricity, gas and water

Air, synthetic Chlorine Ethane Nitrogen Silicon tetrafluoride
Ammonia Chloroethene Helium Nitrogen dioxide Sulphur dioxide
n-Butane Deuterium Hexafluoroethane Nitrous oxide Sulphur hexafluoride
iso-Butane Dichlorodifluoro- Hydrogen Octafluoropropane
ENERGY Carbon dioxide methane Hydrogen sulphide Oxygen
Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoro- Methane Propane
Carbonyl sulphide ethane Nitric oxide Propene
FOOD, food, beverages and agriculture

Acetylene iso-Butane Dimethylamine Hydrogen cyanide Oxygen
Aminomethane Carbon dioxide Epoxyethane Hydrogen fluoride Phosphine
Ammonia Carbon monoxide Ethanedinitrile Methane Propane
Argon Carbonyl sulphide Ethene Methanethiol Sulphur dioxide
FOOD Bromomethane Dichlorodifluoro- Ethyl formate Nitrogen
Bromoethene methane Hydrogen Nitrous oxide
MANUF, manufacturing industries except automotive and OEM

Acetylene Chlorodifluoromethane Difluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide Phosgene
Air, synthetic Chloroethane Dimethylamine Hydrogen fluoride Phosphine
Aminomethane Chloroethene Epoxyethane Hydrogen sulphide Propane
Ammonia Chloromethane Ethane Krypton Propene
MANUF Argon Chloropentafluoro- Ethanedinitrile Methane Silane
Boron trichloride ethane Ethene Methanethiol Silicon tetrachloride
Bromomethane Deuterium Ethyl formate Methoxyethene Sulphur dioxide
Bromoethene Diborane Fluorine Methoxymethane Sulphur hexafluoride
n-Butane Dichlorodifluoro- Fluoromethane Neon Tetrafluoroethane
iso-Butane methane Helium Nitrogen Tetrafluoromethane
Carbon dioxide Dichlorofluoromethane Hexafluoroethane Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoromethane
Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoro- Hydrogen Nitrous oxide Xenon
Chlorine ethane Hydrogen bromide Octafluoropropane
Chlorodifluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Hydrogen chloride Oxygen
Applications 13
MEDICAL, hospitals and health care

Acetylene Chloroethane Ethene Nitrogen Trimethylamine
Air, synthetic Chloromethane Helium Nitrous oxide Xenon
Argon Cyclopropane Krypton Octafluoropropane
Carbon dioxide Deuterium Neon Oxygen
MEDICAL Carbon monoxide Epoxyethane Nitric oxide Sulphur hexafluoride
METAL, metal industries

Air, synthetic iso-Butane Dimethylamine Hydrogen fluoride Propane
Ammonia Carbon dioxide Ethane Hydrogen sulphide Silicon tetrachloride
Argon Carbon monoxide Fluorine Methane Silicon tetrafluoride
Boron trichloride Chlorine Helium Nitrogen Sulphur dioxide
METAL Boron trifluoride Chloromethane Hydrogen Nitrogen trifluoride Sulphur hexafluoride
Bromoethene Diborane Hydrogen chloride Oxygen
OEM, original analytical equipment manufacturers

Acetylene iso-Butane Hydrogen Nitric oxide Propane
Air, synthetic Carbon dioxide Hydrogen cyanide Nitrogen Sulphur Hexafluoride
Ammonia Carbon monoxide Krypton Nitrogen dioxide Xenon
Argon 2,2-Dimethylpropane Methane Nitrous oxide
OEM n-Butane Helium Neon Oxygen
PETRO, petrochemical industries

Acetylene cis-2-Butene Diborane Hydrogen Oxygen
Aminomethane iso-Butene 1,1-Difluoroethane Hydrogen bromide Phosgene
Ammonia trans-2-Butene 1,1-Difluoroethene Hydrogen chloride Propadiene
Boron trichloride 1-Butyne Dimethylamine Hydrogen fluoride Propane
PETRO Boron trifluoride Carbon dioxide 2,2-Dimethylpropane Hydrogen sulphide Propene
Bromomethane Carbon monoxide Epoxyethane Methane Propyne
Bromoethene Chlorine Ethanamine Methanethiol Sulphur dioxide
1,3-Butadiene Chlorodifluoromethane Ethane Methoxyethene Tetrafluoroethane
n-Butane Chloroethane Ethene Methoxymethane Trimethylamine
iso-Butane Chloromethane Fluorine Nitric oxide
1-Butene Cyclopropane Hexafluoroethane Nitrogen
PHARMA, pharmaceutical industries

Air, synthetic Bromoethene Ethyl formate Methanethiol Propane
Aminomethane Carbon dioxide Hydrogen Methoxymethane Propene
Ammonia Carbonyl sulphide Hydrogen bromide Nitrogen Propyne
Argon Chloromethane Hydrogen chloride Nitrous oxide Sulphur dioxide
PHARMA Boron trichloride Dimethylamine Hydrogen cyanide Oxygen Tetrafluoroethane
Boron trifluoride Epoxyethane Hydrogen sulphide Phosgene Trimethylamine
Bromomethane Ethanamine Methane Propadiene
SEMI, semiconductor industries

Acetylene Chloropentafluo- Fluoromethane Krypton Silane
Ammonia roethane Helium Neon Silicon tetrachloride
Argon Deuterium Hexafluoroethane Nitric oxide Silicon tetrafluoride
Arsine Diborane Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulphur hexafluoride
SEMI Boron trichloride Dichlorosilane Hydrogen bromide Nitrogen trifluoride Tetrafluoromethane
Boron trifluoride 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoro- Hydrogen chloride Nitrous oxide Trichlorosilane
Carbon dioxide ethane Hydrogen fluoride Octafluoropropane Trifluoromethane
Chlorine Difluoromethane Hydrogen iodide Oxygen Xenon
Chloromethane Fluorine Hydrogen sulphide Phosphine
R&D, research institutes and universities

All gases are used or can be used for research.
R&D
14 Gases
Acetylene C2H2,
Ethyne
CAS: 74-86-2 EC: 200-816-9 UN: 1001 ADR Class 2, 4F DOT Class 2.1
AAS acetylene 2.6

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.6%
Air PH3 H2S
<4,000 <5 <1
15 C: 15 bar(a) 70 F: 250 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless gas with ether-like odour when very pure, otherwise garlic-like. Supplied dissolved in acetone
or DMF (n,n-dimethylmethanamide). Can decompose instantaneously at pressures higher than 1 bar. Acetylene can
be delivered as a non-dissolved gas for specific R&D applications.
Hazard classifications
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
R5 - Heating may cause an explosion; R6 - Explosive with Dissolved Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
or without contact with air; R12 - Extremely flammable. may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
EUH006 - Explosive with or without contact with air.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 43.41 at 70 F, [psi] 646.21
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Applications 15
AUTO CHEM FOOD MANUF MEDICAL OEM PETRO R&D SEMI
Source
Acetylene is manufactured commercially by reaction
between calcium carbide and water, and as a by product
of ethylene production.
Applications
Acetylene is used as a raw material for the production Acetylene is still used in some lighthouses as light fuel
of electrically conducting plastics, such as polyacetylene. source.
Acetylene is used with high purity synthetic air or Acetylene is one of the components in lung testing gases.
nitrous oxide as a fuel for the flame in atomic absorption
flame spectroscopy. This is used in water, soil, food and This unsaturated hydrocarbon exhibits high chemical
biological research laboratories where sensitivity and reactivity, and is an important intermediate in the
accuracy of results are important. chemical industry. It is employed for the production of:
3 acetaldehyde
Acetylene is most commonly used in combination with 3 acrylic acids
oxygen for cutting or welding materials such as mild 3 acrylic ethers
steel, where the standard industrial grade is sufficient. 3 acrylonitride
Acetylene with low phosphine levels is required for lead 3 carbazole
brazing or welding. 3 butenyne (vinyl acetylene)
3 chloroethene (vinyl chloride)
Acetylene is used in organic synthesis (laboratory work) 3 diols
as well as in chemical synthesis. 3 ethene
3 ethenoxyethenes (vinyl ethers)
Acetylene is used as carbon source in the production 3 ethenyl acetate (vinyl acetate)
of molecular manufacturing like fullerenes; well known 3 ethenyl amides (vinyl amides)
examples are bucky balls or carbon nanotubes. 3 ethenyl sulphides (vinyl sulphides)
3 neoprene
Acetylene is used in the cultivation of plants; it improves 3 phenylethene (styrene)
the forming of new flowers. 3 polyoxymethylene
3 pyrrolidine
Acetylene is used as a component in calibration gases for 3 trichloroethene
the gas, oil as well as chemical industry. 3 very fine carbon black, called acetylene black.
16 Gases
Air, synthetic 80% N2 + 20% O2
CAS: 132259-10-0 EC: not available UN: 1002 ADR Class 2, 1A DOT Class 2.2
Dry synthetic air 4.0

H2O
<3
Emission synthetic air 5.5
CO CO2 NOX CnHm
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,400 psi(g)
Characteristics
Substance not classified as hazardous.
Physical data
Vapour pressure: at 0 C, [bar] at 32 F, [psi]
at 20 C, [bar]: at 70 F, [psi]
Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Non.combustible

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Applications 17
AUTO ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PHARMA R&D
Source
Synthetic air is produced by mixing pure oxygen (20 %)
and pure nitrogen (80 %). This eliminates all kind of
impurities present in normal ambient air.
Applications
Air is a source of oxygen and nitrogen. Synthetic air is regularly used as the oxidizer for
flame ionization detectors in chromatography and
Air is the source of oxygen for burning, respiration of total hydrocarbon analyzers.
plants and animals, decay, and industrial oxidations.
Synthetic air is used together with acetylene in atomic
Synthetic air is used as zero gas in the running and absorption flame spectrometry.
calibration of environmental monitoring and test
measurements where levels of sulphur and nitric Synthetic air is used as a balance gas for many calibration
oxides can effect the measurement equipment. gases.
Synthetic air is used in medical gas mixtures.

18 Gases
Ammonia NH3,
R-717
CAS: 7664-41-7 EC: 231-635-3 UN: 1005 ADR Class 2, 2TC DOT Class 2.3
Detector ammonia 3.6

O2 H2O
<50 <300
15 C: 7.3 bar(a) 70 F: 114 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless flammable liquefied gas with a penetrating and suffocating odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Toxic Environmental
hazard
R10 - Flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
burns; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms. explode if heated; H221 - Flammable gas; H331 - Toxic if
inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye
damage; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.
Physical data
3 3
Density: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [kg/m ] 0.728 at 1 atm., 70 F, [lb/ft ] 0.044
at 20 C, [bar]: 8.55 at 70 F, [psi] 128.51
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Source
Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber-Bosch process,
consisting of a direct reaction between hydrogen and
nitrogen, in the molar proportions 3:1.
Applications 19
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI
Applications
Anhydrous ammonia is one of the oldest commercial Ammonia is used in the production of hydrogen cyanide.
refrigerants known. It is used in both absorption and
compression type systems. It has the ASHRAE number As a processing agent, ammonia is used in the
R-717. It is used extensively in soil fertilization. In this manufacturing of alkalis, ammonium salts, dyes,
application it is used in the form of ammonia, ammonia pharmaceuticals, cuprammonium rayon, and nylon.
salts, nitrates, and urea. It is also added to fertilizers
containing superphosphates and in making nitrogen A diluted solution of ammonia in water is used as a
containing solutions which consists of ammonia and common household cleansing agent. More concentrated
ammonium nitrate, or urea, or both in water. Anhydrous forms are used extensively as chemical reagents.
ammonia is applied to the soil by direct injection or by
addition to irrigation water. Anhydrous ammonia is also A recent development is the substitution of ammonia for
used in combination with chlorine to purify municipal calcium in the bisulphite pulping of wood. This improves
and industrial water supplies. the yield and quality of the pulp. Ammonia is also used
as a solvent for casein in the coating of paper.
Ammonia, rather dissociated ammonia, is used in such
metal treating operations as nitriding, carbo-nitriding, Ammonia is used in the rubber industry for stabilization
bright annealing, furnace brazing, sintering, sodium of raw latex to prevent coagulation during transportation
hydride descaling, atomic hydrogen welding, and other and storage.
applications where protective atmospheres are required.
It is used in extracting such metals as copper, nickel, and Ammonia is used as a catalyst in the phenol-formaldehyde
molybdenum from their ores. It is also used to reduce condensation and also in the urea-formaldehyde
atmosphere in heat treatment of metals and for the condensation to make synthetic resin.
fabrication of silicium nitride.
Ammonia is a reagent in copying machines (blue print
Dissociated ammonia is also used as a convenient and micro film).
source of hydrogen for the hydrogenation of fats and
oils. Through the controlled combustion of dissociated Ammonia is also used to produce proteins and can be
ammonia in air, a source of pure nitrogen is achieved. used to improve the protein content of low quality hay.
The petroleum industry utilizes anhydrous ammonia Ammonia is used as component in calibration gas mixtures
in neutralizing the acid constituents of crude oil and in for gas detection systems as well as environmental
protecting equipment such as bubble plate towers, heat emission monitoring.
exchangers, condensers, and storage tanks from corrosion.
Ammonia is widely used in the semiconductor industry.
High purity ammonia can be oxidized to nitric oxide
which is converted to nitrogen dioxide to ultimately Ammonia is used in the production of blue and white LEDs
furnish nitric acid (Ostwald process); in the lead chamber (Light Emitting Diodes).
process for manufacturing sulphuric acid, ammonia is
oxidized to nitrogen oxides which are needed to convert Ammonia can be used to neutralize nitric oxides emitted
sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid. Most industrial and by diesel engines by selective catalytic reduction.
military explosives of the conventional types contain
nitrogen, and ammonia is the basic source of nitrogen Ammonia is used as a chemical agent in CG-MS analytical
in their manufacturing. equipment.
20 Gases
Argon Ar,
R-740
CAS: 7440-37-1 EC: 231-147-0 ADR Class 2, 1A (Compressed); DOT Class 2.2
UN: 1006 (Compressed); 1951 (Refrigerated liquid) 3A (Refrigerated liquid)
Instrument argon 5.0

O2 N2 CnHm H2O
<2 <5 <0.2 <3
Scientific argon 6.0
O2 N2 H2 CO+CO2 CnHm H2O
<0.2 <0.4 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 <0.5
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,640 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Non-reactive. Inert. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Proposed by the Industry
Signal word: WARNING
Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
may explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains
refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury.
Physical data
3 3
r el el
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m na ss ty l rbo pp l-F ne o lon lye C on on
Applications 21
AUTO FOOD MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
The most common source of argon is an air separation (side-arm) column. The crude argon is then further
plant. Air contains approx. 0.93% (vol.) argon. A crude purified to produce the various commercial grades
argon stream containing up to 5% oxygen is removed required. Argon may also be recovered from the exhaust
from the main air separation column via a secondary streams of certain ammonia plants.
Applications
Argon is one of the most common carrier gases in gas Argon is used in the iron and steel industry to prevent
chromatography. Argon is used as a carrier gas in sputtering, oxidation of molten metals and alloys and for degassing
plasma etching and ion implantations, and as a blanket and desulphurization of molten steel and iron baths.
atmosphere in crystal growth.
The pharmaceutical industry uses argon to displace
Argon is also the choice gas for ICP spectroscopy oxygen in the top of intravenous drug containers,
(Inductively Coupled Plasma spectroscopy). extending product shelf-life
Argon is used in atomic absorption spectrometry as a blanket Argon is used, often in a mixture with hydrogen, as a
gas in the graphite furnace. protective atmosphere for the heat treatment of certain
metals, particularly those which are susceptible to
One of the most common applications of argon, either pure nitriding when treated in a nitrogen-based atmosphere.
or in various mixtures, is as a shielding gas for arc welding. This includes stainless steels and many different
specialized and therefore small-scale applications.
Many Geiger-counting tubes contain argon or argon
mixed with organic vapours or other gases, for example Argon is used for wine preservation to eliminate air
10% methane in argon. by the heavier argon, to prevent oxidation and extend
the product quality for opened bottles and barrels.
Argon is used in blends with, for example, fluorine and
helium in excimer lasers. Liquid argon is used in cryosurgery e.g., cryoablation to
destroy cancer cells.
Argon is one of the principal gases used for filling
incandescent (filament) lamps, generally in a mixture Argon, R-740, is used in gas mixtures for non-CFC
with nitrogen, krypton or neon, for phosphorescent tubes ultra-low temperature refrigeration applications.
in mixtures with neon, helium and mercury vapour and
for thyratron radio tubes, in mixtures with neon. Argon is, sometimes in combination with nitrogen, used
to inflate airbags.
Argon is used as an insulation gas in high-efficiency
multi-pane windows to improve thermal insulation. Argon is used, often in combination with nitrogen and/or
carbon dioxide, as a clean fire extinguishing gas, since the
The argon-oxygen decarburizing (AOD) process is the inert properties do not damage any materials extinguished.
most common method of refining stainless steel, and uses
large quantities of both gases supplied either in liquid Argon is used in laboratory as purge gas or balance gas
form or via pipeline from an on-site plant. in gas mixtures.
22 Gases
Arsine AsH3
CAS: 7784-42-1 EC: 232-066-3 UN: 2188 ADR Class 2, 2TF DOT Class 2.3
Arsine 5.0
O2 N2 CO CO2 CnHm H2O PH3
<1 <3 <1 <1 <1 <2 <0.1
15 C: 13.5 bar(a) 70 F: 204.6 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Toxic substance is formed with combustion. Colourless, liquefied gas with garlic-like odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Very toxic Environmental

flammable hazard
R12 - Extremely flammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable
prolonged exposure through inhalation; R50/53 - Very gas; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H373 - May cause damage
toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure;
effects in the aquatic environment. H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 14.74 at 70 F, [psi] 219.32
Flammability range in air, [% volume]: 4.5 64
r el el
um be ste ne

en
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m na ss ty l rbo pp l-F ne o lon ly C fl on on
A lu B u Bra Bu Ca Co Ke Mo Ne Ny Po PV Sta Te Vit
Applications 23
R&D SEMI
Source
Arsine is commercially produced by the reaction of zinc this reaction is purified by a combination of distillation
arsenide and sulphuric acid. The crude arsine produced by and catalytic absorption of the impurities.
Applications
Arsine is used in conjunction with organometallic Arsine is commonly used in the production of solar cells,
compounds and as carrier gas in the epitaxical growth of in MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition)
compound semiconductors: most commonly with trimethyl applications.
gallium to produce gallium arsenide (GaAs). It is also used
for the n-type doping of silicon-based semiconductors. Arsine is also used in the production of electroluminescent
diodes.
24 Gases
Boron trichloride BCl3
Boron trichloride 2.8

Boron trichloride 5.0

O2 N2 CO CO2 CnHm Fe
<1 <2 <1 <5 <1 <0.2 (by weight)
15 C: 1.1 bar(a) 70 F: 5.2 psi(g)
Characteristics
Liquefied gas, decomposes in water to hydrogen chloride and boric acid. Forms white fumes in humid air. Pungent
odour. Highly corrosive.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Very toxic
R14 - Reacts violently with water; R26/28 - Very toxic Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
by inhalation and if swallowed; R34 - Causes burns. may explode if heated; EUH014 - Reacts violently with
water; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H300 - Fatal if swallowed;
H314 - Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.33 at 70 F, [psi] 19.91
r el el
um be ste ne

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Applications 25
CHEM MANUF METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
Boron trichloride is produced by reacting together a) finely divided carbon plus boric acid and chlorine
one of the following sets of ingredients. In each case b) boric oxide plus the chloride of either sodium,
the reaction requires elevated temperatures. potassium or lithium
c) sodium boronfluoride plus magnesium chloride
d) boron carbide plus chlorine.
Applications
Boron trichloride is used as a chemical reagent in the Boron trichloride may be used in the production of optical
pharmaceutical industry. fibres.
Boron trichloride is used as a source of boron for p-type Boron trichloride is the starting material for the production
doping of silicon by thermal diffusion or ion implantation. of boron nitride, used as a refractory coating on such articles
It is also used for dry plasma etching of aluminium and as crucibles etc.
its alloys.
Boron trichloride is used as a carrier gas, as a catalyst in
Boron trichloride is used in refining metals such as organic reactions, for manufacturing of electrical resistors.
aluminium, magnesium, zinc and copper alloys. By
bubbling the gas through these molten metals nitrides,
carbides and oxides are removed. The same technique
is used to clean up castings of these metals. In this case
occluded gases such as nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon
monoxide are also removed from the casting.
26 Gases
Boron trifluoride BF3
Boron trifluoride 2.5

