Chapt2z Transform 121014140350 Phpapp01

Chapt 02
Z-Transform
Digital Signal Processing
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Z-Transform
Syllabus
Definitions and Properties of z-transform
Rational z-transforms
Inverse z-transform
One sided z-transform
Analysis of LTI systems in z-domain

Z-Transform definition
Z-transform is mainly used for analysis of discrete signal and discrete

LTI system. Z.T of discrete time single x (n) is defined by the following
expression.

X ( z) = x ( n) z
n =
n
where, X(z) z-transform of x(n)

zcomplex variable = rejw
From the above definition of Z.T. it is clear that ZT is power series & it
exist for only for those values of z for which X(z) attains finite value
( convergence) ,which is defined by Region of convergence. (ROC)
Region of Convergence: (ROC)

Region of Convergence is set of those values of z for which power
series x (z) converges. OR for which power series, x (z) attains finite value.

Z-Transform of Finite duration signal
Find the Z - Transform and mention the Region of Convergence

(ROC) for the following discrete time sequences.
1. x (n) = { 2 1 2 3}
2. x (n) = { 2, 1, 2 3 }
3. x (n) = { 1 2 1 -2 3 1}
1st example Is of causal signal

2nd example Is of anti-causal signal
3rd example Is of non-causal signal

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Solution(1)
x (n) = { 2 1 2 3}

Z.T. is defined as X ( z) = x (
n =
n ) z n
X ( z ) = x(0) + x (1) z 1 + x (2) z 2 + x(3) z 3
X ( z ) = 2 + 1z 1 + 2 z 2 + 3 z 3
ROC
X ( z ) = 2 + z 1 + 2 z 2 + 3z 3
Z=0
ROC is a set of those values of z for which x (z) is not infinite
In this case x(z) is finite for all values of z, except |z| = 0.

Because at z = 0, x(z) = .
Thus ROC is entire z-plane except |z| = 0.

Solution(2)
x (n) = { 2 1 2 3}

n =
n ) z n
X ( z ) = x(0) + x(1) z1 + x(2) z 2 + x(3) z 3
X ( z ) = 3 + 2 z1 + 1z 2 + 2 z 3
ROC
X (z) = 3 + 2z + z 2 + 2z 3
Z=
In this case X(z) is finite for all values of z, except |z| = .

Because at z = , X(z) = .
Thus ROC is entire z-plane except |z| = .

Solution(3)
x (n) = { 1 2 1 -2 3 1}

n =
n ) z n
X ( z ) = x(2) z 2 + x (1) z1 + x(0) + x(1) z 1 + x (2) z 2 + x(3) z 3
X ( z ) = 1z 2 + 2 z1 + 1 2 z 1 + 3 z 2 + 1z 3
ROC
1 2 3
X ( z ) = z + 2 z + 1 2 z + 3z + z
2 1
Z=0
Z=
In this case X(z) is finite for all values of z, except |z| = .

Because at z = , X(z) = .
Thus ROC is entire z-plane except |z| = 0 &|z| = .

Quiz
Find the Z - Transform and mention the Region of Convergence

(ROC) for the following discrete time sequences.
1. x (n) = (n 2)
2. x (n) = (n)
Ans (1) z-2 ROC- entire z-plane except |z|= 0
Ans (2) 1 ROC- entire z-plane

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z-Transform of infinite duration signal
Find the z-transform for following discrete time sequences. Also mention
ROC for all the cases.
1 x(n ) = a nU (n )
2 x(n ) = a nU ( n 1)
3 x(n) = a nU (n) + b nU ( n 1)

Solution(1)
x(n ) = a nU (n ) Sequence is causal
Z.T. for the given sequence x (n) is defined as

1
We also know a n
= a <1
x ( n) z n 1 a for
X (z) = n=0
n = Thus, x (z) converges when | a z1 | < 1

1
X (z ) = for | a z1 | < 1
U(n)=0 for = a U (n) z
n =
n n
1 az 1
n<0 for | a /z | < 1
z
X (z ) =

X ( z ) = a n z n za
for | z | > |a|
n =0

X ( z ) = az ( )
1 n
n=0 ROC is outside the

circle |z|=|a|
We know that a
n =0
n
= a 0 + a 1 + a 2 + .......
Series converges iff |a|<1

