ANALCHE

MRS. GLENN MEDINA

oA reaction between a
(transition) metal (M)
and a ligand (L) to
form a complex (ML)
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oAn ion or molecule that
forms a covalent bond with
the metal by donating a pair
of electrons
oExamples are water,
ammonia, chloride etc. 4
oThe number of covalent
bonds that a metal ion
tends to form with ligands.
oTypical values are 2, 4 and
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oCuCl4 -2

oCu(NH3)4 +2

oCo(H2O)6 +2

oFe(CN)6 -3
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oA type of complex in which
a metal forms at least two or
more covalent bonds with a
single ligand resulting to a
cyclic structure/ring.
oEx: Cu/glycine complex 7
oThese are ligands that form
only one covalent bond with
the metal.
oHence, they only share one
pair of electrons per atom or
molecule. 8
oThese are ligands that form
two covalent bonds with the
metal.
oHence, they share two pairs
of electrons per atom or
molecule. 9
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o Tetradentate or hexadentate
ligands are better titrants than
unidentate ligands:
1. Complete reaction
2. Sharper endpoints
3. 1:1 stoichiometry 11
oAlso known as EDTA
oThe most widely used
complexometric titrant
oA hexadentate ligand
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o The Ka values of EDTA prove that the H+ from the
COOH are easily given off.
o The possible EDTA species are the following: H4Y,
H3Y-, H2Y-2, HY-3, Y-4
o Commercially available EDTA reagents are H4Y
and Na2H2Y2H2O, which are normally dried for
several hours at about 130 C.
o The EDTA primary stds are usually dissolved in the
min amt of base required for complete dissolution.
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pH Range Predominant Species

2 H4Y
2-3 H3Y -

3 to 6 H2Y -2

6 to 10 HY-3
> 10 Y-4
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o Reaction is practically fast
o Forms chelates with all cations (but
alkali metals)
o Chelates formed are stable (large
Kf)
o Reacts with metals in 1:1 ratio 15
o Food Preservative (mayonnaise, oils,
dressings)
o EDTA binds with (inactivates) metals in foods
to prevent air oxidation SEQUESTERING
AGENT
o Preserves biological samples
o Determination of metal in different samples
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o Eriochrome Black T a weak organic acid
o RED when complexed with metal but turns
BLUE when EDTA is in excess
o Solutions containing EBT decompose
slowly with standing
o Calmagite a better indicator than EBT since
it doesnt decompose upon standing
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o DIRECT TITRATION
o Based on Indicator for Analyte
o Based on Indicator for Added Metal
o Potentiometric Method
o Spectrophotometric Method
o BACK TITRATION
o DISPLACEMENT TITRATION
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o Hard water contains Mg, Ca or Fe ions that
form precipitate (scum) when mixed with soap.
o Hardness is expressed in terms of the
concentration of CaCO3.
o Hardness provides a measure of the quality of
water.
o Water hardness is determined by EDTA titration
after buffering the sample to pH 10 using EBT
or Calmagite indicator
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