SiF4 O2+N2 SO2+SO3
<1,000 <4,000 <200
15 C: 60 bar(a) 70 F: 855.4 psi(g)
Characteristics
Pungent odour. Highly corrosive. Forms white fumes in humid air.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Very toxic Corrosive
R14 - Reacts violently with water; R26 - Very toxic Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns. explode if heated; EUH014 - Reacts violently with water;
H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns
and eye damage.
Physical data
3 3

l
er el
ne tee
niu
m bb ste e
the ss
N u er ren s

r n el

e
mi inl

na ss tyl rbo pp l-F n op lon lye C on on
Applications 27
CHEM METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
Boron trifluoride is prepared by the reaction of a boron- Another process for manufacturing of boron trifluoride
containing material with a fluorine-containing substance is to treat fluorosulphonic acid with boric acid.
in the presence of an acid. The traditional method uses
borax, fluorspar and sulphuric acid.
Applications
Boron trifluoride is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis Boron trifluoride is used as protection atmosphere
for: isomerization, alkylation, polymerization, esterification, of molten magnesium.
halogenation, sulphonation, condensation and nitration.
Boron trifluoride is also used as a doping gas for
Boron trifluoride is used as catalyst in the Friedel-Crafts semi-conductor manufacturing.
type reaction, in the synthesis of: saturated hydrocarbons,
olefins and alcohols.
28 Gases
Bromomethane CH3Br,
Methyl bromide, R-40 B1
CAS: 74-83-9 EC: 200-813-2 UN: 1062 ADR Class 2, 2T DOT Class 2.3
Chemical bromomethane 2.5

H2O
<1,000
15 C: 1.6 bar(a) 70 F: 13 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless liquefied gas, odourless in small concentrations. Has a chloroform type odour at high concentrations.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Toxic Environmental
hazard
R23/25 - Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system may explode if heated; H341 - Suspected of causing
and skin; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious damage genetic defects; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H301 - Toxic if
to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation; swallowed; H373 - May cause damage to organs through
R68 - Possible risk of irreversible effects; R50 - Very prolonged or repeated exposure; H319 - Causes serious
toxic to aquatic organisms; R59 - Dangerous for the eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation;
ozone layer. H315 - Causes skin irritation; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic
life; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.84 at 70 F, [psi] 27.76
r el el
um be ste ne

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Applications 29
CHEM FOOD MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Commercial and laboratory methods of manufacturing More recently proposed processes involve the reaction
bromomethane are generally similar and are based primarily of hydrogen bromide with excess chloromethane.
upon the reaction of hydrobromic acid with methanol.
Other methods involve the treatment of bromine with a

reducing agent, such as sulphur dioxide or phosphorus, in
the presence of water.
Applications
Bromomethane is used as: Bromomethane is used in fumigation of soils, seeds,
a methylation agent in organic synthesis flowers and fresh vegetables/fruits as well as for products
a low-boiling solvent manufactured of natural materials (e.g., wood, sisal).
a refrigerant in the cold storage industry
Note:
Bromomethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol

30 Gases
Bromoethylene C2H3Br,
Bromoethene, Vinyl bromide, R-1140 B1
Chemical bromoethene 2.5

H2O
<200
15 C: 1 bar(a) 70 F: 0.2 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas with an ethereal odour. Stable, but may polymerize in sunlight. Reacts violently
with all types of oxidizer.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Toxic
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R45 - May cause cancer. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
H350 - May cause cancer.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.18 at 70 F, [psi] 17.74

l
er el
ne tee
niu
m bb ste e
the ss
N u er ren s

r n el

e
mi inl

Applications 31
CHEM FOOD MANUF METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Bromoethylene is produced by contacting, in the products produced by the thermal cracking of ethylene
presence of a contact catalyst, acetylene and a mixture of dibromide, at 50250 C wherein the molar ratio of
bromoethene, hydrogen bromide and higher brominated acetylene to hydrogen bromide is greater than 0.5:1.
Applications
Bromoethylene is used in production of polymers and Bromoethylene is used in production of fumigants.
co-polymers.
Bromoethylene can be used as a flame retardant and
Bromoethylene is used in production of leather. to produce flame retardant synthetic fibres.
Bromoethylene is used in production of fabricated Bromoethylene is used to manufacture bromopolymers,

metal products. mainly polybromoethene.
Bromoethylene is used in production of pharmaceuticals. Bromoethylene can be used as an alkylation agent.
Note:
Bromoethene is controlled under The Montreal Protocol

32 Gases
1,3-Butadiene C4H6
Scientific 1,3-butadiene 2.5

Other CnHm
<5,000
15 C: 2 bar(a) 70 F: 22 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas. Can form explosive peroxides in air. The cylinder contains an inhibitor to prevent
polymerization.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Toxic
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R45 - May cause cancer; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R46 - May cause heritable genetic damage. may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
H350 - May cause cancer; H340 - May cause genetic defects.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 2.40 at 70 F, [psi] 36.07

l
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r el
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ini N
er ren s

n el

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m na ss tyl rbo pp l-F n op lon lye C on on
Applications 33
CHEM PETRO R&D
Source
1,3-Butadiene is manufactured by steam cracking of The butadiene-containing C4-fractions obtained in these
naphtha or gas oil fractions. processes are then further separated. While C4-fractions
readily form azeotropes, butadiene is isolated by using
1,3-Butadiene is also produced by catalytic dehydrogenation liquid-liquid extraction or extractive distillation.
of n-butene and n-butane, and by oxidative dehydrogenation
of n-butene.
Applications
1,3-Butadiene has been widely used in the manufacture 1,3-Butadiene is finding increasing usage in the
of synthetic rubber. resins and plastic fields. Copolymers containing a
high percentage of styrene have been widely used
1,3-Butadiene has been extensively used in various as reinforcing and stiffening resin for rubber, as water
polymerizations in the plastic industry and is particularly and solvent-based paints, and in combinations with
useful in the Diels-Alder reaction where it combines with polystyrene for high impact plastics. Mixtures of styrene-
activated olefins to give cyclic compounds. acrylonitrile resins and butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers
have produced exceptionally high impact plastics having
1,3-Butadiene is useful in a variety of miscellaneous good chemical and heat distortion properties.
organic reactions.
1,3-Butadiene is used as a component in calibration gases
for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
34 Gases
n-Butane C4H10,
R-600
Chemical n-butane 2.5

Other CnHm
<5,000
Scientific n-butane 3.5
O2 CO2 Other CnHm H2O
<10 <10 <500 <10
15 C: 1.8 bar(a) 70 F: 16.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable, liquefied, colourless gas.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 2.08 at 70 F, [psi] 31.29
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Applications 35
AUTO CHEM ENERGY MANUF OEM PETRO R&D
Source
Both n-butane and iso-butane are recovered from natural fractionation to remove propane and the pentanes. The
gas and refinery gases. Recovery is affected by absorption two butanes are then separated by careful distillation.
at high pressures in a suitable absorber oil and subsequent
Applications
n-Butane is primarily used as a heating and cooking fuel. n-Butane is used as a component in calibration gases
n-Butane finds widespread use as a special motor fuel, e.g.,
for fork lift trucks, in circumstances where conventional fuel It is also used as a standard fuel gas for the calibration
exhausts would be undesirable, such as inside buildings. of burners.
n-Butane is used to fill the thermobulbs in pressure and Very pure forms of n-butane can be used in refrigeration
temperature gauges. applications replacing ozone depleting halocarbons. It has
the ASHRAE number R-600.
n-Butane is used as a chemical intermediate in the
manufacture of a variety of organic chemicals: n-Butane is also used as an aerosol propellant, alone or
acetic acid mixed with other hydrocarbons.
butadiene, used as a raw material for the production
of synthetic rubbers n-Butane/helium mixtures are used in ionizing particle
butenes employed for the production of butadienes, counters.
butanol, maleic anhydride and polybutenes
ethene n-Butane and iso-butane are used pure or in mixtures for
propene foam blowing.
36 Gases
iso-Butane C4H10,
Methylpropane, R-600a
Chemical iso-butane 2.5

Other CnHm H2O
<5,000 <100
Scientific iso-butane 3.5
Other CnHm H2O
<500 <10
15 C: 2.6 bar(a) 70 F: 31 psi(g)
Characteristics
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 3.06 at 70 F, [psi] 45.8
r el el
um be ste ne

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m na ss ty l rbo pp l-F n o lon lye C on on
Applications 37
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF METAL OEM PETRO R&D
Source
Both n-butane and iso-butane are recovered from natural fractionation to remove propane and the pentanes. The
gas and refinery gases. Recovery is affected by absorption two butanes are then separated by careful distillation.
at high pressures in a suitable absorber oil and subsequent
Applications
iso-Butane is primarily used as a heating fuel; in private iso-Butane is used as a chemical intermediate in the
homes, has important uses in agriculture, for farming and manufacture of a variety of organic chemicals:
farm processing, and in hotels, restaurants and holiday acetic acid
resorts. butadiene, used as a raw material for the production
of synthetic rubbers
Industrial grade butane is a mixture of n-butane and iso-butene employed for the production of isoprene-
iso-butane. polyisoprene, methacrylonitrile, polyisobutene and
butyl rubber
iso-Butane is used industrially as a fuel in the metallurgical ethene
glass and ceramic industries as well as an intermediate in propene
the manufacture of aviation fuel.
iso-Butane finds use as an aerosol propellant, alone or
iso-Butane is a common refrigerant in domestic refrigerators. mixed with other hydrocarbons.
It has the ASHRAE number R-600a.
iso-Butane is also employed to fill thermometer bulbs and
Mixed with propane it is used as a refrigerant in water for saturated vapour pressure type pressure gauges.
coolers, beer coolers and in domestic refrigerators. It is
also used in small proportions in some HFC refrigerant iso-Butane/helium mixtures are used in ionizing particle
blends for industrial and commercial refrigeration and counters. iso-butane is also used in nuclear research for
air conditioning applications. multi wire proportional scintillation chambers and other
particle detectors.
Mixed with propane, butane is also employed as a fuel for
internal combustion engines e.g., fork lifts. n-Butane and iso-Butane are used pure or in mixtures for
foam blowing.
iso-Butane is used as a component in calibration gases for
the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
38 Gases
1-Butene C4H8
Chemical 1-butene 2.6

Other CnHm
<4,000
15 C: 2.2 bar(a) 70 F: 23.5 psi(g)
Characteristics
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 2.57 at 70 F, [psi] 38.58
er el el
um bb ste

e ne s ste
ini N ru n er l
ren
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m na ss tyl rbo pp l-F ne op lon lye C fl on on
Applications 39
CHEM PETRO R&D
Source
1-Butene is produced by thermal or catalytic cracking of
petroleum as well as by catalytic dehydrogenation of butane.
Applications
1-Butene is an intermediate in the preparation of a 1-Butene is used as a component in calibration gases for
variety of chemicals, such as detergents, plastics and the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
synthetic rubbers.
1-Butene is used as an intermediate in preparing organic

compounds and in the fuel industry.
40 Gases
cis-2-Butene C4H8
Chemical cis-2-butene 2.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99%
Other CnHm
<10,000
15 C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 F: 13 psi(g)
Characteristics
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.81 at 70 F, [psi] 27.26
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Applications 41
CHEM PETRO R&D
Source
Almost all commercially produced butenes are obtained Once the iso-butene content has been reduced, recovery
as by-products from two principal processes: of high purity 1-butene is possible by fractionation. The
catalytic or thermal cracking, refinery processes which remaining 2-butenes can be separated by molecular sieve
upgrade high boiling petroleum fractions to gasoline, absorption methods.
steam cracking, which produces light olefins for
chemical feedstocks by pyrolysis of saturated Other commercial processes that are sometimes used to
hydrocarbons derived from natural gas or crude oil. produce specific isomers or mixtures of butenes or both,
either directly or as by-products, include:
The butenes obtained are withdrawn as a mixture from the oxirane process for making propylene oxide
the C4-fraction. From this mixture butadiene and butanes (-> iso-butene)
are separated by extractive distillation. The remaining the dehydrogenation of butane and iso-butane
butenes cannot be separated by mere distillation because (-> 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene)
their boiling points are too close together. the disproportionation of olefins (-> cis-2-butene,
trans-2-butene)
In a first step iso-butene is isolated either by etherification the oligomerization of ethylene (-> 1-butene).
with methanol to form methyl tert-butylether (MTBE), or by All or any of them may become useful feedstock sources
hydrating iso-butene to tert-butanol (TBA). In this step all should the need arise.
other C4 components in the mixture remain unchanged.
MTBE and TBA can then be split by reversing synthesis to
produce high purity iso-butene.
Applications
cis-2-Butene is a chemical intermediate in the following cis-2-Butene is a member of the alkene group of
processes: hydrocarbons. Alkenes serve as intermediates in the
catalytic dehydrogenation to produce butadiene preparation of a variety of organic compounds. Sulphuric
the addition of water by means of the acid sulphate acid and sulphur dioxide react with alkenes to give alkyl
leads to the formation of 2-butanol hydrogen sulphates and alkyl sulphonates, respectively,
esterification in the presence of tungstic acid, followed many of which are useful as detergents. In the industrially
by oxidation by oxygen or air, in the liquid phase, important oxo process, alkenes react catalytically with
leads to the production of acetic acid carbon monoxide and hydrogen to give aldehydes.
acetic acid can also be produced through oxidation by Alkenes are polymerized by heating with catalysts to
oxygen or air in the presence of manganese acetate in give high-octane gasolines, plastics, and synthetic rubber.
the liquid phase Alkanes react with alkenes in the presence of catalysts to
condensation of iso-butane with butenes leads to the form motor fuels in a process known as alkylation.
formation of 2,2,3-trimethyl pentane, a high octane fuel.
cis-2-Butene is used as a component in calibration gases
cis-2-Butene is also employed as a solvent.

42 Gases
iso-Butene C4H8
Chemical iso-butene 2.0

Other CnHm
<10,000
15 C: 2.3 bar(a) 70 F: 24 psi(g)
Characteristics
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 2.64 at 70 F, [psi] 39.59
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Applications 43
CHEM PETRO R&D
Source
trans-2-butene)
Applications
iso-Butene is mainly used as a chemical intermediate.
iso-Butene is used in the production of acid and alkaline

resistant rubber.
iso-Butene is used as a component in calibration gases for

44 Gases
trans-2-Butene C4H8
Chemical trans-2-butene 2.0

Other CnHm
<10,000
15 C: 1.7 bar(a) 70 F: 15 psi(g)
Characteristics
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.99 at 70 F, [psi] 29.94
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Applications 45
CHEM PETRO R&D
Source
trans-2-butene)
Applications
trans-2-Butene is employed as a chemical intermediate trans-2-Butene is a member of the alkene group of
in the following processes: hydrocarbons. Alkenes serve as intermediates in the
catalytic dehydrogenation that produces butadiene preparation of a variety of organic compounds. Sulphuric
the addition of water by means of the acid sulphate acid and sulphur dioxide react with alkenes to give alkyl
leads to the formation of 2-butanol hydrogen sulphates and alkyl sulphonates, respectively,
esterification in the presence of tungstic acid, followed many of which are useful detergents. In the industrially
by oxidation by oxygen or air in the liquid phase, leads important oxo process, alkenes react catalytically with
to the production of acetic acid carbon monoxide and hydrogen to give high octane
acetic acids can also be produced through oxidation gasolines, plastics and synthetic rubber. Alkanes react
by oxygen or air in the presence of manganese acetate, with alkenes in the presence of catalysts to form motor
in the liquid phase. fuels in a process known as alkylation.
trans-2-Butene is used as a component in calibration

gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
trans-2-Butene is also employed as a solvent.

46 Gases
1-Butyne C4H6,
Ethylacetylene
1-Butyne 1.8
Other C4Hm
<15,000
15 C: 2.3 bar(a) 70 F: 9.2 psi(g)
Characteristics
Proposed by the Industry Proposed by the Industry
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.58 at 70 F, [psi] 23.88
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Applications 47
CHEM PETRO R&D
Source
1-Butyne is prepared by reacting sodium acetylide with It may also be obtained by treating 1,2- or
diethyl sulphate. 1,1-dibromobutane with alcoholic caustic alkali.
Applications
1-Butyne is used as a component in calibration gases for 1-Butyne is commonly used in the synthesis of organic
the gas, oil as well as chemical industry. materials.
48 Gases
Carbon dioxide CO2,

R-744
CAS: 124-38-9 EC: 204-696-9 ADR Class 2, 2A; DOT Class 2.2
UN: 1013; 2187 (Refrigerated liquid) 3A (Refrigerated liquid)
Cryotrap carbon dioxide 3.0

O2 + N2 H2O CnHm
<500 <250 <50
Scientific carbon dioxide 5.2
O2 N2 CnHm H2O
<1 <3 <1 <3
15 C: 51 bar(a) 70 F: 830 psi(g)
Characteristics
Liquefied, colourless gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 57.3 at 70 F, [psi] 853.7
r el el
um be ste ne

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Source
Carbon dioxide is recovered from many different sources. streams from chemical and petrochemical operations.
It is obtained as an off-gas from fermentation processes, Recently, CO2 is also recaptured from the off-gas from
lime-stone kilns, natural CO2 springs, as well as gas power plants.
Applications 49
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA SEMI
R&D
Applications
Carbon dioxide is used extensively as a neutralizing Carbon dioxide is used for foam blowing.
agent for pH control, for example, in cement curing water
treatment and in many other commercially important Carbon dioxide is used in Coleman nitrogen analyzers.
chemical applications.
Carbon dioxide is used as media for supercritical fluid
Carbon dioxide is used in many consumer products ranging extraction (SFE) in sample preparation and as a carrier
from aerosol packaging to air guns that require pressurized gas for analytical and preparative supercritical fluid
gas because it is inexpensive and non-flammable; in the chromatography (SFC).
operation of pneumatic equipment where other power
sources are not available or suitable, and for the transfer Compressed carbon dioxide is used as a replacement for
of hazardous and flammable liquids. blasting powder in quarrying and mining operations.
Owing to its stimulating effect on the nerve centres, Solid carbon dioxide is used as blasting agent.
carbon dioxide is employed in medicine in mixtures with
oxygen, for reanimating victims of asphyxiation (drowning, Liquid carbon dioxide is becoming increasingly used as
electrocution, carbon monoxide poisoning, diphtheritic a refrigerant in mechanical refrigerating systems due to
toxin morphine, scopolamine). It also serves in the its environmental credentials. It has the ASHRAE number
treatment of certain skin affections. R-744. It can be used in direct expansion systems or as
a secondary refrigerant with ammonia. Dry ice, or solid
Carbon dioxide is used for the chemical vapour deposition CO2 is commonly used as a refrigerant.
of silicon dioxide.
Liquid/solid carbon dioxide is used for cooling gas
Mixed with ethylene oxide, it is employed as a fumigant in chromatography ovens.
the destruction of insects in grain silos, and in leguminous
plants, dates and dried figs. Possible refrigerant for MAC (Mobile Air Conditioning) due
to European phase out of tetrafluoroethane (R-134a).
A substantial volume of carbon dioxide is used for
carbonating beverages such as beer and many soft drinks Carbon dioxide is used in mixtures for car emission
and conservation of wine, unfermented grape juice and monitoring and environmental monitoring.
various fruit juices.
Carbon dioxide is used for fire extinguishing.
Carbon dioxide is used to modify atmospheres, for example
in green houses where it increases plant growth rates or Carbon dioxide is often used in combination with ethylene
combined with nitrogen to prolong quality in food packaging oxide for sterilizing purposes.
applications (MAP Modified Atmosphere Packaging).
Carbon dioxide is also used for blood analysis and
Carbon dioxide, when mixed with helium and nitrogen, is dehydration of penicillin.
used as the active medium in carbon dioxide lasers. Such
lasers have a variety of applications, for instance piercing Carbon dioxide is used for production of paints and varnishes.
small holes into cigarette filters and the marking of food
and drink packages, cutting metals, welding, engraving etc.
Carbon dioxide is used as an inerting agent for various mild

steel welding operations, often in combination with argon.
50 Gases
Carbon monoxide CO
Chemical carbon monoxide 2.0

H2O
<20
Scientific carbon monoxide 4.7
O2 N2 CO2 H2 Ar CnHm H2O
<5 <10 <5 <1 <15 <2 <5
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,000 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Odourless and colourless gas.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Toxic
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R61 - May cause harm to Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
the unborn child / Repr. Cat. 1; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable
R48/23 - Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by gas; H360D - May damage the unborn child / Repr. 1A;
prolonged exposure through inhalation. H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H372 - Causes damage to organs
though prolonged or repeated exposure.
Physical data
r el el
um be ste

e ne ste
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m na ss ty l rbo pp l-F n op lon lye C on on
Low alloy carbon steels (steel with additions of up to few percent of elements such as chromium, molybdenum, nickel,
manganese etc) are sensitive to cracking in a carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide-water environment, when the three
components are present at the same time. Only under specific condition these steel can be used (see EIGA doc 95/07/E).
Applications 51
AUTO CHEM ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PETRO R&D
Source
The most common carbon monoxide production plants incomplete combustion of natural gas and, for smaller
are reformers in which natural gas and steam reacts quantities, the dehydration of formic acid using either
together to produce CO together with hydrogen. However, sulphuric or phosphoric acid.
there are also many other production techniques such as
Applications Carbon monoxide also serves for the production and

The largest use of carbon monoxide is in the chemical regeneration of catalysts such as nickel carbonyl.
industry where it is used in the synthesis of a wide variety
of chemicals such as esters, ketones, aldehydes and Carbon monoxide is also used in both organic and
glycols as well as for the production of phosgene, a inorganic chemical synthesis.
common chemical intermediate. Normally the demand for
carbon monoxide at chemical production sites is so great Carbon monoxide is a component in gas mixtures for
that it is produced on-site, though occasionally supplies lung diffusion.
in tube trailers may be viable.
Carbon monoxide is a component in laser gas mixtures.
Some types of electronic components, such as reed relay
switches, are encapsulated in a glass enclosure which is Carbon monoxide is a component in calibration gas mixtures.
sealed by direct heating with a flame. In these cases it is
important that no water is produced in the flame as this A necessity in the production of solar cells is super clean
would be sealed in the enclosure and lead to failure of silicium, that is produced with the aid of carbon monoxide.
the component. Hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels are
therefore not suitable and carbon monoxide is used. Carbon monoxide is used as fuel in fuel cells.
Carbon monoxide is used in relatively large quantities and

in a variety of ways in the primary metals industry: as a
chemical reducing agent for the recovery of metals from
ores; in the purification of aluminium waste; and in the
manufacture of metal carbonyls for conversion by thermal
decomposition into high purity powdered metals.
52 Gases
Carbonyl fluoride CF2O,

Carbon oxyfluoride
Carbon oxyfluoride 2.0


15 C: 45.7 bar(a) 70 F: 646.9 psi(g)
Characteristics
Liquefied, colourless gas. Hygroscopic with pungent odour. Contact with combustible material may cause fire.
Signal word: DANGER
Toxic Corrosive
R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
explode if heated; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes
severe skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to
the respiratory tract.
Physical data
Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [C] 83 at 14.5 psi, [F] 117
at 20 C, [bar]: 52.10 at 70 F, [psi] 777.8
er el el
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Alu B u Bra Bu Ca Co Ke Mo Ne Ny Po PV Sta Te Vit
Applications 53
CHEM R&D
Source
Carbonyl fluoride is prepared by reacting carbon
monoxide and fluorine, or carbon tetrafluoride and water
at high temperature.
Applications
Carbonyl fluoride is an important intermediate for
the preparation of organic fluorine compounds.
Carbonyl fluoride is used as fluorine source in laboratories.