Solution(2)
x(n ) = a nU ( n 1) Sequence is anti-causal

1
We also know a n
= a <1
x ( n) z n 1 a for
X (z) = n=0
n = Thus, x (z) converges when | a1 z | < 1

a 1 z

X (z ) = for | a1 z | < 1
U(-n-1)=0 for = a U ( n 1) z
n n
1 a 1 z
n>-1 n = for | z /a | < 1
z
1 X (z ) =
X ( z ) = az 1 ( ) n
za
for | z | < |a|
Put n=-m n =
( ) ( )
1 1
1 m
X ( z ) = az = a 1 z
m
m= m =
ROC is inside the
circle |z|=|a|
We know that a
n =0
n
= a 0 + a 1 + a 2 + .......

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Solution(3)
x(n) = a nU (n) + b nU ( n 1) Sequence is non-causal

1
We also know a n
= a <1
x ( n) z n 1 a for
X ( z) = n=0
n = Thus, x (z) converges when | a z1 | < 1 & |b-1z|<1

1
1 b 1 z
= a z n n
+ b z n n
X (z ) = + for | a z1 | < 1 & | b-1 z | < 1
n =0 n = 1 az 1 1 b 1 z
for | a /z | < 1 & |z/b| <1
z z
1 X (z ) = +
X ( z ) = ( az 1 ) n + )
( bz 1 n
za bz for | z | > |a| & | z | < |b|
n =0 n =
Put n=-m in second ROC is |b|>| z | > |a|

X ( z ) = (az 1 ) n + (b 1 z ) m
term
n =0 m =1

We know that a
n =0
n
= a 0 + a 1 + a 2 + .......

Problems
Find z- transform for followings:
x ( n ) = 7 ( 1 3 ) u ( n ) 6( 1 2 ) n u ( n )
n
1.
x(n) = ( 13 ) sin( 4 n)u (n)

n
2.
n
3. x(n) = b

Solution(1)
x ( n ) = 7 ( 1 3 ) u ( n ) 6( 1 2 ) n u ( n )
n

X ( z ) = 7 ( 1 3 ) n z n 6 ( 1 2 ) n z n
n=0 n =0

X ( z ) = 7 ( 1 3 z ) 6 ( 1 2 z 1 ) n
1 n
n =0 n =0
1 1
7 6 1
3 z <1 & 1
2 z <1
= 1

1 13 z 1 12 z 1 z > 1
3
& z > 1
2
7 7 2 z 1 6 + 6 3 z 1
= ROC is
outside the
X&/ by
z2
(1 13 z 1 )(1 12 z 1 ) circle |z|=1/2
3/2
1
1
z (1 + ( 2 + 3 ) z )
2 7 6 z ( z 32) 1/2
= =
( z 3 )( z 2 )
1 1 ( z 13 )( z 1 2 )

Solution(2)
x[n] = ( 13 ) sin( 4 n)u[n]
n

e j 4n
e j 4n
j 4n j 4n
x[n] = ( 1 3 )
n
u[n] = 1
2j
1 n
( ) e
3
u[ n] 1
2j
1 n
( ) e
3
u[ n]
2j
1 1
X ( z) = 1
2j j 4 n 1
1
2j j 4 n 1
1 3 e z
1 1 3 e
1 z ROC is
outside the
circle |z|=1/3
j 4 n 1 j 4 n
ROC
1
3
e z < 1& e 1
3
z 1
z > 1
3
& z > 1
3
1
1/3
z > 1
3

Solution(3)
x(n) = b
n
b>0
x(n) = b nu (n) + b nu ( n 1)
We know
b n u[n] 1bz1 1 | z |>b
and b n u[ n 1] 1b11 z 1 | z |< 1b
|z|=1
X ( z ) = 1bz1 1 1b11z 1 b <| z |< 1b

For b>1, there are no values of z that satisfy ROC 1/b b
0 < b <1

Problem:
Show all possible ROCs and pole-zero |z|=1
diagram z-transform given below

1
X ( z) =
(1 13 z 1 )(1 2 z 1 )
2 1 1/3
If x[n] is left sided signal

i.e. anti-causal signal If x[n] is right sided signal
i.e. causal signal
|z|=1
|z|=1
1 1/3
2 1 1/3
If x[n] is double sided

signal
i.e. non-causal signal

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Inverse z-transform
Synthetic Division Method
Partial Fraction Method
Cauchys Integration Method