54 Gases
Carbonyl sulphide COS
Carbonyl sulphide 1.78

H2O
<200
15 C: 9.6 bar(a) 70 F: 124.7 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied gas with the odour of rotten eggs. Decomposes in water.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Toxic
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
H331 - Toxic if inhaled.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 11.06 at 70 F, [psi] 164.96
r el el
um be ste

e en
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l ren
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inl

m na ss tyl rbo pp l-F ne op lon ly C fl on on
Applications 55
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD PHARMA R&D
Source
Carbonyl sulphide is formed by many high temperature Carbonyl sulphide occurs as a by-product in the manufacture
reactions of carbon compounds with donors of oxygen of carbon disulphide and is an impurity in some natural
and sulphur. gases, in many manufactured fuel gases and refinery gases,
and in combustion products of sulphur-containing fuels.
One patented method describes the manufacturing
of carbonyl sulphide by the reaction of methanol with
sulphur at 500800 C.
Applications
Carbonyl sulphide is particularly useful in the synthesis In mixtures it is employed in the laboratory as a
of thioacids, sulphur trisubstituted carbinols, substituted component in calibration gas for process control and
thiazoles and substituted thiocarbamic acids (salts). High environmental applications.
yields are obtained in the synthesis of substituted thiazoles.
Carbonyl sulphide can be used as an odorizer for natural
Carbonyl sulphide is gaining recognition as a fumigant gas transport as well as for liquid petroleum gas (LPG).
potential replacement for phosphine and methyl bromide.
56 Gases
Chlorine Cl2
CAS: 7782-50-5 EC: 231-959-5 UN: 1017 ADR Class 2, 2TOC DOT Class 2.3
Chemical chlorine 2.8

H2O
<50
Chlorine 4.0
O2 H2O H2
<10 <5 <10
15 C: 5.9 bar(a) 70 F: 85.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Yellowish-green liquefied gas with irritating odour. Corrosive. Heavy oxidizing agent.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Toxic Environmental
hazard
R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R36/37/38 - Irritating to H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser;
eyes, respiratory system and skin; R50 - Very toxic to H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H319 - Causes serious eye
aquatic organisms. irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation;
H315 - Causes skin irritation; H400 - Very toxic
to aquatic life.
Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
explode if heated.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 6.80 at 70 F, [psi] 101.64
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Applications 57
CHEM ENERGY MANUF METAL PETRO R&D SEMI
Source
Chlorine is produced commercially by the electrolysis of chlorides). The production of chlorine is therefore usually
salt solutions (either sodium, potassium or magnesium accompanied with production of hydrogen.
Applications
Chlorine is used in relatively large quantities for the Chlorine blended with argon is used for degassing molten
production of a wide variety of chemicals such as aluminium. It is also used for the purification of gold and
chloroethene, hydrochloric acid, carbon tetrachloride, other precious metals.
trichloroethylene etc. For many of these, which may
themselves be only intermediates rather than end- As chlorine has the capability to bleach various materials, it is
products, the chlorine may be produced on-site, with used in both the paper and textile industries for this purpose.
excess quantities being available for shipment into the
merchant market. Chlorine is used for water purification in a variety of
circumstances - the production of drinking water
High purity chlorine is used in the electronics industry for by local water authorities, the treatment of swimming
etching. It may also be used as an additive during other pools, and waste water treatment by many types of
processes to keep the surface clean, for example, during industrial companies.
oxidation hence preventing the incorporation of impurities
in the oxidation layer. Chlorine is used as component in gas mixtures
Chlorine is used to manufacture fibre optics, phosgene,

and synthetic rubber. It is also used as a semiconductor.
58 Gases
Chlorodifluoroethane C2H3ClF2,
R-142b
Chlorodifluoroethane 1.8
Air
<20,000
15 C: 3 bar(a) 70 F: 28.9 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas. Dry gas is not corrosive. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Environmental
flammable hazard
R12 - Extremely flammable; R59 - Dangerous for the Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
ozone layer. may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.
Physical data
Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [C] 10.01 at 14.5 psi, [F] 14
at 20 C, [bar]: 2.90 at 70 F, [psi] 43.59
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Applications 59
MANUF R&D
Source
Commercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes employs Unreacted material is separated from the crude mixture by
halogen exchange, with hydrogen fluoride in the fractional distillation and recycled. Further treatment of
liquid phase in the presence of a catalyst. Different the products includes washing, drying and distillation.
starting materials are used depending on the desired
product. Some commonly used are carbon tetrachloride, In the Montedison chlorofluorination process, reaction
chloroform, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene. of C1- and C2-hydrocarbons with chlorine and hydrogen
The main catalysts used are antimony halides with fluoride takes place in a single step in a fluidized bed
low volatility. reactor. The catalyst used is based on aluminium chloride.
More recently developed exchange processes are carried Commercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes is also
out continuously in the gas phase at 100400 C, using possible by electrochemical fluorination processes.
catalysts based on chromium, aluminium or iron.
The composition of the product can be controlled within

wide limits by varying temperature, pressure, residence
time, catalysts, and the portions of the reactants.
Applications .
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane serves as a solvent and 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is used for foam blowing.
aerosol propellant, in mixtures with non-flammable
halogenated hydrocarbons. 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142b) is also used
as a refrigerant.
Note:
Chlorodifluoroethane is controlled under The Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

60 Gases
Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF2,
R-22
CAS: 75-45-6 EC: 200-871-9 UN: 1018 ADR Class 2, 2A DOT Class 2.2
Chlorodifluoromethane 3.0
Air
<1,000
15 C: 8 bar(a) 70 F: 101.4 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Signal word: DANGER
Environmental
hazard
R59 - Dangerous for the ozone layer. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
explode if heated; EUH059 - Hazardous to the Ozone Layer.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 8.97 at 70 F, [psi] 134.12
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Applications 61
CHEM MANUF PETRO R&D
Source
Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) is prepared by treating presence of a small amount of antimony chloride at
chloroform with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in the elevated temperatures and pressures.
Applications
Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) is a versatile refrigerant used As an aerosol propellant chlorodifluoromethane is only used
extensively for a wide range of temperatures in many types in special cases, such as for very low temperature spraying.
of refrigeration and stationary air conditioning systems in
industrial, commercial and domestic applications. Chlorodifluoromethane may also be used in the
production of fluorinated polymers and for leak detection.
Chlorodifluoromethane is used as an intermediate in the
production of Teflon.
Note:
Chlorodifluoromethane is controlled under The Montreal

62 Gases
Chloroethane C2H5Cl,
Ethyl chloride, R-160
Chloroethane 3.0
Impurities [ppmw] Purity >99.9%
H2O acidity (as HCl)
<100 <10
15 C: 1.1 bar(a) 70 F: 20.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with an ethereal odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Harmful
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R40 - Limited evidence Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
of a carcinogenic effect; R52/53 - Harmful to aquatic may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the H351 - Suspected of causing cancer; H412 - Harmful to
aquatic environment. aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.34 at 70 F, [psi] 20.25

l
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N u er ren s

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e
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Applications 63
CHEM MANUF MEDICAL PETRO R&D
Source
Chloroethane is produced by the action of chlorine Some chloroethane is generated as a byproduct of
on ethene in the presence of chlorides of copper, iron, polychloroethene production.
antimony and calcium.
Chloroethane can also be prepared by the action of

chlorine on ethene in the presence of hydrogen chloride
and light.
Applications
Chloroethane has been used as foaming agent, Chloroethane is used in treating cellulose to make
anaesthetic, refrigerant, propellant and in tetraethyl ethylcellulose, a thickening agent and binder in paints,
lead manufacturing. cosmetics, and similar products.
Chloroethane is used as an alkylating agent.
Chloroethane is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.
Note:
Chloroethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol

64 Gases
Chloroethene C2H3Cl,
Vinyl chloride, R-1140
Chloroethene 3.5
C2H5Cl C3H6 CH3Cl
<100 <100 <100
15 C: 2.3 bar(a) 70 F: 36.6 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable, colourless, liquefied gas with pleasurable sweet odour in high concentrations. Polymerizes in the presence
of air or sunlight.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Toxic
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R45 - May cause cancer. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
H350 - May cause cancer.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 3.42 at 70 F, [psi] 51.26
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Applications 65
CHEM ENERGY MANUF R&D
Source
Chloroethene is made by the catalyzed addition of of ethylene chloride, or by heating the latter with
hydrogen chloride to acetylene, by thermal decomposition alcoholic caustic alkali.
Applications
Chloroethene is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. emulsion polymerization; the product obtained may
be polluted by water-soluble impurities. This process
Chloroethene is used as a raw material in the polymerization is satisfactory for plastisols.
of ethenyl resins (polyvinyl chloride). This polymerization suspension polymerization; a pure product is obtained,
occurs in various ways, depending on the type of product which may be used for perfectly transparent articles.
which is desired:
mass or block polymerization; the final product is very Chloroethene is used as a component in mixtures for
pure and serves primarily as a rigid, high quality material. workspace and industrial emission control.
solution polymerization; the final product appears
in a stable solution with a low index of viscosity. Chloroethene is used as a refrigerant and has the ASHRAE
Hence it can be employed in the cement, lacquer number R-1140.
and paint industry.
precipitation polymerization; a pure, homogeneous
product is obtained with a low index of viscosity,
hence suitable for use in the paint and glue industry.
Note:
Chloroethene is controlled under The Montreal Protocol

66 Gases
Chloromethane CH3Cl,
Methyl chloride, R-40
Chemical chloromethane 2.5

H2O
<500
15 C: 4.3 bar(a) 70 F: 59 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied, odourless gas with slight ether-like odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Harmful
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R40 - Limited evidence of a Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
carcinogenic effect; R48/20 - Harmful: danger of serious may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation. H351 - Suspected of causing cancer; H373 - May cause
damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 4.95 at 70 F, [psi] 74.28
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Applications 67
CHEM MANUF MEDICAL METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
Chloromethane is manufactured in commercial quantities chlorohydrocarbons in substantial amounts. Because the
by two principle processes: coproducts, e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, and
chlorination of methane carbon tetrachloride, are as commercially important as
reaction between hydrogen chloride and methanol. chloromethane, methane chlorination can be regarded as
a multiple-product process rather than one with several by-
Several variants of both processes are used. The methanol products. Hydrogen chloride is often the determining factor
hydrogen chloride reaction yields chloromethane as the in choosing a route to produce chloromethane.
sole product. Chlorination of methane yields other
Applications
Chloromethane is used as: Chloromethane is used in the production of quaternary
a catalyst solvent in butyl rubber production ammonium compounds for use as anti-static agents in
a reagent in silicone production fabric softeners. It is also used for the manufacturing of
in organic synthesis methyl cellulose and in the production of Grignard
in the manufacturing of tetramethyl lead reagents for the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.
a solvent It also used in the preparation of fragrances, perfumes
a starting material in the manufacturing of such and herbicides.
chemicals as methyl mercaptan, methylene chloride,
chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, various Chloromethane is used for side wall passivation in plasma
bromochloromethanes and chlorofluoromethanes etching to give anisotropic etching under plasma conditions:
in therapeutic treatment of local anaesthesia similar to reactive ion etching, but without the damage.
a solvent or extraction agent for heat sensitive products
an aerosol propellant Chloromethane is used to extract grease, wax, essential
tool hardening and salt bath rectification. oils and resins during the production of textile and
carpet materials.
Note:
Chloromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol

68 Gases
Chloropentafluoroethane C2ClF5,
R-115
Chloropentafluoroethane 3.0
Air
<1,000
15 C: 7 bar(a) 70 F: 104.8 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures.
Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Signal word: DANGER
Environmental
hazard
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 8.0 at 70 F, [psi] 119.5
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Applications 69
CHEM MANUF R&D SEMI
Source
Commercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes employs Unreacted material is separated from the crude mixture
halogen exchange, with hydrogen fluoride in the liquid by fractional distillation and recycled. Further treatment
phase in the presence of a catalyst. Different starting of the products includes washing, drying and distillation.
materials are used depending on the desired product.
Some commonly used are carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, In the Montedison chlorofluorination process, reaction
tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene. The main of C1- and C2-hydrocarbons with chlorine and hydrogen
catalysts used are antimony halides with low volatility. fluoride takes place in a single step in a fluidized bed
reactor. The catalyst used is based on aluminium chloride.
More recently developed exchange processes are carried
out continuously in the gas phase at 100400 C, using Commercial production of chlorofluoroalkanes is also
catalysts based on chromium, aluminium or iron. possible by the electrochemical fluorination process
developed by Phillips Petroleum.
Applications
Chloropentafluoroethane (R-115) is used as:
a refrigerant
a propellant in aerosols
a chemical intermediate.
Note:
Chloropentafluoroethane is controlled under The Montreal

70 Gases
Cyanic chloride CNCl,

Cyanogen chloride
Cyanic chloride 2.0


15 C: 1.1 bar(a) 70 F: 5.7 psi(g)
Characteristics
Liquefied colourless gas with a pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air.
Signal word: DANGER
Very Toxic Corrosive
R26 - Very toxic by inhalation ; R35 - Causes severe burns. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.35 at 70 F, [psi] 20.41
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Applications 71
CHEM R&D
Source
Cyanic chloride is prepared by oxidation of sodium Cyanic chloride can also be prepared by chlorinating
cyanide with chlorine. an aqueous suspension of potassium zinc cyanide.
Applications
Cyanic chloride is a precursor to sulphonyl cyanides
and chlorosulphonyl isocyanate, a useful reagent in
organic synthesis.
72 Gases
Cyanogen C2N2,
Ethanedinitrile
Ethanedinitrile 2.0

15 C: 4.2 bar(a) 70 F: 58.9 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas with an odour of bitter almonds. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Highly Toxic Environmental

flammable hazard
R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; H220 - Extremely flammable gas; H331 - Toxic if inhaled;
R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
explode if heated.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 4.90 at 70 F, [psi] 73.58
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Applications 73
CHEM FOOD MANUF R&D
Source
Cyanogen is typically generated from cyanide compounds. Industrially, it is made by the oxidation of hydrogen
Alternatively, one can combine solutions of copper(II) cyanide, usually using chlorine over an activated silicon
salts (such as copper(II) sulphate) with cyanides, an dioxide catalyst or nitrogen dioxide over a copper salt. It
unstable copper(II) cyanide is formed which rapidly is also formed when nitrogen (N2) and acetylene (C2H2)
decomposes into copper(I) cyanide and cyanogen. are made to react by an electrical spark or discharge.
Applications
Cyanogen has a long history and was probably first Cyanogen is used as a fumigant for a number of
generated by Carl Scheele around 1782 in the course applications; it has a better efficacy and allows faster
of his studies of hydrogen cyanide. The first confirmed replanting when compared to other fumigants.
synthesis was reported 1802, when it was used to make
what we now know as cyanic chloride (cyanogen chloride). Cyanogen is also used for special welding, due to second
It attained importance with the growth of the fertilizer highest known flame temperature (4,527 C, 8,180 F)
industry in the late nineteenth century. when it burns in oxygen.
Cyanogen is used as a stabilizer in the production Cyanogen is an important intermediate in production of

of nitrocellulose. many fertilizers.
74 Gases
Cyclopropane C3H6
Cyclopropane 2.0
Other CnHm
<10,000
15 C: 2.9 bar(a) 70 F: 27.7 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable, liquefied, colourless gas with a characteristic odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 6.29 at 70 F, [psi] 94.11
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Applications 75
CHEM MEDICAL PETRO R&D
Source
Cyclopropanes can be prepared in the laboratory by
organic synthesis in various ways and many methods are
simply called cyclopropanation.
Applications
Cyclopropane is an anaesthetic when inhaled. In modern Cyclopropane is used as a component in calibration gases
anaesthetic practice, it has been superseded by other agents, for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
due to its extreme reactivity under normal conditions.
Cyclopropane is used as a plasma etching agent.
76 Gases
Deuterium D2
Scientific deuterium 2.8

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.8% (D2/(D2+H2)>99.8%)
O2 N2 H2O
<5 <10 <10
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,000 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless and odourless.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable. Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
Physical data
3 3
Specific volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m3/kg] 5.85 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 100
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Applications 77
CHEM ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL R&D SEMI
Source
Deuterium is prepared by electrolysis of heavy water (D2O).
Applications
Deuterium is used in nuclear research as projectile in Deuterium is used in electronics as a replacement for
deuterium accelerators, and as a source of neutrons when hydrogen in the annealing or sintering of silicon based
it is irradiated with energy rays. semiconductors, flat panel displays, and solar panels.
Deuterium is used in physics experiments, such as thermal Deuterium is used as a trace marker of organic molecules
fusion studies. used in CAT scanning (Computed Axial Tomography)
studies.
It is also used in chemical research, where it is used to
label hydrogen containing molecules and hence to study Deuterium is used in HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 127).
reactions involving these.
78 Gases
Diborane B2H6
Diborane 4.0
N2 BnH2n+2 (n>2) CH4 H2 CO2
<10 <350 <5 <500 <5
15 C: 26.8 bar(a) 70 F: 332.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless gas with a sickly-sweet odour. Flammable, unstable.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Very toxic

flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
H330 - Fatal if inhaled.
Physical data
Vapour pressure: at 0 C, [bar] 26.8 at 32 F, [psi] 388
at 20 C, [bar]: 43.5 at 70 F, [psi] 588
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Applications 79
CHEM MANUF METAL PETRO R&D SEMI
Source
Diborane is manufactured by addition of boron trifluoride
to a solution of sodium borohydride in diethylene glycol
dimethyl ether.
Applications
Diborane is a catalyst for ethylenic, styrene, acrylic, and Diborane serves as a strong but selective reducing agent
vinyl polymerization. in organic chemistry.
Diborane is used as a rubber vulcanizer. The addition of diborane to olefins (hydroboration)

has great significance in preparative chemistry. In the
Diborane is used as a reducing agent. presence of an ether, diborane forms an alkyl borane,
in an anti-Markownikoff mode.
Diborane is used as a flame speed accelerator.
Further areas of application for diborane are the doping
Diborane is an intermediate for preparation of boron hydrides of semiconductor silicon and germanium.
of higher molecular weight.
Diborane is used in the process of creating hardened
Diborane is used for conversion of olefins to trialkyl boranes metal surfaces for better wear resistance.
and primary alcohols.
80 Gases
Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2,
R-12
Dichlorodifluoromethane 2.8