Synthetic division Example(1)
1 Since ROC is |z| >a, x[n] is causal
X ( z) = | z |>| a | sequence or right sided sequence.
1 az 1
Quotient series should have ve
1 2 2 powers of z as z-transform of causal
1 + az + a z sequence has ve powers of z
1 az 1 1
1 az 1
az 1
az 1 a 2 z 2
a 2 z 2
a 2 z 2 a 3 z 3
a 3 z 3
x[n] = {1 a a 2 a3 a 4 .....}


Synthetic division Example(2)
1 Since ROC is |z| >a, x[n] is anti-causal
X ( z) = | z |<| a | sequence or left sided sequence.
1 az 1
Quotient series should have +ve powers
of z , as z-transform of anti-causal
a 1 z a 2 z 2 a 3 z 3
sequence has +ve powers of z
az 1 + 1 1
1 a 1 z
a 1 z
a 1 z a 2 z 2
a 2 z 2
a 2 z 2 a 3 z 3
a 3 z 3
x[n] = {....... a 3 a 2 a 1 0 .......}


Problem
Using long division method, determine the z-transform of
1
X ( z) = 1 2 a ) ROC :| z |> 1 b) ROC :| z |< 1
2
1 3 2 z + 12 z

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Solution (a)
1
X ( z) = 1 2 ROC :| z |> 1
1 3
2 z + 1
2 z
As |z|>1, x[n] is causal sequence
1 2 3
1 + 3 2 z + 7 4 z + 15 8 z + 3116 z 4
1 3 2 z 1 + 1 2 z 2 1
1 3 2 z 1 + 1 2 z 2
3
2 z 1 1 2 z 2
3
2 z 1 9 4 z 2 + 3 4 z 3
7
4 z 2 3 4 z 3
7
4 z 2 2114 z 3 + 7 8 z 4
15
8 z 3 7 8 z 4
x[n] = {1 3
2
7
4
15
8
31
16 ......}


Solution (b)
1
X ( z) = 1 2 ROC :| z |< 1
2
1 3 2 z + 12 z
As |z|<1/2, x[n] is anti-causal sequence
+ 2z 2 + 6z 3 + 14z 4 + 30z 5 + 62z 6
1
2 z 2 3 2 z 1 + 1 1
1 3z + 2 z 2
3z 2 z 2
x[n] = {...... 62 30 14 6 2 0 0}


Z-transform Pairs

Z-transform Pairs

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Z-transform Pairs

Partial Fraction Method
4 + 8 z 1 4 + 8 z 1
H ( z) = =
1 + 6 z 1 + 8 z 2 (1 + 4 z 1 )(1 + 2 z 1 )
A1 A2 Partial Fraction
H ( z) = 1
+ Expansion
1+ 4z 1 + 2 z 1
4 + 8 z 1 4 + 8 z 1
A1 = = 6 (1/ 2 ) = 12 A2 = = 8 1 = 8
1 + 2 z 1 z 1 = 1 4
1 + 4 z 1 z 1 = 1 2
12 8
H ( z) = 1
+
1+ 4z 1 + 2 z 1
Taking IZT ,we get h[n] = [12(4) n + 8(2) n ]u (n)

Another Approach
4 + 8 z 1 z 1 ( 4 z + 8) z ( 4 z 8)
H ( z) = = 2 2 = 2
1 + 6 z 1 + 8 z 2 z ( z + 6 z + 8) ( z + 6 z + 8)
Partial Fraction
H ( z) (4 z 8) H ( z) A A Expansion
= = 1 + 2
z ( z + 4)( z + 2) z z+4 z+2
( 4 z 8) ( 4 z 8) ( 16 )
A1 = = 16 +8
2
= 12 A2 = = =8
z+2 z = 4 z+4 z = 2
2
H ( z ) 12 8 z z
= + H ( z ) = 12 +8
z z+4 z+2 z+4 z+2
Taking IZT ,we get

1 1
H ( z ) = 12 + 8
1 + 4 z 1 1 + 2 z 1 h[n] = [12(4) n + 8(2) n ]u (n)