15 C: 4.9 bar(a) 70 F: 69.5 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas. Ether-like odour at high concentrations. Decomposes at high temperature to toxic substances.
Signal word: DANGER
Environmental
hazard
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 5.63 at 70 F, [psi] 84.23
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Applications 81
ENERGY FOOD MANUF R&D
Source
Applications
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) is used in the following It is also used as:
applications: aerosol propellant
low temperature air conditioning swelling agent (rigid foam production)
storage of food products leak detector
air conditioning of offices, workshops, stores gas phase dielectric.
domestic, commercial and industrial refrigeration.
Note:
Dichlorodifluoromethane is controlled under The Montreal

82 Gases
Dichlorofluoromethane CHCl2F,
R-21
Dichlorofluoromethane 3.0
Air
<1,000
15 C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 F: 8.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Signal word: DANGER
Environmental
hazard
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.53 at 70 F, [psi] 23.0
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Applications 83
CHEM MANUF R&D
Source
Applications
Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) is used for the air
conditioning of very hot atmospheres.
It is also used as:

aerosol propellant
solvent
chemical intermediate.
Note:
Dichlorofluoromethane is controlled under The Montreal

84 Gases
Dichlorosilane SiH2Cl2
CAS: 4109-96-0 EC: 223-888-3 UN: 2189 ADR Class 2, 2TFC DOT Class 2.3
Dichlorosilane 2.0
Impurities (expressed by weight) Purity >99% Resistivity >150 O/cm
SiH3Cl+SiHCl3 N2+Ar C As B Fe Al P
<1% <1% <2ppm <0.1ppb <0.1ppb <10ppb <0.1ppb <0.1ppb
Dichlorosilane 2.7
Impurities (expressed by weight) Purity > 99.7% Resistivity >400 O/cm
SiH3Cl SiHCl3 N2+Ar C As B Fe Al P SiCl4
<0.08% <0.2% <0.1% <0.05ppm <0.03ppb <0.02ppb <3ppb <0.04ppb <0.05ppb <300ppm
15 C: 1.3 bar(a) 70 F: 8.2 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied gas with pungent odour. Highly corrosive in humid conditions.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Toxic Corrosive

flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R34 - Causes burns. may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns and
eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to the respiratory tract.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.52 at 70 F, [psi] 22.90
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Applications 85
CHEM R&D SEMI
Source
Dichlorosilane is produced (along with other chloro- It is also prepared (5% yield) by disproportionation of
silanes, such as trichlorosilane) by the reaction of a trichlorosilane by heating to 300400 C in the presence
mixture of hydrogen and hydrogen chloride with silicon of catalysts e.g., aluminium chloride, ferric chloride and
at high temperatures. boron trifluoride.
Applications
Used in the manufacturing of organosilicon compounds
(silane coupling agents).
Dichlorosilane is used as a silicon source for low pressure

chemical vapour deposition of polysilicon, silicon dioxide,
silicon nitride and epitaxial silicon.
86 Gases
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane C2Cl2F4,
R-114
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 2.8

15 C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 F: 12.7 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Signal word: DANGER
Environmental
hazard
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.84 at 70 F, [psi] 27.43
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Applications 87
ENERGY MANUF R&D SEMI
Source
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (R-114) is obtained by fluoride under high pressure in the presence of small
treating hexachloroethane with anhydrous hydrogen amounts of antimony chloride.
Applications 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is used for foam blowing.

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (R-114) is used in small
refrigeration systems with rotary compressors, and in 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is used for heat pumps.
large industrial water cooling and air conditioning systems
using multi-stage centrifugal compressors. 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is also used for cleaning
of electronic parts.
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane finds widespread use,
either alone or in mixtures with dichlorodifluoromethane,
as an aerosol propellant, particularly for cosmetics as it is
practically odourless and causes no undesirable effect
when applied to the skin.
Note:
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is controlled under
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer.

88 Gases
1,1-Difluoroethane C2H4F2,
Difluoroethane, Ethylidene difluoride, R-152a
1,1-Difluoroethane 3.0

15 C: 5.2 bar(a) 70 F: 62.9 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas. Dry gas is not corrosive. Decomposes at high temperatures to toxic substances.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 5.17 at 70 F, [psi] 77.60
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Applications 89
Source
1,1-Difluoroethane is manufactured by catalytic addition
of hydrogen fluoride to acetylene.
Applications in refrigeration systems where its flammability

1,1-Difluoroethane (R-152a) is used: is not a major factor and as a component in some
in the formulation of aerosol dispersants hydrochlorofluorocarbon, HCFC refrigerant blends.
as a low temperature solvent (HCFCs replaces CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons)
as an organic synthesis intermediate.
Note:
1,1-Difluoroethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,
an international Framework Convention with the objective
of reducing greenhouse gases.

90 Gases
1,1-Difluoroethene C2H2F2,
1,1-Difluoroethylene, R-1132a
1,1-Difluoroethene 2.0

15 C: 32.3 bar(a) 70 F: 521.8 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas. Dry gas is not corrosive. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 36.1 at 70 F, [psi] 536.5
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Applications 91
CHEM PETRO R&D
Source
1,1-Difluoroethene can be obtained by dehydrochlorination mixture of hydrogen and 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane
of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142 B) or by passing a over nickle wire at elevated temperature.
Applications
1,1-Difluoroethene is used for the preparation of polymers 1,1-Difluoroethene is used as an intermediate in organic
and copolymers. synthesis.
Note:
1,1-Difluoroethene is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,

92 Gases
Difluoromethane CH2F2,
Methylene fluoride, R-32
Difluoromethane 5.0
CO2 CF4 H2O N2 Other HFC O2 CnHm
<0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <5 <3 <1 <0.5
15 C: 12.8 bar(a) 70 F: 185 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied gas.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 14.7 at 70 F, [psi] 219.8
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Applications 93
MANUF R&D SEMI
Source
Difluoromethane is produced by reacting chloromethane
with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalyst.
Applications
Difluoromethane is used in plasma etching of silicon layers.
Difluoromethane (R-32) has been used as a refrigerant.
Note:
Difluoromethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,

94 Gases
Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH
Chemical dimethylamine 2.3

H2O
<2,000
15 C: 1.4 bar(a) 70 F: 11 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with strong ammonia/fish-like odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Harmful
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R20 - Harmful by inhalation; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R37/38 - Irritating to respiratory system and skin; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
R41 - Risk of serious damage to eyes. H332 - Harmful if inhaled; H335 - May cause respiratory
irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation; H318 - Causes
serious eye damage.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.68 at 70 F, [psi] 25.47
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Applications 95
CHEM FOOD MANUF METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Dimethylamine is prepared commercially either by Monomethylamine and trimethylamine are also formed
a reaction between methanol and ammonia, or by a in the same reaction and the three products are separated
reaction between a carbonyl compound and ammonia. by distillation.
Applications
Dimethylamine has been used as a dehairing agent Dimethylamine is used in organic synthesis.
in tanning.
Dimethylamine is used as an agricultural fungicide.
Dimethylamine is used as an acid gas absorbent.
Dimethylamine is used for electroplating.
Dimethylamine is used as a flotation agent.
Dimethylamine is used as an anti-oxidizing agent.
Dimethylamine is used as a gasoline stabilizer.
Dimethylamine is also used for preparation of dyes.
Dimethylamine is used as a raw material in pharmaceuticals.
Dimethylamine is an important intermediate in the
Dimethylamine is used in rubber accelerators. synthesis of a broad range of products e.g., propellants,
monomers, solvents, catalysts, insecticides, surfactants,
Dimethylamine is used in soaps and cleaning compounds. and ion-exchange resins.
Dimethylamine is used in the treatment of cellulose

acetate rayon.
96 Gases
2,2-Dimethylpropane C5H12,
Neopentane
Scientific 2,2-dimethylpropane 2.0

Other CnHm
<7,000
15 C: 1.2 bar(a) 70 F: 7 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with petrol like odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Environmental
flammable hazard
R12 - Extremely flammable; R51/53 - Toxic to aquatic Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
aquatic environment. H411 - Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.46 at 70 F, [psi] 21.93
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Applications 97
CHEM OEM PETRO R&D
Source
2,2-Dimethylpropane can be isolated from the C5 mixture, gasoline (naphtha). The separation is carried out either by
derived from liquid components of natural gas or from light molecular sieve separation or by superfractionation.
Applications
2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as raw material in the 2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as calibration standard
production of iso-butene, which in turn is used to for NMR Spectroscopy (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance).
manufacture synthetic butyl rubber.
2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as a component in calibration
2,2-Dimethylpropane is used as a solvent and a gases for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
synthesis intermediate.
98 Gases
Dimethyl ether C2H6O,

Methoxymethane, Dimethyl oxide
Methoxymethane 2.8
H2O
<500
15 C: 4.4 bar(a) 70 F: 62.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with ether like odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 5.09 at 70 F, [psi] 76.35
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Applications 99
CHEM MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Dimethyl ether is prepared from methanol in the presence of with or without doping, are the most important catalysts for
acidic catalysts. Aluminium oxide and aluminium silicate, industrial use.
Applications
Dimethyl ether finds commercial use as a refrigerant. Dimethyl ether is industrially important as the starting
material in the production of dimethyl sulphate. (Dimethyl
Dimethyl ether is used as a solvent, as an extraction sulphate is employed as a methylating agent.)
agent and as a propellant in aerosols, especially those
for personal care products such as hairsprays Dimethyl ether reacted with carbon monoxide could be
used in the large-scale production of acetic acid in place
Dimethyl ether is also used as a as a fuel for welding, of methanol.
cutting, and brazing.
Future industrial uses of dimethyl ether include the
Dimethyl ether readily forms complexes with inorganic production of olefins in the presence of zeolitic catalysts.
compounds, e.g., boron trifluoride. It is an excellent The production of saturated hydrocarbons can be carried
methylating agent, e.g., for conversion of aniline into out by an analogous process.
dimethylaniline in the dye industry.
Dimethyl ether is also used in the methanol to gasoline
Dimethyl ether is used in the chemical industry in the process, and is under consideration for use in European
manufacture of synthetic rubber. biofuel mixtures.
100 Gases
Ethane C2H6,
Methylmethane, R-170
CAS: 74-84-0 EC: 200-814-8 ADR Class 2, 2F; DOT Class 2.1
UN: 1035; 1961 (Refrigerated liquid) 3F (Refrigerated liquid)
Chemical ethane 2.5

Other CnHm
<5,000
Scientific ethane 4.5
O2 N2 CO2 Other CnHm H2O
<4 <20 <1 <20 <3
15 C: 34 bar(a) 70 F: 544 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied, odourless, colourless gas.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable . Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains
refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury;
H220 - Extremely flammable gas.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 37.69 at 70 F, [psi] 559.92
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Applications 101
AUTO CHEM ENERGY MANUF METAL PETRO R&D
Source
The main commercial source of ethane is natural gas. amounts of ethane are also produced as by-products from
Ethane is isolated either by absorption or by partial petroleum processes.
condensation, followed by distillation. Relatively small
Applications Ethane is used as a refrigerant for extremely low

The main industrial use for ethane is the production of temperature refrigeration systems. It has the ASHRAE
ethene by steam-cracking. number R-170.
It is commonly used as a raw material for the manufacture Ethane is used in metallurgy for heat treatments.
of halogenated ethane.
Ethane is used as a calibration gas for combustion research.
Ethane is used in the chemical industry for the production
of ethanol, epoxyethane, glycol, acetaldehyde, ethenyl Ethane is used as a component in calibration gases for the
acetate, ethyl chloride, dichloroethane, styrene, polyethene, automotive, gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
thermopolymers and higher alcohols.
102 Gases
Ethylamine (C2H5)NH2,
Ethanamine, Aminoethane
Ethanamine 2.0

15 C: 0.9 bar(a) 70 F: 2.8 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with strong ammonia/rotten fish-like odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Irritant
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R36/37 - Irritating to eyes Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
and respiratory system. may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause
respiratory irritation.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.15 at 70 F, [psi] 17.45
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Applications 103
CHEM PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Ethylamine is prepared from ethyliodide and liquid
ammonia or from ethanol and ammonia.
Applications
Ethylamine is used in organic synthesis as reactive Ethylamine is used as an intermediate in dye stuff.
molecule or as solvent.
Ethylamine is used as an intermediate in pharma production.
Ethylamine is used in resin chemistry.
Ethylamine is used in oil refining.
Ethylamine is used as stabilizer for rubber latex.
104 Gases
Ethylene C2H4,
Ethene, R-1150
CAS: 74-85-1 EC: 200-815-3 ADR Class 2, 2F; DOT Class 2.1
UN: 1962; 1038 (Refrigerated liquid) 3F (Refrigerated liquid)
Chemical ethene 2.5

Other CnHm H2O
<1,000 <50
Scientific ethene 3.5
O2 N2 CO2 Other CnHm H2O
<10 <40 <5 <450 <5
15 C: 76 bar(a) 70 F: 1,200 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless gas with slight odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R67 - Vapours may cause Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
drowsiness and dizziness. explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains
H220 - Extremely flammable gas; H336 - May cause
drowsiness or dizziness.
Physical data
3 3
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Applications 105
AUTO CHEM FOOD MANUF MEDICAL PETRO R&D
Source
Ethylene is produced by passing ethyl alcohol vapours Cracking of petroleum is another source.
over dehydrating catalysts at 360470 C. It may also
be produced by the pyrolysis of ethane.
Applications
Ethylene is the starting material for several industrial Ethylene is used as a component in calibration gases for
syntheses. It is employed as an intermediate in the the automotive, gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
chemical industry and for the production of plastics.
Ethylene may be employed for welding and cutting,
Ethylene is employed for the production of: but is not used for this purpose industrially.
3 acetaldehyde
3 acetic acid Ethylene supplied in cylinders is used for controlled ripening
3 chloroethane of fruit, especially bananas. A concentration of a few ppm in
3 chloroethene (vinyl chloride) the warehouse atmosphere is used. Because of flammability
3 dichloroethane considerations, it is strongly recommended to use a mixture
3 1,1-dichloroethene (vinylidene chloride) of ethene in nitrogen in this application.
3 epoxyethane (ethylene oxide)
3 ethanediol (ethylene glycol) Ethylene has also been used in agriculture to promote crop
3 ethanol growth: in this case the gas is injected directly into the soil.
3 ethoxyethane
3 ethylbenzene Ethylene is still used as an anaesthetic (in the US).
3 phenylethene (styrene)
3 polychloroethene (polyvinyl chloride) It is used as a refrigerant especially in the petrochemical
3 polyethene industry. It has the ASHRAE number R-1150.
3 propanoic acid
3 tetraethyl lead
3 trichloroethane
106 Gases
Ethylene Oxide C2H4O,

Epoxyethane, Oxirane
Chemical ethylene oxide 3.0

H2O aldehydes acidity (as acetic acid)
<100 <50 <20
15 C: 1.2 bar(a) 70 F: 50 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Odourless and colourless gas. Heavier than air.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Toxic
flammable
R6 - Explosive with or without contact with air; H220 - Extremely flammable gas; H350 - May cause
R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; cancer; H340 - May cause genetic defects; H331 - Toxic if
R45 - May cause cancer; R46 - May cause heritable inhaled; H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May
genetic damage; R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, cause respiratory irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation.
respiratory system and skin. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
explode if heated.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.47 at 70 F, [psi] 22.1

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Applications 107
AUTO CHEM FOOD MANUF MEDICAL PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Ethylene oxide is usually manufactured by direct oxidation
of ethene using oxygen at high temperature in the
presence of silver catalysts.
Applications
The principle use of ethylene oxide is in the manufacture fungicide or sterilizing agent. Examples of the many types
of ethene glycol (ethylene glycol) and higher alcohols of articles sterilized with ethylene oxide are: medicine
which find important applications in automotive antifreeze, bottles, food containers, disposable nappies, sanitary
explosives, cellophane, synthetic rubbers, lubricants, towels, surgeons gloves and instruments, first aid bandages,
solvents and hydraulic fluids. It is also an important etc. Items that are sometimes fumigated with mixtures
intermediate in the manufacture of certain detergents. containing ethylene oxide are ship holds and beehives.
As a pharmaceutical intermediate, ethylene oxide is used Ethylene oxide is used in fermentation processes and in
in the synthesis of choline, thiamine and procaine. the preparation of antibiotics.
Ethylene oxide is used, often in mixtures with either

carbon dioxide or halocarbon propellants, as a fumigant,
108 Gases
Ethyl formate C3H6O2,
CAS: 109-94-4 EC: 203-721-0 UN: 1190 ADR Class 3, F1 DOT Class 3
Chemical ethyl formate 2.0

H2O Formic acid Ethanol
<1000 <1000 <8000
Filled as liquid
Characteristics
Flammable, colourless gas with distinct and alcoholical odour. Heavier than air.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Flammable Harmful
R11 - Highly flammable; R20/22 - Harmful by inhalation H225 - Highly flammable liquid and vapour;
and if swallowed; R36/37 - Irritating to eyes and H332 - Harmful if inhaled; H302 - Harmful if swallowed;
respiratory system. H319 - Causes serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause
respiratory irritation.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 0.256 at 70 F, [psi] 3.7
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Applications 109
CHEM FOOD MANUF PHARMA R&D
Source
The main method is by the conversion of Ethanol and
Formic acid over a catalyst. The formed water is extracted
on a continuous base for the formed Ethyl formate.
Applications
Ethyl formate is used as flavour for lemonade and
essences, it has a typical smell associated with rum.
Ethyl formate is considered to be a GRAS (= generally
considered as safe) additive by the EPA.
In industry, it is used as a solvent for cellulose nitrate,

cellulose acetate, oils, and greases. It can be used as a
substitute for acetone. In the pharmaceutical industry is
widely used as a fragrance or used in chemical synthesis.
Ethyl formate can be used as fumigant for dried fruits,

tobacco, cereals, fresh fruit, cut flowers and many more.
110 Gases
Fluorine F2
Fluorine 1.8
HF N2+O2
<5,000 <10,000
15 C: 28.6 bar(a) 70 F: 398.9 psi(g)
Characteristics
Pale yellow gas with sharp odour. Ignites most organic materials and metals. Highly corrosive.
See comprehensive handling directives.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Oxidizing Very toxic Corrosive
R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire; H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser;
R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns. H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin
burns and eye damage.
may explode if heated.
Physical data
3 3

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Applications 111
AUTO CHEM MANUF METAL PETRO R&D SEMI
Source
Fluorine is prepared by electrolyzing a solution of
potassium fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.
Applications
The primary use for fluorine is in the refining of uranium. perfluoroacids used to obtain wetting agents
During the process fluorine is reacted with uranium to inorganic fluorinated compounds such as tungsten
produce uranium hexafluoride which may then be purified in hexafluoride used for metal coatings, iodine
the gaseous state before being converted back to uranium. pentafluoride used in the manufacture of special
fabrics, antimony pentafluoride used to replace
Fluorine is also required in the production of a variety of tetraethyl lead in automobile fuels.
fluorinated compounds such as sulphur hexafluoride,
boron trifluoride, and metal fluorides. When diluted to a concentration of about 1% in nitrogen,
fluorine is used during the blow moulding of polyethylene
Fluorine is used in HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 121) containers to create an impervious barrier on the inner
and excimer lasers. walls of the blown vessels. These containers are then more
suitable for storage of solvents and many other chemicals.
Fluorine is used for fluorination in the production of:
fluorinated hydrocarbons (Freon, Forane, etc) and Flourine is used for chamber cleaning in semiconductor
plastics (Teflon, Kel-F, etc) industry.
fluorosilicates used to opacify and reduce the viscosity
of certain glasses
112 Gases
Fluoromethane CH3F,
Methyl fluoride, R-41
Fluoromethane 2.0
H2O
<500
15 C: 29.55 bar(a) 70 F: 485.8 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas with a sweet odour.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 33.56 at 70 F, [psi] 500.5
Flammability range in air, [% volume]: >0 22.2
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Applications 113
MANUF R&D SEMI
Source
Fluoromethane is prepared by heating fluorosulphonic
acid methyl esther with potassium fluoride.
Applications
Fluoromethane is used in plasma etching of silicon
compound films in semiconductor manufacturing.
Fluoromethane has previously been used as a propellant.
Note:
Fluoromethane is controlled under The Montreal Protocol