Different Poles Cases
a) Distinct Real Poles

b) Complex Conjugate and Distinct Poles
c) Repeated Poles

Distinct Real Poles
N ( z) Where N(z) and D(z) are polynomials of order m
H ( z) =
D( z ) and n respectively
If m<n, N (z)
H ( z) =
( z + p1 )( z + p2 )( z + p3 ) + .......(z + pn )
A1 A2 A3 An
H ( z) = + + + .... +
( z + p1 ) ( z + p2 ) ( z + p3 ) ( z + pn )
where Ak = ( z + pk ) H ( z ) z = p
k
If m>=n, use division N ( z)

H (z) = Q + Q- Quotient
D( z ) N(z)- remainder
D(z)- Divisor
such that m<n, if not repeat division

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Problem
Q
3 + z 1 + z 2
H ( z) = 1
2
1 + 3z 1 + 2 z 2
2 z 2 + 3z 1 + 1 z 2 + z 1 + 3
N ( z) z 2 + 3 2 z 1 + 1 2
H (z) = Q + D(z)
D( z ) 1 2 z 1 + 5 2
1 z 1 + 5 1 z 1 + 5
H ( z ) = 12 + 22 2
= 1
+ 2 2 N(z)
2 z + 3z 1 + 1 2
2 z 1 + 2 z 1 + z 1 + 1
1 z 1 + 5 1 z 1 + 5

= 12 + 1 1 2 2
= 12 + 2 2
2 z ( z + 1) + ( z 1 + 1) (2 z 1 + 1)( z 1 + 1)
A1 A2
H ( z) = +
1
1
+ 1
2
(2 z + 1) ( z + 1)

Contd..
12 z 1 + 5 2 12 ( 12 ) + 5 2 =
1 + 52
A1 = =
4
= 11 2
( z 1 + 1) 1
12 + 1 1
2
z = 12
12 z 1 + 5 2 12 (1) + 3 2 + 52 1
A2 = = = = 3 2
(2 z 1 + 1) 2(1) + 1 1
z 1 = 1
11 3 3 11
H ( z) = +1
1
+ 1
2
= + 1
2
2
(2 z + 1) ( z + 1) (1 + 2 z ) (1 + z 1 )
2 1
Taking IZT ,we get

h[n] = 1 2 (n) + 11 2 (2) n u (n) 3(1) n u (n)
h[n] = 1 2 (n) + [11 2 (2) n 3(1) n ]u (n)

Complex-Conjugate & Distinct Poles
z( z 2 + 2z)
X ( z) =
( z + 2)( z 2 + 2 z + 5)
X ( z) z2 + 2z z 2 + 2z
= =
z ( z + 2)( z + 2 z + 5)
2
( z + 2)( z + 2 + j1)( z + 2 j1)
X ( z) A1 A2 A3
= + +
z ( z + 2) ( z + 2 + j1) ( z + 2 j1)
z 2 + 2z
A1 =
( z + 2 + j1)( z + 2 j1) z = 2
=0
z2 + 2z z 2 + 2z
A2 = A3 =
( z + 2)( z + 2 j1) z = ( 2 + j1) ( z + 2)( z + 2 + j1) z = ( 2 j1)
= 12 j = 12 + j
Contd..
2 j 2 + j
1 1
X ( z)
= 0+ +
z ( z + 2 + j1) ( z + 2 j1)
z z
X ( z) = 0 + ( j)
1
+ ( 2 + j)
1
2
( z + 2 + j1) ( z + 2 j1)
Taking IZT ,we get
h[n] = ( 12 j )(2 + j ) n u (n) + ( 12 + j )(2 j ) n u (n)
h[n] = {( 12 j )(2 + j ) n + ( 12 + j )(2 j ) n }u (n)

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Repeated Poles
q r
Ak Bk
H ( z) = +
k =1 z + pk k =1 z + pk
where q no. of distinct poles and not repetitive

r no. of repetition of repetitive pole
Ak is calculated by method as described earlier

Bk is calculated by following equation
d r k
Bk =
1
(r k )! dz r k
{
( z + pi ) r
F ( z) } z = p j