114 Gases
Helium He,
R-704
Chemical helium 4.6

O2 CnHm H2O
<5 <1 <5
Scientific helium 6.0
O2 N2 H2 CnHm H2O
<0.2 <0.4 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,640 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Non-reactive. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Physical data
3 3
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Source
The primary source of helium is from natural gas wells. Due to the world shortage in helium, many applications
It is obtained by a liquefaction and stripping operation. have recovery systems to reclaim the helium.
Applications 115
AUTO ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM R&D SEMI
Applications
Helium is inert and the least soluble of all gases in liquids Due to nonflammability and low density it is ideal for
and is therefore used as a pressurization gas for: filling toy balloons (in mixtures with nitrogen), airplane
cryogenic rocket propellants in space/missile applications tyres, advertising blimps, geostationary balloons (certain
heavy water in nuclear reactors projects are under way for the realization of balloons
for all liquids at room or low temperatures. designed to serve as television transmission and
observation relays).
Being inert, helium is used as a constituent in neutral
atmospheres e.g., in heat treatment applications requiring Helium mixtures with hydrocarbons are used in flushing
a protective atmosphere. Geiger counters used for the detection of , , and X-rays.
Helium is used extensively in the welding industry as Helium is used as a propellant in the helium cannon
an inert shielding gas for arc welding. It is also used in used in model firing tunnels. It also finds use as a working
conjunction with helium (leak) detectors to test the gas in some hypersonic wind tunnels.
integrity of fabricated components and systems.
Helium is used as a carrier gas or as a purge gas for a
Helium is used as a combined cooling and shielding variety of semiconductor processes.
medium for the pulling of optical fibres.
Helium is used as a calibration gas and a balance gas in
Helium is used for cooling of uranium rods in nuclear reactors. calibration mixtures. It is also used as carrier gas in gas
chromatography. It is used as a purge gas and a zero
Helium is used in various types of gas lasers as a buffer (span) gas for analytical instruments.
or carrier gas.
Helium is used for epitaxial crystal growth (inert atmosphere).
Gas mixtures of helium and hydrocarbons are also used
as fill gases for nuclear counters. Helium is also used for vacuum breaking in heat treatment
furnaces.
Helium is used in mixtures with neon and argon for filling
electronic tubes such as the familiar neon sign. Helium is also used as airbag inflating gas in high pressure
capsules.
Various mixtures of helium and oxygen are used as
breathing gases for divers who must work at great depths Helium is used to create inert furnace atmospheres in
and therefore high pressures. The use of helium to dilute special glass processing, and processing of valuable metals.
the oxygen instead of nitrogen, as in air, prevents nitrogen
being dissolved in the blood, which is the cause of nitrogen Helium is used for degassing in high performance liquid
narcosis (also known as bends). chromatography (HPLC).
Helium is used to fill large balloons for upper atmosphere Liquid helium is used to cool the superconductive magnets
and cosmic ray studies. Small helium balloons are used by in NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) for analytical or
weather forecasters to carry meteorological instruments. medical purposes and in the R&D to study processes around
absolute Zero.
116 Gases
Hexafluoroethane C2F6,
Perfluoroethane, R-116
Hexafluoroethane 4.0
CnHm O2 H2O CO + CO2
<50 <10 <5 <1
15 C: 27 bar(a) 70 F: 375.6 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 30.01 at 70 F, [psi] 435.3
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Applications 117
CHEM ENERGY MANUF PETRO R&D SEMI
Source
Hexafluoroethane may be obtained as a by-product of CFC
production, or by direct fluorination of ethane.
Applications Hexafluoroethane (R-116) is used as a refrigerant in

Hexafluoroethane may be used as a raw material for certain low temperature applications and as a component
the production of monomers, as well as in chemical in some refrigerant blends.
reactions requiring the introduction of fluorine atoms
in other molecules. Hexafluoroethane is used as a propellant.
Hexafluoroethane is used in electrical and electronic Hexafluoroethane is also used as a gaseous insulator.
equipment as a gaseous dielectric.
Hexafluoroethane is used for dry etching of silicon dioxide

and for stripping photoresist.
Note:
Hexafluoroethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,

118 Gases
Hydrogen H2,
R-702
CAS: 1333-74-0 EC: 215-605-7 ADR Class 2, 1F (Compressed); DOT Class 2.1
UN: 1049 (Compressed); 1966 (Refrigerated liquid) 3F (Refrigerated liquid)
Instrument hydrogen 4.5

O2 H2O
<5 <5
Scientific hydrogen 6.0
O2 N2 CO+CO2 CnHm H2O
<0.2 <0.3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,400 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Odourless and colourless gas.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data

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A lu Bu Bra Bu Ca Co Ke Mo Ne Ny Po PV Sta Tefl Vit
Applications 119
CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
Hydrogen is most frequently produced for on-site usage sodium chloride solution to produce chlorine, and various
by steam reforming of natural gas. Such plants may also waste gas recovery plants, such as at oil refineries or steel
be used as sources of hydrogen for the merchant market. plants (coke oven gas). Hydrogen is also produced by
Other sources are the chlor-alkali process that electrolyses electrolysis of water.
Applications
High purity hydrogen finds widespread usage in the Hydrogen is used for combustion;
electronics industry as a reducing agent and as a carrier gas. in industry, it is used to supply oxygen-hydrogen
torches for glass working (quartz, Pyrex, etc), in the
High purity hydrogen is used as a carrier gas in gas fabrication of artificial precious stones (ruby, etc), and
chromatography. for under water oxycutting
in the laboratory, it is used in analyzer flames,
Hydrogen finds some usage in the welding and cutting reducing flame photometry detection instruments,
of metals. flame ionization detection instruments, and fuel cells.
Hydrogen is used in large quantities, (bulk supply or on- Extremely pure hydrogen is used in the chemical industry
site generation) for the hydrogenation of vegetable and for fine reduction processes.
animal oils to produce margarine and other fats, hydro-
treatment of petroleum products, and hydrosulphuration Liquefied hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel. In the laboratory
of fuels in order to eliminate sulphur. liquid hydrogen is employed for solid physics research.
Hydrogen in large quantities is used in petrochemical In the nuclear industry para-hydrogen is employed to fill
processes that include hydrodealkylation, bubble chambers.
hydrodesulphurization, hydrotreatment.
In electrical power plants hydrogen is used as a coolant
Hydrogen is used in leak testing applications. gas in turbogenerators.
Hydrogen is used in HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 121). Hydrogen is used for synthesis of ammonia.
Hydrogen is used extensively in the metals industries Hydrogen is used as a reagent to produce high purity water.
because of its ability to reduce metal oxides and prevent
oxidation of metals during heat treatment. It may be used Hydrogen is used as fuel in fuel cell applications.
either pure, as is often the case when heat treating
stainless steel, or in a mixture with inert gases, argon Hydrogen is used as component in gas mixtures.
or nitrogen. It is used in the production of carbon steels,
special metals and semiconductors.
120 Gases
Hydrogen bromide HBr
Hydrogen bromide 2.8

HCl
<2,000
15 C: 19 bar(a) 70 F: 320 psi(g)
Characteristics
Highly corrosive. Liquefied gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Highly corrosive under humid
conditions.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Corrosive
R35 - Causes severe burns; R37 - Irritating to respiratory Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
system. may explode if heated; H314 - Causes severe skin burns
and eye damage; H335 - May cause respiratory irritation.
Physical data
3 3
Vapour pressure: at 0 C, [bar] 13 at 32 F, [psi] 187.9
at 20 C, [bar]: 21.8 at 70 F, [psi] 324.57

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Applications 121
CHEM MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
Hydrogen bromide is obtained as a by-product during the
bromination of organic compounds such as bromomethane.
Applications
Hydrogen bromide is used both as a reagent and as a lamps (so called iodine automobile headlights,
catalyst in a variety of organic reactions. It is also used electrostatic photocopy machine lamps, etc).
for the preparation of numerous inorganic bromides.
Hydrogen bromide is used in the manufacturing of
Hydrogen bromide is also used for hydrobromination semiconductors as an etchant.
(chemical and pharmaceutical industries) and halogen
122 Gases
Hydrogen chloride HCl
Chemical hydrogen chloride 2.0

N2 + Ar
<8,000
Scientific hydrogen chloride 4.5
O2 N2 CO CO2 CnHm H2O
<1 <2 <1 <5 <1 <2
15 C: 37 bar(a) 70 F: 613 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Corrosive in humid conditions.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Toxic Corrosive
R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R35 - Causes severe burns. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
explode if heated; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causes
severe skin burns and eye damage.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 42.02 at 70 F, [psi] 625.37
3
Specific volume: at 1.013 bar, 15 C, [m /kg] 0.644 at 1 atm., 70 F, [ft3/lb] 10.5
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Applications 123
CHEM MANUF METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
Hydrogen chloride is normally prepared in commercial produced in this way is normally dissolved directly in
quantities by the direct combination of chlorine and water to produce hydrochloric acid, but some companies
hydrogen. This is achieved by burning chlorine in an collect the anhydrous hydrogen chloride.
atmosphere of hydrogen. Most of the hydrogen chloride
Applications
Hydrogen chloride is used to remove the remaining fibres Hydrogen chloride is used as a thermal etchant to remove
from cotton seeds after the cotton wool has been separated material from unmasked areas and to prepare wafer
and before the seed is stored for resowing next season. surfaces for epitaxial deposition.
Hydrogen chloride is used to separate cotton from wood.
High purity hydrogen chloride gas is widely used in the
Hydrogen chloride is used in the manufacture of inorganic electronics industry. It is a chlorine carrier produced by
chlorides. high temperature cracking. It is used in the following
applications:
Hydrogen chloride is used as the chlorine donor in scouring furnaces (quartz chambers)
excimer lasers. dissolved in water as aqueous cleaning agent to
prepare metal surfaces for electro plating
Hydrogen chloride is used to promote and regenerate selective etching of windows in electronic microcircuits
catalysts in the petrochemical industry, and to add carrier for non-volatile elements in the form of
viscosity to oils. gaseous chloride.
Hydrogen chloride is used for hydrochlorinations (e.g., Hydrogen chloride is used in pharmaceutical synthesis.
production of chloromethane) and oxychlorinations
(e.g., production of chloroethene). It is also used to Hydrogen chloride is also used for production of hard metals.
produce chlorosulfonic acid and synthetic rubbers.
124 Gases
Hydrogen cyanide HCN,

Hydrocyanic acid
CAS: 74-90-8 EC: 200-821-6 UN: 1051 ADR Class 6.1, TF1 DOT Class 6.1
Chemical hydrogen cyanide 2.0 (stabilized)

Impurity [%] Purity >99.9%
H2SO4 or H3PO4 (Stabilizer)
<0.95
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless gas with the characteristic odour of bitter almonds. Slightly lighter than air.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER

flammable hazard
R12 - Extremely flammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; H224 - Extremely flammable liquid and vapour;
R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life
long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. with long lasting effects.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 0.83 at 70 F, [psi] 12.04
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Applications 125
CHEM FOOD MANUF OEM PHARMA R&D
Source
The main method of manufacturing hydrogen cyanide is Many fruits with a pit such as almonds, apples, apricots
by reacting methane, ammonia and air over a platinum contain small levels of HCN.
catalyst at 1,000-2,000C.
Applications
Hydrogen cyanide is an important building block in the HCN is used as component in calibration gases for
manufacture of: environmental control of coal fired power plants.
acrylonitrile
acrylates HCN is also used as a fumigant in certain geographies.
pharmaceuticals
The largest use is in the manufacture of acrylonitrile,

but it is also used in the manufacture of methyl
methacrylate, adiponitrile (for nylon), sodium cyanide
and small amounts of ferrocyanudes.
126 Gases
Hydrogen fluoride HF
CAS: 7664-39-3 EC: 231-634-8 UN: 1052 ADR Class 8, CT1 DOT Class 8
Hydrogen fluoride 4.5

H2SiF6 SO2 H2SO4
<15 <15 <25
15 C: 0.9 bar(a) 70 F: 0 psi(g)
Characteristics
Highly corrosive. Liquefied gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Highly corrosive under humid
conditions.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Very toxic Corrosive
R26/27/28 - Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H310 - Fatal in contact with skin;
and if swallowed; R35 - Causes severe burns. H300 - Fatal if swallowed; H314 - Causes severe skin
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.04 at 70 F, [psi] 15.48
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Applications 127
CHEM FOOD MANUF METAL PETRO R&D SEMI
Source
Hydrogen fluoride is prepared industrially by reacting
together sulphuric acid and fluorspar (CaF2).
Applications
Hydrogen fluoride is used: Hydrogen fluoride is used as a fumigant.
to produce fluorine
to process uranium isotopes Hydrogen fluoride is used in hydrogen fluoride lasers
as a fluorinating agent to produce a variety of organic (HF/DF hydrogen fluoride/deuterium fluoride lasers)
and inorganic chemicals. which is an infrared chemical laser that can deliver
to manufacture low-ash content analytical filter paper continuous output power in the megawatt range.
for pickling of electronic components
for etching in the production of semiconductor It also serves as a catalyst in alkylation, acylation and
integrated circuits isomerization reactions, and as a dehydrating agent in
for etching and polishing glass cyclization reactions.
to prepare fluoridized compounds
for polymerization and hydrolytic reactions
for manufacturing of aluminium fluoride and
synthetic cryolite (Sodium alumina fluoride Na3AlF6).
128 Gases
Hydrogen iodide HI,

Hydroiodic acid
Hydrogen iodide 3.0


15 C: 6 bar(a) 70 F: 88.6 psi(g)
Characteristics
Highly corrosive. Liquefied colourless gas with pungent odour. Forms white fumes in humid air. Highly corrosive under
humid conditions.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Corrosive
R35 - Causes severe burns. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
may explode if heated; H314 - Causes severe skin burns
and eye damage.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 6.91 at 70 F, [psi] 100.2
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Applications 129
CHEM R&D SEMI
Source
The industrial preparation of hydrogen iodide involves the
reaction of I2 with hydrazine, which also yields nitrogen gas.
Applications
Hydrogen iodide is used in semiconductor dry etching
applications.
Hydrogen iodide is used in organic and inorganic

synthesis as one of the primary sources of iodine and
as a reducing agent.
130 Gases
Hydrogen sulphide H2S
Chemical hydrogen sulphide 1.8

H2O
<4,000
Hydrogen sulphide 5.0
O2 N2 CH4 H2O
<2 <5 <0.5 <1
15 C: 16 bar(a) 70 F: 252 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Extremely offensive odour, liquefied gas.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER

flammable hazard
R12 - Extremely flammable; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms. may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 18.40 at 70 F, [psi] 274.52
3
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Applications 131
CHEM ENERGY MANUF METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
Hydrogen sulphide occurs as a by-product from many and dyes, as well as leather processing. It can also be
chemical processes. It is an off-gas in the production of manufactured by treatment of many metallic sulphides
viscose rayon, synthetic rubber, various petroleum products, with a mineral acid such as hydrochloric or sulphuric acid.
Applications
Small quantities of hydrogen sulphide are used as a Hydrogen sulphide is used as an analytical reagent in
dopant for indium phosphide and gallium arsenide chemical analysis.
semiconductors, and as a precursor for the growth of
zinc sulphide semiconductors. Hydrogen sulphide is used for preparation of phosphors
oil additives and for production of additives for high
Hydrogen sulphide is used for metal separation, removal pressure lubricants and cutting oils.
of metallic impurities, and for preparation of metallic
sulphides. In hot wire galvanizing it is used in conjunction Hydrogen sulphide is used in the chemical industry for
with natural gas to speed up the galvanizing process. production of sulphurated compounds, as mercaptans,
sulphides, etc.
Hydrogen sulphide is used to regenerate certain types of
catalyst used in the petrochemical industry. Hydrogen sulphide is also used as a solvent and as an
odorant in town gas.
Hydrogen sulphide is used in calibration mixtures for the
petrochemical industry. Hydrogen sulphide is used in the separation of heavy water,
from normal water in some nuclear power stations.
Hydrogen sulphide is used in mixtures for emission control
applications. Hydrogen sulphide is used for surface treatment of metals.
132 Gases
Krypton Kr,
R-784
Krypton 4.0
O2 CnHm H2O N2
<10 <5 <5 <30
Halocarbon free krypton 5.3
Impurities [ppb] Purity >99.9993%
O2 N2 H2 Xe Ar COx SF6 CF4 C2F6 CnHm H2O
<0.5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5 <0.1 <1
15 C: 130 bar(a) 70 F: 1,900 psi(g)
Characteristics
Physical data
3 3
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Applications 133
MANUF MEDICAL OEM R&D SEMI
Source
Krypton is obtained from air separation plants. In view of its a stream containing a mixture of crude krypton and xenon
very low natural concentration in air, it is only economically is extracted from the plant and processed in a separate
viable to recover krypton from larger plants. In these cases purification and distillation system.
Applications
Krypton is used in various research programmes. In laboratories krypton is used for calibration standards for
mass spectrometry and specific area measurements in
Krypton is used for certain ion lasers and in mixtures with adsorption applications.
halides and helium or neon for excimer laser applications.
In neurology krypton is used to obtain brain X-ray pictures.
Krypton is used in incandescent lamps, mixed with
nitrogen and argon or nitrogen, argon and xenon. Krypton Krypton is used as a triggering agent in discharge type
is also used in mixtures with argon as a filling gas for electronic tubes (e.g., TFT screens; TFT LCD = Thin-Film
fluorescent tubes. Transistor Liquid Chrystal Display).
Krypton is used as a filling gas for various halogen lamps, Krypton is also used as insulation gas in windows to
such as those used in cars, on airfields and in low voltage reduce noise and heat transfer.
display lamps.
134 Gases
Methane CH4,
R-50
CAS: 74-82-8 EC: 200-812-7 ADR Class 2, 1F (Compressed); DOT Class 2.1
UN: 1971 (Compressed); 1972 (Refrigerated liquid) 3F Refrigerated liquid)
Chemical methane 2.5

Other CnHm
<3,000
Scientific methane 5.5
O2 + N2 Other CnHm H2O
<5 <1 <1
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,400 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless and odourless gas.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
r el el
um be ste

e ne ste
ini N rub n er

el ren
the ess
inl

Applications 135
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Methane is the principal constituent of natural gas Pure methane may also be obtained from the cracking of
(typically natural gas is 87% methane). It is therefore petroleum fractions.
commonly produced by purifying natural gas.
Applications
Methane is used as a heating fuel for domestic purposes As natural gas it is also used as fuel for vehicles.
and above all for industrial heating:
in the steel industry, with open hearth furnaces, in In the chemical field, methane serves as a raw material for
the presence of fuel oil, and in reheating furnaces the production of methanol, synthetic ammonia, acetylene,
for semi-products prior to rolling or forging, oxycutting carbon black, carbon disulphide, hydrocyanic acid,
of metal, for heat treatment of nonferrous metals, and chloromethane, methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride
supply to infrared heating elements used for surface and chloroform.
treatment
in thermal power plants In the steel industry, natural gas is used for direct reduction
in glass making, annealing kilns for pharmaceutical of powdered minerals, and to produce hard metal.
ampoules, ceramic kilns
in the textile industry Methane finds extensive use in various mixtures for
in the chemical industry, petrochemical furnaces, quality control laboratories in the petrochemical and fuel
heating of tanks containing resins for paints, gas industries.
vulcanization of plastics
in food and farm industries, coffee roasting ovens, Methane is used in gas cooled nuclear reactors. The
malt drying in breweries, dehydration of plant fodder, methane is used to dope the carbon dioxide coolant in
powdered milk production order to prevent erosion of the carbon control rods in the
in cement plants nuclear core.
in paper mills
Methane is used for efficiency testing of gas burners and
Methane was employed in the gas batteries used by the engines.
Apollo space missions.
Methane is also used in synthetic town gas mixtures.
High purity methane is used as a fuel gas in flame
photometers. Methane mixtures are commonly used for calibrations in
the automotive industry and in the environmental field.
When mixed with argon or xenon, methane is used as a
gas filling for proportional counters and other types of Methane mixed with argon is used as make-up gas in
radiation detectors. electro chemical detectors (EC-detectors).
Note:
Methane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an
international Framework Convention with the objective

136 Gases
Methanethiol CH3SH,
Methyl mercaptan
Chemical methanethiol 2.5

Other S-comp.
<5,000
15 C: 1.4 bar(a) 70 F: 15 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied, gas with strong repugnant odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Toxic Environmental

flammable hazard
R12 - Extremely flammable; R23 - Toxic by inhalation; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life
with long lasting effects.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.70 at 70 F, [psi] 25.67
er el el
m bb ste

e ne s ste
niu N ru n er

l ren
the les

mi

na ss tyl rbo pp l-F ne op lon lye C in on on
Applications 137
Source
Methanethiol is manufactured by reaction between
hydrogen sulphide and methanol. The reaction is usually
carried out over solid acidic catalysts at elevated
temperatures.
Applications
Methanethiol has been used in organic synthesis and Methanethiol is also used as an odorant in a variety of
is an intermediate for jet fuel, fungicides, and methionine. odourless gases to allow easy leak detection.
Methanethiol as an additive to improve qualities of

elastomers.
138 Gases
Methylamine (CH3)NH2,
Aminomethane, R-630
Chemical aminomethane 2.0