Problem
z ( z 2 9)
H ( z) =
( z 1)( z 2)3
H ( z) A1 B1 B2 B3
= + + +
z ( z 1) ( z 2) ( z 2) ( z 2)3
2
z2 9 12 9 8
A1 = = = =8
( z 2) 3 z =1 (1 2) 3
1
1 d2 z 2
9 1 d2 z2 9
B1 = ( z 2)
3
3 =
(3 1)! dz 2 ( z 1 )( z 2 ) z =2 2 dz 2 ( z 1) z=2

Contd..
1 d 2 z2 d2 9
= 2 2
2 dz ( z 1) dz ( z 1) z = 2
1 d ( z 1)2 z z 2 d ( z 1)0 9
=
2 dz ( z 1) 2
dz ( z 1) z =2
1 d 2 z 2 2 z z 2 d 9
=
2 dz ( z 1) 2
dz ( z 1) z=2
1 d z 2 2z 1
= + 9(2)
2

3
2 dz ( z 1) ( z 1) z =2

Contd..
1 ( z 1) 2 (2 z 2) ( z 2 2 z )2( z 1) 1
= + 18
3
2 ( z 1) 4
( z 1) z =2
1 ( z 1)(2 z 2) 2 z 2 + 4 z 1
= + 18
3
2 ( z 1) 3
( z 1) z =2
1 2 z 2 2 z 2 z + 2 2 z 2 + 4 z 1
= + 18
3
2 ( z 1) 3
( z 1) z =2
1 2 18 1 16
= +
3

3
=
3
2 ( z 1) ( z 1) 2 ( z 1)
z =2 z =2

Contd..
8 8
= = = 8 B1 = 8
3 3
( z 1) z = 2 (2 1)
1 d z 2
9
B2 = ( z 2)
3

(3 2)! dz ( z 1)( z 2) 3 z =2
d z2 9 d ( z 1)2 z ( z 2 9)1
=1 =1
dz ( z 1) z =2 dz ( z 1) z=2
( 2 z 2 2 z ) ( z 2 9) z2 2z + 9 4 4 + 9
= = = 2
=1
(2 1) z =2
2 2
( z 1) z=2 ( z 1) z=2
B2 = 9

Contd..
1 d0 z 2
9
B3 = ( z 2)
3
3
(3 3)! dz 0 ( z 1 )( z 2 ) z =2
z2 9 22 9 B3 = 5
= 1 = = 5
( z 1) z=2 (2 1)
H ( z) 8 8 9 5
= + +
z ( z 1) ( z 2) ( z 2) ( z 2) 3
2
z z z z
H ( z) = 8 8 +9
( z 1) ( z 2) ( z 2) ( z 2) 3
2
Taking IZT , we getto be seen after z-transform properties

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Cauchys Integration (Residue) Method
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n), then
1

n 1
x ( n) = X ( z ) z dz
2j
1
=
2j G ( z ) dz
= sum of residues of G(z) corresponding to poles of G(z)

Residue at pole z=a is given by
Rz = a = ( z a )G ( z ) z = a
where G ( z ) = X ( z ) z n 1
mth order pole at z=a, will have residue as
d m1 ( z a) m
Rz = a = m 1 G ( z )
dz (m 1)! z=a

Problem
10 z
X ( z) =
( z 1)( z 2)
n
10 z 10 z
G ( z ) = X ( z ) z n 1 = z n 1 =
( z 1)( z 2) ( z 1)( z 2)
G(z) has two poles ,z =1 & z=2
x(n) = Residue of G(z) at z=1 + Residue of G(z) at z=2

n n
10 z 10.1
Rz =1 = ( z 1) = = 10
( z 1)( z 2) z =1 1 2
n n
10 z 10.(2)
Rz =2 = ( z 2) = = 10.(2) n
( z 1)( z 2) z = 2 1
x(n) = 10 + 10(2) n

Problem
z2 + z
X ( z) =
( z 1) 2
z 2 + z n 1 z +1 n z n +1 + z n
G( z) = z = z =
( z 1) 2
( z 1) 2
( z 1) 2
G(z) has one 2nd order pole at ,z =1
d m1 ( z a) m
Rz = a = m 1 G ( z )
dz (m 1)! z=a
d 1 ( z 1) 2
Rz =1 = 1

G ( z ) =
dz
{
d n +1 n
z +z } {
= (n + 1) z n + nz n 1 } z =1
dz (2 1)! z =1 z =1
= {(n + 1)1n + n(1) n 1 } = 2n + 1

x ( n) = 2n + 1 n0
= ( 2n + 1)u (n)

Problem
(3 z 1) z
X ( z) =
2( z 1) 3
(3z 1) z n 1 3 z n +1 z n
G( z) = z =
2( z 1) 3
2( z 1) 3
G(z) has one 3rd order pole at ,z =1
d 2 ( z 1)3 3z n +1 z n d 2 3 z n +1 z n
Rz =1 = 2 3
= 2
dz (3 1)! 2( z 1) z =1 dz 2.2 z =1
=
1 d
4 dz
(
3.(n + 1) z n n.z n 1 ) 1
(
= 3.(n + 1).n.z n 1 n.(n 1) z n 2)z =1
z =1 4
1 n
= (3.(n + 1).n n.(n 1) ) = (3n + 3 n + 1) = n[0.5n + 1] = x(n)
4 4
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Quiz
Find IZT for following z-transforms
1
X ( z) =
( z 1)( z 0.5)
(1 e a ) z
X ( z) =
( z 1)( z e a )
Ans 2[1 (0.5) n1 ]u (n)
[1 e an ]u (n)

z-transform properties
Sr. Given Property ROC
No
1 Linearity
x1[n]

R1 R2
z
X1 ( z) ROC = R1
& x2 [ n]
X 2 ( z ) ROC = R2
z
ax1 (n) + bx2 (n)
z
aX 1 ( z ) + bX 2 ( z )
2 Time shifting R
x[n]
x[ n n0 ]
z n0 X ( z )
z z
X ( z ) ROC = R
3 Scaling in z-domain
x[ n]
z
X ( z ) ROC = R
n
z0 x[n]
z
X ( z z0 ) | z0 | R
4 Time Reversal
x[ n]
X ( z ) ROC = R
z
1/R
x[ n]
X ( z )
z 1

Contd..
No
5 x[ n]
z
X ( z ) ROC = R Scaling in Time domain
1
x[ n k ] if n is multiple of k
xk ( n ) = xk [ n ]
X ( z )
z k R k
0 otherwise
6 Conjugation R
x[n]
X ( z ) ROC = R
z
x *[n]
z
X * ( z* )
7 Differentiation in z-domain/multiplication by n in t- R
domain
x[ n]
X ( z ) ROC = R
z
d
nx[n]
Z z
( X ( z ))
dz
8 Integration in z-domain/division by n in t-domain R
z
x[ n]
X ( z ) ROC = R
z
x[n] X ( z)

z
dz
n 0
z

Contd..
No
9 Convolution
x1[n]
z
X1 ( z) ROC = R1 R1 R2
& x2 [ n]
z
X 2 ( z ) ROC = R2 x1 (n) * x2 (n)
X 1 ( z ). X 2 ( z )
z
10 If x[n] =0 , n<0 Initial Value Theorem

x[0] = lim X ( z )
z
11 Final Value Theorem

z 1
x[] = lim X ( z )
z 1
z
12

Problem on Properties 1-8
1) Find z-transform of a nu (n)

1
We know u ( n)
z
1 z 1
and Property 3 a n u ( n)
z
U ( z a)
1
a u ( n)
n
z
1 ( z a ) 1
1
=
1 az 1

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Contd..
2) Find IZT of X ( z ) = log(1 + az 1 ) |z|>|a|

xn
x4 + ..... = ( 1)
n +1
log(1 + x) = x x2 +
2 3 4
x
We know 3
n =1 n
X ( z ) = log(1 + az 1 )
1 n

a n
n
= (1)
n +1
(az ) z
= (1) n +1
n
n n =1
n =1

n
n
= (1) n +1 a
n
u (n 1)z X ( z) = x ( n ) z n
n = n =
Comparing above equation with z-transform definition,

we get n a n
a
x(n) = (1) n +1 u (n 1) ( 1) n + 1
n 1
n x ( n ) = n
0 otherwise


Contd..
z 2 + 3z
3) Find IZT of X ( z) =
( z 0.5)3
z2 3z
X ( z) = +
( z 0.5) ( z 0.5)3
3
z 1 z
= 1 3
+3
(1 0.5 z ) (1 0.5 z 1 ) 3
X ( z) = X1 ( z) + X 2 ( z)
Taking IZT ,we get x(n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n) -----------(1)
where
z 1 X 2 ( z) = 3
z
X1 ( z) =
(1 0.5 z 1 )3 (1 0.5 z 1 ) 3