H2O
<3,000
15 C: 2.5 bar(a) 70 F: 29 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with ammonia/fish-like odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Harmful
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R20 - Harmful by Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
inhalation; R37/38 - Irritating to respiratory system may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
and skin; R41 - Risk of serious damage to eyes. H332 - Harmful if inhaled; H335 - May cause respiratory
serious eye damage.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 2.96 at 70 F, [psi] 44.63
er el el
m bb ste

e ne s ste
niu N ru n er

l ren
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mi inl

Applications 139
Source
Methylamine is prepared commercially either by a Dimethylamine and trimethylamine are also formed in
reaction between methanol and ammonia, or by a the same reaction and the three products are separated
Applications
Methylamine is an intermediate in the synthesis of developers, explosives, and solvents such as n-methyl-2-
pharmaceuticals (e.g. theophylline), pesticides (carbaryl, pirrolidone.
sodium methane, carbofuran), surfactants, photographic
140 Gases
Methyl vinyl ether C3H6O,

Methoxyethene, Vinyl methyl ether
Methoxyethene 2.5
H2O
<1,000
15 C: 1.5 bar(a) 70 F: 11.6 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied and colourless gas with a sweetish odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.74 at 70 F, [psi] 26.27
er el el
um bb ste

e ne s ste
ini N ru n er

l ren
the es
inl

Applications 141
Source
Methyl vinyl ether is obtained commercially by a It is also prepared by converting acetaldehyde into
vinylation reaction, by treating ethyne (acetylene) with dimethoxyethane, and subjecting the acetal to pyrolysis.
methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide.
Applications
Methyl vinyl ether is used as an intermediate in organic Methyl vinyl ether is used as plasticizer for nitrocellulose
synthesis. and other plastics.
Methyl vinyl ether is used to prepare homopolymers

and copolymers.
142 Gases
Neon Ne,
R-720
Neon 4.5
O2 N2 He H2O CnHm
<2 <5 <20 <3 <0.2
Plasma neon 5.3
O2 N2 He H2O CnHm
<1 <2 <3 <2 <0.1
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,000 psi(g)
Characteristics
Physical data
3 3
r el el
um be ste ne

ne ste
ini N rub n er l
pre

the ess
inl

Applications 143
MANUF MEDICAL OEM R&D SEMI
Source
Neon is obtained from air separation plants. In view of its these cases small quantities of neon are recovered by
very low natural concentration in air, it is only economically splitting a crude neon stream from the plant and processing
viable to recover neon from larger air separation plants. In this in a separate purification and distillation system.
Applications
Neon is used as a filling gas in: Neon is used as a carrier gas in chromatography for
spark chamber particle detectors, in mixtures with special applications.
helium and other particle detectors
Geiger tubes and other detectors Neon-oxygen breathing mixtures are used in diving, with
fluorescent lamps the advantage of not causing vocal deformation.
sodium discharge lamps
digital display tubes (Dixie tubes) Liquid neon is employed in the following applications:
stroboscope lights liquid hydrogen replacement studies at about 30 K to
signs, in mixtures with argon (hence the term satisfy safety considerations
Neon Lights) cryo-sorption and cryo-pumping
low consumption glow lamps (night lights) nuclear particle detection in bubble chambers.
filament lamps lung diffusion gas.
telephone line surge arrestors
Neon is used in plasma TV screens.
Neon is also used as either a buffer gas or the active
medium in various types of gas lasers such as
helium/neon, excimer and copper vapour lasers.
144 Gases
Nitric oxide NO,

Nitrogen monoxide
CAS: 10102-43-9 EC: 233-271-0 UN: 1660 ADR Class 2, 1 TOC DOT Class 2.3
Chemical nitric oxide 2.0

N2+NxOy comp.
<10,000
Scientific nitric oxide 3.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity > 99.9%
N2+NxOy comp. SO2 H2O
<1,000 <100 <50
15 C: 30 bar(a) 70 F: 500 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless gas with slight odour.
Signal word: DANGER
Oxidizing Very toxic Corrosive
R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire; Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns. may explode if heated; H270 - May cause or intensify fire;
oxidiser; H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe
skin burns and eye damage; EUH071 - Corrosive to the
respiratory tract.
Physical data
r el el
um be ste

e ne ste
ini N rub n er

el ren
the ess
inl

Applications 145
AUTO CHEM ENERGY MEDICAL OEM PETRO R&D SEMI
Source
Nitric oxide is produced by treating nitric acid with
a reducing agent.
Applications
Nitric oxide is used as a polymerization inhibitor. Nitric oxide is used for oxidation of semiconductors in the
electronic industry.
Mixtures of nitric oxide, often in the ppm, or even ppb,
range are used to test and calibrate pollution and emission Nitric oxide is used
control analyzers. for chemical synthesis
in preparation of metal nitryl carbonyls.
Nitric oxide is used in the preparation of standard
mixtures employed in controlling atmospheric pollution. Nitric oxide mixtures have been used therapeutically in
humans for several medical indications.
Nitric oxide is used in the bleaching of rayon fabrics.
146 Gases
Nitrogen N2,
R-728
Chemical nitrogen 4.6

O2 H2O
<5 <5
Scientific nitrogen 6.0
O2 CO+CO2 CnHm H2O
<0.2 <0.2 <0.1 <0.5
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,640 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Physical data
3 3
r el el
um be ste

e en
e ste
ini N rub n er

l ren
eth ess
inl

Applications 147
CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
Nitrogen is produced in large quantities at air separation a secondary purification process. The lower range of
plants which liquefy and subsequently distil air into nitrogen purities can also be produced with membrane
nitrogen, oxygen and argon. If very high purity nitrogen techniques, and medium to high purities with pressure
is required the nitrogen produced may need to go through swing adsorption (PSA) techniques.
Applications
Nitrogen is used in large quantities in the chemical Nitrogen is used as a fire extinguishing gas in mines.
industry for blanketing, purging and pressure transfer
of flammable chemicals. Nitrogen is used to fill tires to reduce wear and limit the
risks of blow-outs.
High purity nitrogen is used in large quantities by the
semiconductor industry as a purge or carrier gas as well Liquid nitrogen is used in cold traps to improve the
as for blanketing equipment such as furnaces when not efficiency of vacuum pumps by condensing or solidifying
in production. residual gases in the vacuum.
Nitrogen is used as a purge gas. Liquid nitrogen may be used for shrink fitting of close
tolerance components.
Nitrogen is commonly used as carrier gas in gas
chromatography. Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze a wide variety of delicate
food, such as hamburgers, strawberries, shrimps etc.
Nitrogen is used as zero gas for analytical instruments.
Liquid nitrogen may also be used for cryogenic grinding of
Nitrogen is commonly used as a balance gas in mixtures. plastics, rubbers and some other chemicals products.
Nitrogen is used in the electronic industry for inerting of Liquid nitrogen is used in the nuclear industry, for
epitaxial reactors. scientific research.
Nitrogen is used in mixtures with carbon dioxide for Liquid nitrogen is used to store biological materials like
modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of food stuffs. tissue, cells etc.
Nitrogen is used extensively, either pure or, more Liquid nitrogen is also used for cryo surgery.
commonly, in a mixture with a reducing gas such as
hydrogen or natural gas, to provide an oxygen free Liquid nitrogen is used in the area of superconductivity.
atmosphere during heat treatment of various metals.
Nitrogen is used in Liquid chromatography-mass
Nitrogen is used in the Haber-Bosch process for spectrometry.
production of ammonia.
148 Gases
Nitrogen dioxide NO2
Chemical nitrogen dioxide 2.0

H2O
<1,000
15 C: 0.8 bar(a) 70 F: 0 psi(g)
Characteristics
Reddish-brown liquefied gas with an asphyxiating odour. Corrosive in humid conditions. Heavy oxidizing agent. Mixtures
with organic materials can be explosive.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Oxidizing Very toxic
R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire; H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser;
R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns. H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin
explode if heated.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 0.96 at 70 F, [psi] 14.66

l
er el
ne tee
niu
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the ss
N u er ren s

r n el

e
mi nl

Applications 149
AUTO CHEM ENERGY OEM R&D
Source
Industrial production of nitrogen dioxide employs the sodium nitrite with nitric acid and oxidation of the
Ostwald process (catalytic combustion of ammonia) liberated nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide.
and is the initial step in the production of nitric acid.
High purity nitrogen dioxide is obtained during the
Other commercial processes for producing nitrogen production of sodium nitrate from sodium chloride and
dioxide are the oxidation of nitrosyl chloride yielding nitric acid.
nitrogen dioxide and chlorine, and the treatment of
Applications
Nitrogen dioxide is employed in the production of Nitrogen dioxide is used as rocket fuel.
calibration standards used in the inspection of combustion
gases in general. Nitrogen dioxide is employed in the laboratory as an
oxidizing agent.
Nitrogen dioxide is used in calibration mixtures for the
automotive industry. Nitrogen dioxide is also used for chemical extraction and
chemical synthesis.
Nitrogen dioxide is used in calibration mixtures for
environmental monitoring in many process areas.
150 Gases
Nitrogen trifluoride NF3
CAS: 7783-54-2 EC: 232-007-1 UN: 2451 ADR Class 2, 2O DOT Class 2.2
Nitrogen trifluoride 4.0

H2O O2 N2 CO2 CF4 SF6 N2O
<5 <5 <50 <15 <50 <10 <10
15 C: 19 bar(a) 70 F: 261 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless gas with characteristic mouldy odour. Highly oxidizing at increased temperatures, can then ignite organic
material.
Signal word: DANGER
Oxidizing Harmful
R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R20 - Harmful by inhalation. may explode if heated; H270 - May cause or intensify
fire; oxidiser; H332 - Harmful if inhaled.
Physical data
3 3
r el el
um be ste ne

ne ste
ini N rub n er

l pre

the ess
inl

Applications 151
CHEM MANUF METAL R&D SEMI
Source
Nitrogen trifluoride is prepared by the direct fluorination the elements nitrogen and fluorine using an electrical
of ammonia. It may also be obtained by electrolysis of discharge at low temperatures.
molten ammonium bifluoride or by direct combination of
Applications
Nitrogen trifluoride is used as a high speed, selective Nitrogen trifluoride is sometimes used as the fluorine
etchant in silicon processing. It has been used to etch source in HF/DF (see page 121) chemical lasers.
silicon, polysilicon, silicon nitride and silicon oxide as well
as refractory metals and silicides. Nitrogen trifluoride is used as a fluorinating agent.
Its application to in-situ tube cleaning has been developed. Nitrogen trifluoride is also used for fibre treatment.
Nitrogen trifluoride has recently become of interest as a

nitrogen source gas for nitride deposition.
152 Gases
Nitrous oxide N2O,

R-744A
CAS: 10024-97-2 EC: 233-032-0 ADR Class 2, 2O; DOT Class 2.2
UN: 1070; 2201 (Refrigerated liquid) 3O (Refrigerated liquid)
Chemical nitrous oxide 2.0

Air
<9,000
Scientific nitrous oxide 4.8
O2 N2 CO+CO2 CnHm H2O
<10 <20 <6 <1 <5
15 C: 46 bar(a) 70 F: 745 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas.
Signal word: DANGER
Oxidizing
R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire. Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 58.5 at 70 F, [psi] 848.5
r el el
um be ste ne

ne ste
ini N rub n er

l pre

the ess
inl

Applications 153
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF MEDICAL OEM PHARMA R&D SEMI
Source
Nitrous oxide is obtained most commonly by the thermal by the slow decomposition of hyponitrites, or by the
decomposition of ammonium nitrate. It may also be thermal decomposition of hydroxylamine.
obtained by controlled reduction of nitrites or nitrates,
Applications
Nitrous oxide (often called laughing gas) is commonly Nitrous oxide may be used as an aerosol propellant in
used as a general anaesthetic in both medical and dental various fields:
surgeries. To be effective as an anaesthetic, nitrous oxide for whipped cream (because it improves the foaming
must be inhaled in relatively high concentrations mixed characteristics of the cream), syrups, concentrates of
with air or oxygen. coffee, chocolate and various flavours, sauces for
grilled meats, vinaigrette etc.
Nitrous oxide serves in industry as a leak detector for pharmaceutical field
vacuum and pressurized enclosures, buried piping, etc. cosmetics (perfumes, eau de cologne, hair spray, etc.)
household products, paints and varnishes, insecticides
Nitrous oxide is used as an oxygen source in the chemical aerosols for use at low temperature, such as de-icers,
vapour deposition of silicon oxynitride layers. engine starting boosters, etc.
Nitrous oxide is used in calibration mixtures for Nitrous oxide is used as an oxygen enrichment medium for
environmental control. high performance internal combustion engines (Drag racing).
The nitrous oxide-acetylene flame is employed in the Nitrous oxide is used as raw material for the production of
laboratory for the analysis of refractory elements such as rocket fuel.
aluminium, vanadium, titanium and calcium oxides, by
flame emission spectrometry. The use of this flame also Nitrous oxide is used in the production of optical fibre.
permits determination of a certain number of trace metals
by atomic absorption spectrometry.
Nitrous oxide is used as an oxidizer in some types of

analytical instruments.
Note:
Nitrous oxide is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol, an
international Framework Convention with the objective of
reducing greenhouse gases.

154 Gases
Octafluoropropane C3F8,
Perfluoropropane, R-218
Scientific octafluoropropane 2.0

N2 + O2 Other halo-carbons H2O
<1,000 <3,000 <100
15 C: 6.7 bar(a) 70 F: 100 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless liquefied gas with an ethereal odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 7.69 at 70 F, [psi] 115.05
er el el
m bb ste

e ne s ste
niu N ru n er

l ren
the es
mi inl

Applications 155
ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL R&D SEMI
Source
Perfluoroalkanes can be produced by a variety of routes. Perfluoroalkanes can also be produced electrochemically
Indirect fluorination of hydrocarbons with cobalt (III) by the Phillips Petroleum process or the electrochemical
fluoride or silver (II) fluoride is carried out in a steel or fluorination of organic compounds by the Simons process.
nickel tube with stirring. The hydrocarbon vapours are
passed at 150450 C over the fluorinating agent, which
is regenerated in a fluorine stream. This process is suitable
for the production of perfluoroalkanes containing up to 20
carbon atoms.
Applications
Octafluoropropane is useful for high-voltage insulation. Octafluoropropane (R-218) is a component in refrigeration
mixtures.
Octafluoropropane is used in mixture with oxygen in
semiconductor applications as an etching material for Octafluoropropane is also used for eye surgery.
silicondioxide layers. Oxides are selectively etched versus
their metal substrates.
Note:
Octafluoropropane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,

156 Gases
Oxygen O2,
R-732
CAS: 7782-44-7 EC: 231-956-9 ADR Class 2, 1O (Compressed); DOT Class 2.2
UN: 1072 (Compressed); 1073 (Refrigerated liquid) 3O (Refrigerated liquid)
Chemical oxygen 3.5

H2O
<5
Scientific oxygen 6.0
N2 Ar CO CO2 CnHm H2O
<0.5 <1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5
15 C: 200 bar(a) 70 F: 2,640 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Many materials burn in oxygen that do not normally burn in air. Reduces the flash-point
temperature and increases the combustion speed.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Oxidizing
R8 - Contact with combustible material may cause fire. Compressed Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
H270 - May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser.
Physical data
er el el
m bb ste

e ne s ste
niu N ru n er l
ren
the es
mi inl

Applications 157
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA SEMI
R&D
Source
Oxygen is obtained on a commercial scale by the purification and distillation stage. Alternatively high purity
liquefaction and subsequent distillation of air. For very oxygen may be produced by the electrolysis of water.
high purity oxygen it is normally necessary to take the Lower purities of oxygen can also be produced with
product from an air separation plant through a secondary membrane technique.
Applications
Many oxidation reactions in the chemical industry use Oxygen is used for flame sealing of glass ampoules for
pure oxygen rather than air in order to benefit from higher finished products for the pharmaceutical industry and
reaction rates, easier product separation, higher yields, or the chemical industry.
smaller equipment size.
In the food industry, oxygen is used in the transportation
High purity oxygen is used for the formation of silicon of live fish and seafoods.
dioxide and metal oxide, as an etchant for photoresist,
and in mixtures with halocarbons for etching silicon. Oxygen is used for enrichment of air during fermentation.
Oxygen is also used in conjunction with hydrogen to fuel
torches for welding, brazing, glass blowing and tube Mixed with other gases, oxygen serves in the production
sealing for a variety of electronic components such as of breathable atmospheres (O2 + CO2: reanimation; O2 + He
reed relay switches. or O2 + N2: underwater diving).
High purity oxygen is used in conjunction with high purity Oxygen is used in some cases for modified atmosphere
methane in Advanced Gas Cooled (AGR) nuclear reactors packaging (MAP) of food stuffs. It is used either pure or
to maintain an appropriate carbon balance in the (CO2) in mixtures with carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen.
gas coolant in the nuclear core.
Liquid oxygen is used in liquid oxygen explosives, and as
High purity oxygen is used in the optical fibre production a comburent in space propulsion.
process.
Oxygen is used in the medical field, as pure gas
Injecting oxygen into sewage treatment plants accelerates and in mixtures.
the decomposition of sewage.
Oxygen is also used in calibration gas.
Oxygen is used for chemical synthesis.
Oxygen is used in metal treating laser applications.
Oxygen is used as an oxidizer.
Oxygen is used in cutting and welding.
Oxygen is used to supplement or replace air in burners
used in many different industries in order to obtain
increased temperatures. Typical applications are found in
the steel, non-ferrous, glass and concrete industries
amongst many others.
158 Gases
Phosgene COCl2,
Carbonyl chloride, Dichloromethanal
Phosgene 2.0
HCl + Cl2
<10,000
15 C: 1.3 bar(a) 70 F: 9.3 psi(g)
Characteristics
Corrosive. Colourless, liquefied gas with a damp hay-like odour. Decomposes in water to hydrogen chloride and carbon
dioxide.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Very toxic
R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.59 at 70 F, [psi] 24.0
r el el
um be ste ne

ne ste
ini N rub n er

l pre

the ess
inl

Applications 159
CHEM MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Phosgene is obtained commercially by passing carbon residual product gases are carefully scrubbed for removal
monoxide and chlorine over activated carbon. The of remaining phosgene.
produced phosgene is liquefied in a condenser and the
Applications
Phosgene is used in organic synthesis to prepare:
acid chlorides
intermediate isocyanates in the preparation of
polyurethanes
polycarbonate resins
ethyl, isopropyl, diethylene glycol and n-butyl
chloroformiates
isopropyl phenylcarbonate, isopropyl
chlorophenylcarbonate, employed as insecticides,
herbicides and pesticides
dyes
pharmaceuticals
synthetic foams
polymers
urea and substituted ureas
carbodiimides
Phosgene also serves in the bleaching of sand for the

glass industry. It is a chlorinating agent.
160 Gases
Phosphine PH3,
Hydrogen phosphide
Phosphine 5.0
O2 N2 CO CO2 CnHm H2O AsH3
<1 <3 <1 <1 <2 <1 <2
15 C: 37 bar(a) 70 F: 507.4 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied, colourless gas with an odour similar to rotten fish. Ignites spontaneously in air.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER

flammable hazard
R12 - Extremely flammable; R17 - Spontaneously Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
flammable in air; R26 - Very toxic by inhalation; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
R34 - Causes burns; R50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms. H330 - Fatal if inhaled; H314 - Causes severe skin burns
and eye damage; H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 35.16 at 70 F, [psi] 522.11
Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Ignites.spontaneously

l
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N u er ren s

r n el

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Applications 161
CHEM FOOD MANUF R&D SEMI
Source
Phosphine may be prepared by a number of routes
including hydrolysis of metal phosphides or direct
combination of the elements under pressure.
Applications
Phosphine has been used as a fumigant to kill insect Phosphine is used for charging of silica linings.
infestation in grain silos.
In the chemical industry, phosphine finds use in the
Phosphine is used as an n-type dopant in the epitaxial preparation of flame-retarding compounds.
deposition and diffusion of silicon. It is also used for the
epitaxial growth of InP and GaInAsP for the production of Phosphine is used in mixtures in the halogen lamp
semiconductors. production.
162 Gases
Propadiene C3H4,
Allene, 1,2-Propadiene
Propadiene 2.5
Other CnHm H2O
<5,000 <100
15 C: 5.5 bar(a) 70 F: 80.0 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas with slightly sweetish odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable . Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 6.34 at 70 F, [psi] 94.72
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Applications 163
Source
Propadiene is produced through the pyrolysis of isobutane
under elevated temperature and controlled pressure.
Propadiene can also be obtained by debromination of 2,3-

dibromopropene or dechlorination of 2,3-dichloropropene.
Applications
Propadiene is of interest mainly for organic synthesis and is Propadiene is used as a component in calibration gases
used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical intermediates. for the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
164 Gases
Propane C3H8,
R-290
Chemical propane 2.5

Other CnHm
<5,000
Scientific propane 3.5
O2 S-comp. Other CnHm H2O
<10 <0.5 <300 <30
15 C: 7.3 bar(a) 70 F: 109 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 8.39 at 70 F, [psi] 125.24
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Applications 165
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF METAL OEM PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Propane is a constituent of crude petroleum and natural
gas from which it is obtained by refining and processing
operations.
Applications
Propane is of interest as a specialty gas mainly in Propane is one of the main components in liquid petroleum
mixtures used to calibrate process control analyzers in gas (LPG).
the petrochemical industry. It is also used in its pure form
as the fuel gas in flame photometers. As a refrigerant it has the ASHRAE number R-290.
Propane is used: It is also used in small proportions as a component in some

for heating of industrial premises and apartments hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons (HCFC,
as fuel supply to hot air generators used in farming for HFC) refrigerant blends for industrial and commercial
drying harvests refrigeration and air conditioning applications in order
for heating animal breeding areas to facilitate oil return in the system.
in hotels and restaurants
in portable heating units at work sites, markets, etc. In the chemical industry propane is used in the production of:
in the iron and steel industry: burners for heat ethylene, propylene, which is an intermediate product in the
treatment furnaces, radiation panels for surface manufacture of isopropanol, propylene oxide, propylene-
treatment, metal oxycutting glycol, acrolein, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, isopropylbenzene,
in the chemical industry: burners for ceramic kilns, allyl chloride, epichlorohydrin, and polypropylene.
in paintwork finishing installations, incinerators in
petrochemical furnaces Propane is used for efficiency testing of gas burners and
as a clean fuel for intra-plant vehicles, such as fork- engines, sometimes in combination with CO/CO2.
lift trucks, where petrol fumes or soot would be
considered unpleasant Propane is used in emission calibration mixtures for the
extensively as a refrigerant in chemical, petroleum automotive industry.
refining and gas processing operations
as a refrigerant in high/medium/low temperature; Propane is used as a component in calibration gases for
commercial and industrial refrigeration and A/C the gas, oil as well as chemical industry.
in heat pumps, and mixed with iso-butane it is used in
high/medium temperature refrigeration; commercial
and domestic refrigeration
in metallurgy to create controlled atmospheres. It is
employed in gaseous cementation processes
as an aerosol propellant mixed with iso-butane.
166 Gases
Propene C3H6,
Propylene, R-1270
Chemical propene 2.5

Other CnHm H2O
<5,000 <50
Propene 2.8
Other CnHm
<1,000
15 C: 9 bar(a) 70 F: 136 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas with a sweetish odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations (stenchant
often added).
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 10.24 at 70 F, [psi] 152.86
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Applications 167
AUTO CHEM ENERGY MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Propene is obtained during the refining of gasoline, and
to a lesser extent by the splitting, cracking and reforming
of hydrocarbon mixtures.
Applications
Propene is used principally in organic synthesis to Propene is widely used as a chemical intermediate.
produce the following materials:
acetone Propene is used in emission calibration mixtures for the
isopropylbenzene automotive industry.
isopropyl halides
propylene oxide Propene is used in the efficency testing of gas burners
It is also polymerized to form polypropylene plastic and engines.
It is used as a refrigerant in high/medium/low temperature Propene is used as a component in calibration gases for
applications including commercial refrigeration and air- the chemical industry.
conditioning. It has the ASHRAE number R-1270.
Propene is used in mixtures for the calibration of process

control instruments in the petrochemical/chemical
industry.
168 Gases
Propyne C3H4,
Allylene, Methylacetylene
Propyne 2.0
Other CnHm
<10,000
15 C: 4.4 bar(a) 70 F: 59.4 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless, liquefied gas with a garlic like odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
Physical data
3 3
Vapour pressure: at 0 C, [bar] 2.55 at 32 F, [psi] 36,92
at 20 C, [bar]: 4.94 at 70 F, [psi] 74.09

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Applications 169
Source
Propyne can be produced by thermal or catalytic pyrolysis recovered by solvent extraction and enriched by low
of propene. temperature fractional distillation of C3 mixtures, or
removed by selective hydrogenation.
In cracked gas (for example, from steam cracking of
hydrocarbons) propyne, together with propadiene, can be
Applications
Propyne is used in the chemical industry as a synthesis
intermediate.
Propyne is used as a component in calibration gases for

170 Gases
Silane SiH4,
Silicon hydride
Silane 4.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.99% Resistivity >300 O/cm
SiH3Cl H2O O2 N2 CO + CO2 CnHm H2
<2 <2 <1 <20 <5 <5 <200
Silane 5.0
Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.999% Resistivity >2,000 O/cm
SiH3Cl H2O O2 N2 CO + CO2 CnHm H2
<0.5 <1 <1 <3 <1 <0.5 <50
15 C: 50100 bar(a) 70 F: 700 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless gas with repulsive odour. Forms white fumes at leakage. Mixtures with more than 3% silane
ignites spontaneously in air.
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R17 - Spontaneously Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
flammable in air. may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas.
Physical data
3 3
Flammability range in air, [% volume]: Ignites.spontaneously
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Applications 171
MANUF R&D SEMI
Source
Silane is produced by the reduction of silicon tetrachloride Silane is produced by treatment of magnesium silicide
by metal hydrides such as lithium or calcium aluminium with hydrochloric acid.
hydride.
Applications
Silane is used in the production of special glasses to Silane is also used as a dopant in the production of
provide a reflective coating. compound semiconductor devices, for chemical vapour
deposition of refractory metal silicides, and for deposition
Silane is one of the basic materials of the silicon of amorphous silicon on photocopier drums.
semiconductor industry. It is used as a source of silicon
for growing polycrystalline and epitaxial (monocrystalline) Silane is also used in the production of photovoltaic cells.
silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and doping of gallium
arsenide. Silane is used in the production process of optical fibres.
172 Gases
Silicon tetrachloride SiCl4,

Tetrachlorosilane
CAS: 10026-04-7 EC: 233-054-0 UN: 1818 ADR Class 8, C1 DOT Class 8
Silicon tetrachloride 3.5

Impurities (by weight) Purity > 99.95% Resistivity >100 O/cm
SiHnClm Al B C Fe P + As
<600ppm <50ppb <0.2ppb <1ppb <25ppb <2ppb
15 C: 0.21 bar(a) 70 F: 10.9 psi(g)
Characteristics
Liquefied and colourless gas with a pungent odour. Hydrolyses in moist air to form hydrogen chloride and silicon dioxide.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Irritant
R14 - Reacts violently with water; R36/37/38 - Irritating EUH014 - Reacts violently with water; H319 - Causes
to eyes, respiratory system and skin. serious eye irritation; H335 - May cause respiratory
irritation; H315 - Causes skin irritation.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 0.26 at 70 F, [psi] 3.89
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Applications 173
CHEM MANUF METAL R&D SEMI
Source
Silicon tetrachloride is commonly obtained by letting
silicon react with chlorine or more commonly silicon react
with hydrogen chloride.
Applications
Silicon tetrachloride is used in the production of silicon,
silicon dioxide, polysilanes and silicones.
Silicon tetrachloride is also used for surface treatment of

metals and polymers.
Silicon tetrachloride can be used to produce smoke

screens in warfare.
174 Gases
Silicon tetrafluoride SiF4,

Tetrafluorosilane
Silicon tetrafluoride 4.0

N2 O2 + Ar CO2 CO CH4 acidity (HF) As B P
<3 <1 <1 <0.5 <10 <50 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
Silicon tetrafluoride 5.0
CO CO2 N2 O2 CnHm
<0.1 <2 <4 <0.5 <0.1
15 C: 63 bar(a) 70 F: 900 psi(g)
Characteristics
Liquefied and colourless gas with a pungent odour. Hydrolyses in moist air to form hydrogen fluoride and silicon dioxide.
Signal word: DANGER
Toxic Corrosive
R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R35 - Cause severe burnes Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
(eyes, respiratory system and skin). explode if heated; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causes
Physical data
3 3
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Applications 175
CHEM ENERGY METAL R&D SEMI
Source
Commercially silicon tetrafluoride is extracted as a Silicon tetrafluoride is a by-product of the manufacture of
by-product from the exhaust gases of the production of monocrystalline silicon.
phosphate fertilizers.
Applications
Silicon tetrafluoride is used to produce sodium Silicon tetrafluoride is used for water fluoridation.
hexafluoroaluminate (synthetic cryolite) and
aluminium fluoride. Silicon tetrafluoride is used for low temperature silicon
deposition and for the plasma etching of aluminium in the
Silicon tetrafluoride is used as a silicon source in the semiconductor industry.
manufacture of optical fibres.
176 Gases
Sulphur dioxide SO2
Chemical sulphur dioxide 2.8

H2O
<100
Scientific sulphur dioxide 3.8
H2O H2SO4
<50 <50
15 C: 2.8 bar(a) 70 F: 34 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas with pungent odour. Dry gas is not corrosive.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Toxic
R23 - Toxic by inhalation; R34 - Causes burns. Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may
explode if heated; H331 - Toxic if inhaled; H314 - Causes
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 3.36 at 70 F, [psi] 50.67
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Applications 177
AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD MANUF METAL PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Sulphur dioxide may be produced by a variety of routes, It can also be prepared by the reaction of an acid on
such as the combustion of sulphur or pyrites, alternatively a metallic sulphide, or by the action of sulphuric acid
as a by-product of smelter operations. directly on a metal such as copper.
Applications
Sulphur dioxide is used in the manufacture of sulphite, Sulphur dioxide is used in gas mixtures for car emission
hydrogen sulphites and sulphuric acid. monitoring.
Sulphur dioxide is used in magnesium foundries as Sulphur dioxide is also used in the float glass manufacturing
protection gas (an alternative to SF6). process.
Sulphur dioxide is used as a bleaching agent particularly Sulphur dioxide may be used:
for certain types of dried food, and also to bleach glue, as a refrigerant
elation, sugar, textiles, fats and oils. in laboratory research on corrosion problems
to remove excess chlorine in textile bleaching and
Sulphur dioxide is used to sterilize wine and beer making water treatment
equipment in order to inhibit the growth of moulds and in preparation of chrome leather tanning
bacteria, and to control wine fermentation. Sulphur as a solvent.
dioxide may be used in a variety of disinfecting and
fumigation applications. Sulphur dioxide is used in the pharmaceutical industry as
a reaction agent.
Sulphur dioxide is used as a component in environmental
calibration gases.
178 Gases
Sulphur hexafluoride SF6
Chemical sulphur hexafluoride 3.0

Impurities [ppm] Purity >99.9%*
Air CF4 acidity (HF) H2O
<500ppmw <400ppmw <0.3 <6
15 C: 19 bar(a) 70 F: 320 psi(g)
*Meets or exceeds ASTM D2472 & IEC specifications.
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Physical data
3 3
at 20 C, [bar]: 21.60 at 70 F, [psi] 321.70
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Applications 179
AUTO ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL METAL R&D SEMI
Source
Sulphur hexafluoride is manufactured by direct fluorination produce fluorine for other purposes such as the production
of pure (elemental) sulphur, generally by companies who of fluorocarbons.
Applications
One of the principal uses of sulphur hexafluoride is as an Sulphur hexafluoride is used in laboratories as a carrier
insulating medium in circuit breakers, switch gear, power gas media in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and
substations and gas insulated transmission lines. For these as media in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for sample
applications the gas used must meet or exceed ASTM preparation.
D2472 and IEC specifications.
Sulphur hexafluoride is being used for medical purposes
Sulphur hexafluoride is used as a plasma etching gas. such as a contrasting agent for ultrasound examinations,
and in retinal surgery.
Sulphur hexafluoride is often used as a filling gas in
double glazing as it reduces the sound transmissions and Sulphur hexafluoride is used in a wide variety of
the heat transfer. applications as a leak detection gas. Examples of this
application are aluminium beer barrels, water supply
Certain HF/DF chemical lasers (see page 121) use sulphur pipelines, and various aircraft and automobile parts.
hexafluoride as the fluorine source. This type of laser is
used mainly in R&D applications. Sulphur hexafluoride is also used:
as filling in loudspeakers
As sulphur hexafluoride is both inert and considerably as tyre filling gas.
denser than air it is suitable for blanketing open baths of
certain molten metals, particularly magnesium. Sulphur hexafluoride is used as tracer gas to test the
effectiveness of a ventilation system.
Note:
Sulphur hexafluoride is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,

180 Gases
Tetrafluoroethane C2H2F4,
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, R-134a
Chemical tetrafluoroethane 2.8

Air
<2,000
15 C: 4.9 bar(a) 70 F: 110 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Can decompose to toxic substances at high temperatures.
Physical data
Boiling point: at 1.013 bar [C] 26 at 14.5 psi, [F] 14.78
at 20 C, [bar]: 5.71 at 70 F, [psi] 85.7
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Applications 181
MANUF PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Tetrafluoroethane can be manufactured by diverse
fractional distillation of the initial substances carbon
tetrachloride and hydrofluoric acid.
Applications
Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) is used as a pure gas and as a
blend component for refrigeration.
It also a propellant for aerosol and a blowing agent for

extruded polystyrene foams.
Pharma grade tetrafluoroethane is used in Metered Dose

aerosol Inhalers (MDI).
Note:
Tetrafluoroethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,

182 Gases
Tetrafluoromethane CF4,
Carbon tetrafluoride, R-14
Chemical tetrafluoromethane 4.5

Other halo-carbons H2O
<20 <5
15 C: 110 bar(a) 70 F: 2,000 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, odourless, liquefied gas. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
Physical data
3 3
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Applications 183
CHEM MANUF R&D SEMI
Source
Tetrafluoromethane (R-14) may be obtained by the direct
fluorination of carbon or by an electro-chemical process
using acetic acid dissolved in liquid hydrogen fluoride.
Applications
Tetrafluoromethane (R-14) is used as a cryogenic fluid for Tetrafluoromethane is used, either pure or mixed with
very low temperature applications. oxygen, as an etchant for silicon oxide, silicon nitride,
refractory metals, and metal silicides.
Tetrafluoromethane (R-14) is also used as:
a neutral, inert gas Tetrafluoromethane is used in the electronics industry for
a refrigerant plasma degreasing of multilayer printed circuit boards.
heat transfer agent
solvent Tetrafluoromethane is used in the optical fibre production
propellant process.
chemical intermediate.
Note:
Tetrafluoromethane is controlled under The Montreal

184 Gases
Trichlorosilane SiHCl3 DANGEROUS WHEN

WET
4 3 8
CAS: 10025-78-2 EC: 233-042-5 UN: 1295 ADR Class 4.3, WFC DOT Class 4.3
Trichlorosilane 3.5
Impurities Purity >99.95% Resistivity >600 O/cm
SiH3Cl+SiH2Cl2 C B Fe
<500ppm <5ppm <0.06ppb <5ppb
15 C: 0.54 bar(a) 70 F: 4.8 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Colourless liquefied gas with a sharp acidic odor; which on vaporisation forms heavy vapours.
Highly corrosive in humid conditions.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Corrosive
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R14 - Reacts violently with H224 - Extremely flammable liquid and vapour;
water; R17 - Spontaneously flammable in air; R29 - Contact H250 - Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air;
with water liberates toxic gas; R20/22 - Harmful by EUH014 - Reacts violently with water; EUH029 - Contact
inhalation and if swallowed; R35 - Causes severe burns. with water liberates toxic gas; H332 - Harmful if inhaled;
H302 - Harmful if swallowed; H314 - Causes severe skin
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 0.66 at 70 F, [psi] 9.92
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Applications 185
CHEM R&D SEMI
Source
Industrially, trichlorosilane is produced by blowing hydrogen point they combine to make trichlorosilane and hydrogen.
chloride through a bed of silicon powder at 300C. At this
Applications
Trichlorosilane is a chemical compound containing silicon, Because of its reactivity and wide availability, it is
hydrogen, and chlorine. At high temperatures, it decomposes frequently used in the synthesis of silicon-containing
to produce silicon, and as such, purified trichlorosilane is the organic compounds.
principal source of ultra pure silicon in the semiconductor
industry. In water, it rapidly decomposes to produce a silicone
polymer while giving off hydrochloric acid.
186 Gases
Trifluoromethane CHF3,
Fluoroform, R-23
Chemical trifluoromethane 2.0

Other halo-carbons Air H2O
<8,000 <1,000 <10
15 C: 37 bar(a) 70 F: 635 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless, liquefied gas with an ethereal odour. Poor warning properties at low concentrations.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 41.97 at 70 F, [psi] 625.6
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Applications 187
MANUF R&D SEMI
Source
The commercial production of trifluoromethane is carried
out by reaction of chloroform with hydrogen fluoride over
a chromium catalyst.
Applications
Trifluoromethane (R-23) is used as a very low temperature Trifluoromethane is used as a cleaning and etchant agent
refrigerant. refrigerant either as a single product or in the semiconductor industry.
blended with R-116 in the azeotropic blend R-508.
Note:
Trifluoromethane is controlled under The Kyoto Protocol,

188 Gases
Trimethylamine (CH3)3N
Chemical trimethylamine 2.0

H2O
<1,500
15 C: 1.6 bar(a) 70 F: 27 psi(g)
Characteristics
Flammable. Liquefied colourless gas with strong ammonia/fish-like odour.
EC C&L EU GHS C&L
Signal word: DANGER
Extremely Harmful
flammable
R12 - Extremely flammable; R20 - Harmful by inhalation; Liquefied Gas 3 H280 - Contains gas under pressure;
R37/38 - Irritating to respiratory system and skin; may explode if heated; H220 - Extremely flammable gas;
R41 - Risk of serious damage to eyes. H332 - Harmful if inhaled; H335 - May cause respiratory
serious eye damage.
Physical data
at 20 C, [bar]: 1.83 at 70 F, [psi] 27.52
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Applications 189
CHEM MEDICAL PETRO PHARMA R&D
Source
Trimethylamine is prepared commercially either by Monomethylamine and dimethylamine are also formed in
a reaction between methanol and ammonia, or by a the same reaction and the three products are separated
Applications
Trimethylamine is used in organic synthesis; in the Aqueous solutions containing 25 % trimethylamine are
manufacture of disinfectants, to prepare quaternary employed in medical treatment as antihistamines.
ammonium compounds, as a corrosion inhibitor, and in
preparation of trimethylamine-borane addition compounds. Trimethylamine is used in manufacturing of:
choline salts
Trimethylamine is used in the chemical industry as an cationic starches
intermediate in the production of: intense sweeteners
insecticides ion-exchange resins
wetting agents
flotation agents Trimethylamine is used in pharmaceutical industry for
disinfectants the preparation of active ingredients.
synthetic resins
emulsifiers
herbicides
190 Gases
Xenon Xe
CAS: 7440-63-3 EC: 231-172-7 ADR Class 2, 2A; DOT Class 2.2
UN: 2036; 2591 (Refrigerated liquid) 3A (Refrigerated liquid)
Xenon 4.0
O2 CnHm H2O N2
<10 <5 <5 <30
Halocarbon free xenon 5.3
O2 N2 H2 Kr Ar COx SF6 CF4 C2F6 CnHm H2O
<0.5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.5 <0.1 <1
15 C: 56 bar(a) 70 F: 800 psi(g)
Characteristics
Colourless and odourless gas. Non-reactive. Inert. Asphyxiant in high concentrations.
explode if heated; Refrigerated Gas 3 H281 - Contains
Physical data
3 3
Vapour pressure: at 0 C, [bar] 41.37 at 32 F, [psi] 600
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Applications 191
AUTO CHEM MANUF MEDICAL OEM R&D SEMI
Source
Xenon is obtained from air separation plants. In view of its cases a stream containing a mixture of crude xenon and
very low natural concentration in air, it is only economically krypton is extracted from the plant and processed in a
viable to recover xenon from larger plants. In these separate purification and distillation system.
Applications
Xenon is used in some types of ion and excimer lasers. For neutron counters a mixture with xenon and 10BF3 is used.
These are used for medical, semiconductor and industrial
applications, and for research. It is also used for x- and -ray counters.
The major application for xenon is in the lighting industry. Xenon is used in a broad range of research programmes.
Both sodium and mercury lamps, which are used extensively
for outdoor lighting, such as on motorways and other roads, Xenon based chemical compounds (fluoride, trioxide,
are filled with pure xenon. Xenon is also used for: perxenate) serve as fluorinating and oxidizing agents in
incandescent lamps certain specific applications.
iodine lamps (car headlights)
arc lights Xenon is also used for masspectrometer calibration.
flash bulbs
cinema projection lamps Xenon isotopes are used as trace markers in MRI
Klieg lights for filming (sunlight simulation) (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans.
illumination of large areas, e.g. sports grounds
space simulations lamps Xenon can be used as a general anaesthetic.
When mixed with oxygen, xenon is used in CAT (Computed Xenon has been used by both European as well as NASA
Axial Tomography) scanners for blood flow mapping. spacecraft as rocket fuel for small ion thrusters to position
satellites in orbit.
When mixed with methane, xenon is used as a fill gas for
proportional counters and other types of radiation detectors Xenon can be used as purging gas in the etching
(ionization chambers, detection of radioactive iodine production steps in the chips production instead of argon.
planted on the thyroid in the examination of tumours). Due to the high cost a xenon recovery system is necessary.
192 Gases
Index
A CAS numbers: 7 74-84-0; See Ethane