Contd..
We know , property of differentiation in z domain
d
If x[ n]
z
X ( z ) with ROC = R then nx[ n]
z
Z ( X ( z ))
dz
1
Thus we have a u ( n)
n
z
1 az 1
d 1
na u (n)
n
z
z
dz 1 az 1
1 2
= z (1) 1 2
( a.( 1). z )
(1 az )
az 2 az 1
=z =
(1 az 1 ) 2 (1 az 1 ) 2

Contd..
To remove z-1 , we use property of time shifting
x[n]
x[ n n0 ]
z n0 X ( z )
z z
If X ( z ) with ROC = R then
We get 1
az a
(n + 1) a n +1u (n + 1)
z
z =
(1 az 1 ) 2 (1 az 1 ) 2
Further multiplication by n in time domain is required to make power of D(z) as 3
n +1 d a
n(n + 1)a u (n + 1)
z
z
dz (1 az 1 ) 2
2 1
2 2 a z
= z (az ) =
2
1 3
(1 az ) (1 az 1 ) 3

Contd..
n +1 2a 2 z 1
n( n + 1)a u (n + 1)
z
Multiply by 1/2
(1 az 1 ) 3
2 1
1 n( n + 1) an +1 a z
2 u (n + 1)
z
Divide by a2
(1 az 1 ) 3
1
1 n( n + 1) a n 1u ( n + 1)
z
2 z
------------(2)
(1 az 1 ) 3
If a=0.5, we get
1
x1 ( n) = 1 n( n + 1)0.5
2
n 1
u (n + 1)

z z = X1 (z)
(1 0.5 z 1 )3
Multiply by 3z-1 in eq. (2) and putting a=0.5, we get
x2 ( n ) = n2 3 z 2 = X 2 ( z)
3
2 ( n 1)(n)0.5 u ( n)
z
(1 az 1 ) 3

Contd..
x(n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n)
x(n) = 1 2 n(n + 1)0.5n1 u (n + 1) + 3 2 (n 1)(n)0.5n 2 u (n)

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Problem on Initial & Final value theorem
Find the initial and final value of x(n) ,if X ( z ) = z ( z 2)
( z 1)( z 0.5)
We know initial value theorem

x[0] = lim X ( z )
z
z ( z 2)
x[0] = lim
z ( z 1)( z 0.5)
z 2 (1 2 z 1 )
= lim 2
z z (1 z 1 )(1 0.5 z 1 )
1 0
x[0] = =1
(1 0)(1 0)

Contd..
We know final value theorem
z 1
x[] = lim X ( z )
z 1
z
z 1 z ( z 2)
= lim
z 1
z ( z 1 )( z 0. 5)
1 2 1
= = = 2
1(1 0.5) 0.5

Contd..
Find the initial and final value of following functions a) u(n) b) r(n)
1
Solution (a): we know u ( n)
z
1 z 1
1 1
u[0] = lim U ( z ) = lim = =1
z z 1 z 1 1 0
1
u () = lim(1 z )1
=1
z 1 1 z 1

Contd..
1
Solution (b): we know u ( n)
z
1 z 1
we also know r (n) = nu (n)
d 1
nu (n) z
z
1
dz 1 z
1 2
= z z
(1 z 1 ) 2
z 1
r ( n)
z
(1 z 1 ) 2
z 1 1
r (0) = lim = =0
z (1 z 1 ) 2 (1 0) 2
1
1 z 1 1
r () = lim(1 z ) 1 2
= = =
z 1 (1 z ) (1 1) 0
Problems on convolution
z
Find x(n) using convolution theorem if X ( z) =
( z 1) 2
z z 1 We know
X ( z) = =
( z 1) 2 ( z 1) ( z 1) 1
u ( n)

z
1 z 1
X ( z ) = X 1 ( z ). X 2 ( z ) 1 1
u (n 1)
z z
X1 ( z) =
z
=
1 1 z 1
( z 1) (1 z 1 ) 1
x2 (n) = u (n 1)
z
= X 2 ( z)
Taking IZT ,we get x1 (n) = u (n) z 1
1 x2 (n) = u (n 1)
X 2 ( z) =
( z 1)

Contd..
Now we know convolution property x1 (n) * x2 (n)
X 1 ( z ). X 2 ( z )
z
x(n) = x1 (n) * x2 (n)

u(k)
= u (n) * u (n 1)
u(-k-1)
= u(k )u(n k 1)
k =
n<0,x(n)=0
n=0 ,x(n)=0
x(n) = nu (n) u(1-k-1) n=1 ,x(n)=1
u(2-k-1) n=2 ,x(n)=2

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Contd..
Find out convolution of two sequences given below
a ) x( n) = {2 1 1 0 3} & h(n) = {1 2 1}

b) x(n) = {1 3 2 1} & h(n) = {1 1}

Contd..
Solution (a) x( n) = {2 1 1 0 3}

h( n) = {1 2 1}

1 2 4
X ( z ) = 2 + z z + 0 + 3z
H ( z ) = z + 2 z 1
Using convolution property
1
x(n) * h(n) = Z { X ( z ).H ( z )}
1 2 4 1
X ( z ).H ( z ) = (2 + z z + 0 + 3 z )( z + 2 z )
= 2 z + 1 z 1 + 3 z 3 + 4 + 2 z 1 2 z 2 + 6 z 4
2 z 1 z 2 + z 3 z 5
Contd..
1 2 3 4 5
X ( z ).H ( z ) = 2 z + 5 z 3 z + 4 z + 6 z 3 z
x(n) * h(n) = Z 1{ X ( z ).H ( z )}
x(n) * h(n) = {2 5 1 3 4 6 3}


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Contd..
Solution (b) x(n) = {1 3 2 1}
h(n) = {1 1}
1 2 3
X ( z ) = 1 + 3z + 2 z 3z
H ( z ) = 1 + z 1
X ( z ).H ( z ) = (1 + 3 z 1 + 2 z 2 3 z 3 )(1 + z 1 )
= 1 + 3z 1 + 2 z 2 z 3 + z 1 + 3 z 2 + 2 z 3 z 4
= 1 + 4 z 1 + 5 z 2 + z 3 z 4
x(n) * h(n) = {1 4 5 1 1}


End of Chapter 02
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Chapt 02

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For education purpose.

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Z-transform is mainly used for analysis of discrete signal and discrete

where, X(z) z-transform of x(n)

Region of Convergence: (ROC)

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Find the Z - Transform and mention the Region of Convergence

1st example Is of causal signal

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X ( z ) = x(0) + x (1) z 1 + x (2) z 2 + x(3) z 3

In this case x(z) is finite for all values of z, except |z| = 0.

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X ( z ) = x(0) + x(1) z1 + x(2) z 2 + x(3) z 3

In this case X(z) is finite for all values of z, except |z| = .

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X ( z ) = x(2) z 2 + x (1) z1 + x(0) + x(1) z 1 + x (2) z 2 + x(3) z 3

In this case X(z) is finite for all values of z, except |z| = .

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Find the Z - Transform and mention the Region of Convergence

Ans (1) z-2 ROC- entire z-plane except |z|= 0

Ans (2) 1 ROC- entire z-plane

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Z.T. for the given sequence x (n) is defined as

n = Thus, x (z) converges when | a z1 | < 1

n=0 ROC is outside the

Series converges iff |a|<1

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Z.T. for the given sequence x (n) is defined as

n = Thus, x (z) converges when | a1 z | < 1

Series converges iff |a|<1

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Z.T. for the given sequence x (n) is defined as

n = Thus, x (z) converges when | a z1 | < 1 & |b-1z|<1

Series converges iff |a|<1

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Find z- transform for followings:

x(n) = ( 13 ) sin( 4 n)u (n)

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X ( z ) = 1bz1 1 1b11z 1 b <| z |< 1b

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diagram z-transform given below

If x[n] is left sided signal

If x[n] is double sided

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Synthetic Division Method

Partial Fraction Method

Cauchys Integration Method

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