Acetylene (Ethyne) 14 10024-97-2; See Nitrous oxide 74-85-1; See Ethylene
ADR symbols 8 10025-78-2; See Trichlorosilane 74-86-2; See Acetylene
Air, synthetic 16 10026-04-7; 74-87-3; See Chloromethane
Allene; See Propadiene See Silicon tetrachloride 74-89-5; See Methylamine
Allylene; See Propyne 10034-85-2; See Hydrogen iodide 74-90-8; See Hydrogen cyanide
Aminoethane; See Ethanamine 10035-10-6; See Hydrogen bromide 74-93-1; See Methanethiol
Aminomethane 10102-43-9; See Nitric oxide 74-98-6; See Propane
See Methylamine 10102-44-0; See Nitrogen dioxide 74-99-7; See Propyne
Ammonia 18 10294-34-5; See Boron trichloride 75-00-3; See Chloroethane
Anhydrous ammonia 19 106-97-8; See n-Butane 75-01-4; See Chloroethene
Anthropogenic climate change 10 106-98-9; See 1-Butene 75-04-7; See Ethylamine
AOD 21 106-99-0; See 1,3-Butadiene 75-10-5; See Difluoromethane
Application areas 11 107-00-6; See 1-Butyne 75-19-4; See Cyclopropane
Argon 20 107-25-5; See Methyl vinyl ether 75-21-8; See Ethylene oxide
Arsine 22 109-94-4; See Ethyl formate 75-28-5; See iso-Butane
ASHRAE 7 115-07-1; See Propene 75-37-6; See 1,1-Difluoroethane
115-10-6; See Dimethyl ether 75-38-7; See 1,1-Difluoroethene
115-11-7; See iso-Butene 75-43-4;
B 124-38-9; See Carbon dioxide See Dichlorofluoromethane
Boron trichloride 24 124-40-3; See Dimethylamine 75-44-5; See Phosgene
Boron trifluoride 26 132259-10-0; See Air, synthetic 75-45-6;
Bromomethane 28 1333-74-0; See Hydrogen See Chlorodifluoromethane
Bromoethene 19287-45-7; See Diborane 75-46-7; See Trifluoromethane
See Bromoethylene 2551-62-4; 75-50-3; See Trimethylamine
Bromoethylene 30 See Sulphur hexafluoride 75-68-3; See Chlorodifluoroethane
1,3-Butadiene 32 353-50-4; See Carbonyl fluoride 75-71-8;
n-Butane 34 4109-96-0; See Dichlorosilane See Dichlorodifluoromethane
iso-Butane 36 460-19-5; See Cyanogen 75-73-0; See Tetrafluoromethane
1-Butene 38 463-49-0; See Propadiene 76-14-2;
cis-2-Butene 40 463-58-1; See Carbonyl sulphide See 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
iso-Butene 42 463-82-1; See 2,2-Dimethylpropane 76-15-3;
trans-2-Butene 44 506-77-4; See Cyanic chloride See Chloropentafluoroethane
1-Butyne 46 590-18-1; See cis-2-Butene 76-16-4; See Hexafluoroethane
593-53-3; See Fluoromethane 76-19-7; See Octafluoropropane
593-60-2; See Bromoethene 7637-07-2; See Boron trichloride
C 624-64-6; See trans-2-Butene 7647-01-0; See Hydrogen chloride
Carbon dioxide 48 630-08-0; See Carbon monoxide 7664-39-3; See Hydrogen fluoride
Carbon monoxide 50 7439-90-9; See Krypton 7664-41-7; See Ammonia
Carbon oxyfluoride; 7440-01-9; See Neon 7727-37-9; See Nitrogen
See Carbonyl fluoride 7440-37-1; See Argon 7782-39-0; See Deuterium
Carbon tetrafluoride; 7440-59-7; See Helium 7782-41-4; See Fluorine
See Tetrafluoromethane 7440-63-3; See Xenon 7782-44-7; See Oxygen
Carbonyl chloride; See Phosgene 7446-09-5; See Sulphur dioxide 7782-50-5; See Chlorine
Carbonyl fluoride 52 74-82-8; See Methane 7783-06-4; See Hydrogen sulphide
Carbonyl sulphide 54 74-83-9; See Bromomethane 7783-54-2; See Nitrogen trifluoride
Applications 193
7783-61-1; See Silicon tetrafluoride Dissociated ammonia 19 203-475-4; See Methyl vinyl ether
7784-42-1; See Arsine DMF 14 203-721-0; See Ethyl formate
7803-51-2; See Phosphine DOT symbols 8 204-062-1; See Propene
7803-62-5; See Silane 204-065-8; See Dimethyl ether
811-97-2; 204-066-3; See iso-Butene
See Tetrafluoroethane E 204-696-9; See Carbon dioxide
CAT 77, 191 EC numbers: 7 204-697-4; See Dimethylamine
CFC 10, 21, 117 200-812-7; See Methane 206-534-2; See Carbonyl fluoride
Chlorine 56 200-814-8; See Ethane 207-306-5; See Cyanogen
Chlorodifluoroethane 58 200-815-3; See Ethylene 207-335-3; See Propadiene
Chlorodifluoromethane 60 200-816-9; See Acetylene 207-340-0; See Carbonyl sulphide
Chloroethane 62 200-817-4; See Chloromethane 207-343-7; See Dimethylpropane
Chloroethene 64 200-820-0; See Methylamine 208-052-8; See Cyanic chloride
Chloromethane 66 200-821-6; See Hydrogen cyanide 209-673-7; See cis-2-Butene
Chloropentafluoroethane 68 200-822-1; See Methanethiol 209-796-6; See Fluoromethane
Climate change 10 200-827-9; See Propane 210-855-3; See trans-2-Butene
Contents 5 200-828-4; See Propyne 211-128-3; See Carbon monoxide
Cover picture 2 200-830-5; See Chloroethane 215-605-7; See Hydrogen
Cross reference register 12 200-834-7; See Ethylamine 219-854-2;
Cyanic chloride 70 200-839-4; See Difluoromethane See Sulphur hexafluoride
Cyanogen 72 200-847-8; See Cyclopropane 223-888-3; See Dichlorosilane
Cyanogen chloride; 200-849-9; See Ethylene oxide 231-098-5; See Krypton
See Cyanic chloride 200-857-2; See iso-Butane 231-110-9; See Neon
Cyclopropane 74 200-866-1; See Difluoroethane 231-147-0; See Argon
200-867-7; See Difluoroethene 231-168-5; See Helium
200-869-8; 231-172-7; See Xenon
D See Dichlorofluoromethane 231-195-2; See Sulphur dioxide
Deuterium 76 200-869-8; 231-569-5; See Boron Trifluoride
Diborane 78 See Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 231-595-7; See Hydrogen chloride
Dichlorodifluoromethane 80 200-870-3; See Phosgene 231-634-8; See Hydrogen fluoride
Dichlorofluoromethane 82 200-871-9; 231-635-3; See Ammonia
Dichloromethanal; See Phosgene See Chlorodifluoromethane 231-783-9; See Nitrogen
Dichlorosilane 84 200-872-4; See Trifluoromethane 231-952-7; See Deuterium
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 86 200-875-0; See Trimethylamine 231-954-8; See Fluorine
1,1-Difluoroethane 88 200-891-8; 231-956-9; See Oxygen
1,1-Difluoroethene 90 See Chlorodifluoroethane 231-959-5; See Chlorine
1,1-Difluoroethylene; 200-893-9; 231-977-3; See Hydrogen sulphide
See 1,1-Difluoroethene See Dichlorodifluoromethane 232-007-1; See Nitrogen trifluoride
Difluoromethane 92 200-938-2; 232-015-5; See Silicon tetrafluoride
Dimethylamine 94 See Chloropentafluoroethane 232-066-3; See Arsine
Dimethyl ether 98 200-939-8; See Hexafluoroethane 232-260-8; See Phosphine
Dimethyl oxide; 200-941-9; See Octafluoropropane 232-263-4; See Silane
See Dimethyl ether 203-448-7; See n-Butane 233-032-0; See Nitrous oxide
2,2-Dimethylpropane 96 203-449-2; See 1-Butene 233-042-5; See Trichlorosilane
DIPPR 10 203-450-8; See 1,3-Butadiene 233-054-0;
Disclaimer 3 203-451-3; See 1-Butyne See Silicon tetrachloride
194 Gases
Index
233-109-9; See Hydrogen iodide HiQ Specialty Gases Programme 11 Methyl chloride;
233-113-0; See Hydrogen bromide HPLC 115 See Chloromethane
233-271-0; See Nitric oxide Hydrogen 118 Methylene fluoride;
233-272-6; See Nitrogen dioxide Hydrogen bromide 120 See Difluoromethane
233-658-4; See Boron Trichloride Hydrogen chloride 122 Methyl fluoride;
242-940-6; See Diborane Hydrogen cyanide 124 See Fluoromethane
Epoxyethane; See Ethylene oxide Hydrogen fluoride 126 Methyl mercaptan;
Ethanamine; See Ethylamine Hydrogen iodide 128 See Methanethiol
Ethane 100 Hydrogen phosphide; Methylmethane; See Ethane
Ethanedinitrile; See Cyanogen See Phosphine Methylpropane; See iso-Butane
Ethene; See Ethylene Hydrogen sulphide 130 Methyl vinyl ether 140
Ethylacetylene; See 1-Butyne Hydroidic acid; MOCVD 23
Ethylamine 102 See Hydrogen iodide Montreal Protocol 10
Ethyl chloride; See Chloroethane
Ethylene 104
Ethylene oxide 106 I N
Ethyl formate 108 ICP 21 Neon 142
Ethylidene difluoride; Impurities 9 Neopentane;
See 1,1-Difluoroethane Introduction 6 See 2,2-Dimethylpropane
Ethyne; See Acetylene ISIC-codes 11 Nitric oxide 144
IUPAC nomenclature 6 Nitrogen 146
Nitrogen dioxide 148
F Nitrogen monoxide;
FC 10 K See Nitric oxide
Fluorine 110 Krypton 132 Nitrogen trifluoride 150
Fluoroform; Kyoto Protocol 10 Nitrous oxide 152
See Trifluoromethane NMR 97, 115
Fluoromethane 112
Foreword 4 L
LCD 133 O
Octafluoropropane 154
G ODP 10
Greenhouse gases 10 M Oxirane; See Ethylene oxide
GWP 10 MAP 49, 147, 157 Oxygen 156
Material compatibility 10 Ozone depleting product 10
MDI 181
H Methane 134
Hazard symbols 8 Methanethiol 136 P
Hazardous properties 9 Methoxyethene; Perfluoroethane;
HBFC 10 See Methyl vinyl ether See Hexafluoroethane
HCFC 10, 89, 165 Methoxymethane; Perfluoropropane;
Helium 114 See Dimethyl ether See Octafluoropropane
Hexafluoroethane 116 Methylacetylene; See Propyne Phosgene (Dichloromethanal) 158
HF/DF 77, 111, 119, Methylamine 138 Phosphine 160
127, 151, 179 Methyl bromide; Pressure 10
HFC 10, 89, 165 See Bromomethane Product sources 11
Applications 195
Propadiene 162 R-1132a; See 1,1-Difluoroethene 1017; See Chlorine

1,2-Propadiene; See Propadiene R-1140; See Chloroethene 1018; See Chlorodifluoromethane
Propane 164 R-1140 B1; See Bromoethene 1020; See Chloropentafluoroethane
Propene 166 R-1150; See Ethylene 1026; See Cyanogen
Propylene; See Propene R-1270; See Propene 1027; See Cyclopropane
Propyne 168 1028; See Dichlorodifluoromethane
Purity classification 9 1029; See Dichlorofluoromethane
S 1030; See 1,1-Difluoroethane
SFC 179 1032; See Dimethylamine
R SFE 179 1033; See Dimethyl ether
R-codes: 7 Silane 170 1035; See Ethane
R-12; See Dichlorodifluoromethane Silicon hydride; See Silane 1037; See Chloroethane
R-14; See Tetrafluoromethane Silicon tetrachloride 172 1040; See Ethylene oxide
R-21; See Dichlorofluoromethane Silicon tetrafluoride 174 1045; See Fluorine
R-22; See Chlorodifluoromethane Sources 11 1046; See Helium
R-23; See Trifluoromethane Sulphur dioxide 176 1048; See Hydrogen bromide
R-32; See Difluoromethane Sulphur hexafluoride 178 1049; See Hydrogen
R-40; See Chloromethane Synthetic air; See Air, synthetic 1050; See Hydrogen chloride
R-40 B1; See Bromomethane 1051; See Hydrogen cyanide
R-41; See Fluoromethane 1052; See Hydrogen fluoride
R-50; See Methane T 1053; See Hydrogen sulphide
R-114; Tetrachlorosilane; 1056; See Krypton
See 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane See Silicon tetrachloride 1061; See Methylamine
R-115; Tetrafluoroethane 180 1062; See Bromomethane
See Chloropentafluoroethane Tetrafluoromethane 182 1063; See Chloromethane
R-116; See Hexafluoroethane Tetrafluorosilane; 1064; See Methanethiol
R-134a; See Tetrafluoroethane See Silicon tetrafluoride 1065; See Neon
R-142b; See Chlorodifluoroethane TFT 133 1066; See Nitrogen
R-152a; See 1,1-Difluoroethane Trichlorosilane 184 1067; See Nitrogen dioxide
R-160; See Chloroethane Trifluoromethane 186 1070; See Nitrous oxide
R-170; See Ethane Trimethylamine 188 1072; See Oxygen
R-218; See Octafluoropropane 1076; See Phosgene
R-290; See Propane 1077; See Propene
R-600; See n-Butane U 1079; See Sulphur dioxide
R-600a; See iso-Butane UN numbers: 7 1080; See Sulphur hexafluoride
R-630; See Methylamine 1001; See Acetylene 1083; See Trimethylamine
R-702; See Hydrogen 1002; See Air, synthetic 1085; See Bromoethene
R-704; See Helium 1005; See Ammonia 1086; See Chloroethene
R-717; See Ammonia 1006; See Argon 1087; See Methyl vinyl ether
R-720; See Neon 1008; See Boron trichloride 1090; See Ethyl formate
R-728; See Nitrogen 1010; See 1,3-Butadiene 1295; See Trichlorosilane
R-732; See Oxygen 1011; See n-Butane 1589; See Cyanic chloride
R-740; See Argon 1012; See trans-2-Butene, iso- 1660; See Nitric oxide
R-744; See Carbon dioxide Butene, cis-2-Butene, 1-Butene 1741; See Boron trichloride
R-744A; See Nitrous oxide 1013; See Carbon dioxide 1818; See Silicon tetrachloride
R-784; See Krypton 1016; See Carbon monoxide 1859; See Silicon tetrafluoride
196 Gases
Index
1911; See Diborane

1060; See Propyne
1957; See Deuterium
1958;
See 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
1959; See 1,1-Difluoroethene
1962; See Ethylene
1969; See iso-Butane
1971; See Methane
1978; See Propane
1982; See Tetrafluoromethane
1984; See Trifluoromethane
2036; See Xenon
2044; See 2,2-Dimethylpropane
2188; See Arsine
2189; See Dichlorosilane
2193; See Hexafluoroethane
2197; See Hydrogen iodide
2199; See Phosphine
2200; See Propadiene
2203; See Silane
2204; See Carbonyl sulphide
2417; See Carbonyl fluoride
2424; See Octafluoropropane
2451; See Nitrogen trifluoride
2452; See 1-Butyne
2454; See Fluoromethane
1036; See Ethylamine
2517; See Chlorodifluoroethane
3159; See Tetrafluoroethane
3252; See Difluoromethane
V
Vinyl bromide; See Bromoethylene
Vinyl chloride; See Chloroethene
Vinyl methyl ether;
See Methyl vinyl ether
X
Xenon 190
Applications 197
Notes:
198 Gases
Notes:
BUNA is a registered trademark of Bayer AG.

FORANE is a registered trademark of Arkema.
FREON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
HiQ is a registered trademark of The Linde Group.
KEL-F is a registered trademark of 3M.
MONEL is a registered trademark of Inco Alloys International.
NEOPRENE is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
NYLON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
TEFLON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
VITON is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
This new book published by the Linde Group should be on the bookshelf of anyone who uses
gases or is interested in the safety issues surrounding their use.
The book describes each gas in detail providing chemical and physical (using both SI an US units),
health risks, transport, material compatibility, source and applications data for each gas all on two
pages, so that on opening the book at a particular gas, all the information is in front of you and
no need to turn the page.
There is also a series of pictograms, showing the areas of industry, commerce etc in which each
gas is used.
The introduction provides full information on hazard symbols for the transportation of gases,
combination labels and the hazardous properties of the gases as used on product data sheets.
An excellent addition to the gas literature.
Dr Tony Boulton B.Sc, Ph.D

Head of Safety, University College London
Getting ahead through innovation.

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Phone +49.89.7446.1661, Fax +49.89.7446-1230, www.linde-gas.com

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Gases & Applications

Gases & Applications

As an example of an additional application, these same lasers are used in

Cover picture courtesy of TRUMPF

The information contained herein has been prepared by qualified experts

Linde has no control whatsoever as regards performance or non-performance,

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied

The Linde Group

Linde AG, 2009. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the 2010 edition 6

How to use the book 7

Application areas and product sources 11

Cross reference register 12

Gases and applications 14

Introduction to the 2010 edition

How To Use The Book

3 In the index there are lists according to CAS and EC numbers.

To read the gas information page:

Hazard classifications Applications

For further information on the protocol see page 8.

1) 3 Names, chemicals formula, CAS, EC and UN numbers of the substance.

3 CAS number is a unique numerical identifiers for chemical elements

2) 3 Hazard symbols for road transportation of gases.

ADR symbols according to ECE/TRANS/175 (Class 2 Gases).

Non-combustible Flammable Toxic

Non-combustible/Oxidizing Toxic/Oxidizing Toxic/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable Flammable/Self igniting Toxic/Self igniting

Non-combustible Flammable Toxic

Non-combustible/Oxidizing Toxic/Oxidizing Toxic/Corrosive Toxic/Flammable Flammable/Self igniting Toxic/Self igniting

Physical hazards Health hazards Environmental

4) 3 Purity classification is written in two ways:

3 When nothing else is stated the pressure is absolute.

Application areas and product sources

AUTO CHEM ENERGY FOOD

MANUF MEDICAL METAL PHARMA

OEM PETRO R&D SEMI

Cross reference register

CHEM, chemical industries except petrochemical and pharmaceutical

ENERGY, electricity, gas and water

FOOD, food, beverages and agriculture

MANUF, manufacturing industries except automotive and OEM

MEDICAL, hospitals and health care

METAL, metal industries

OEM, original analytical equipment manufacturers

PETRO, petrochemical industries

PHARMA, pharmaceutical industries

SEMI, semiconductor industries

R&D, research institutes and universities

AAS acetylene 2.6

Material compatibility Legend: Good Fair Avoid

AUTO CHEM FOOD MANUF MEDICAL OEM PETRO R&D SEMI

Air, synthetic 80% N2 + 20% O2

Dry synthetic air 4.0

Material compatibility Legend: Good Fair Avoid

AUTO ENERGY MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PHARMA R&D

Synthetic air is used in medical gas mixtures.

Detector ammonia 3.6

Material compatibility Legend: Good Fair Avoid

Instrument argon 5.0

Material compatibility Legend: Good Fair Avoid

AUTO FOOD MANUF MEDICAL METAL OEM PHARMA R&D SEMI

Extremely Very toxic Environmental

Material compatibility Legend: Good Fair Avoid

Boron trichloride BCl3

Boron trichloride 2.8