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CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. CARBOHYDRATES 2
3. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES 2
4. PREPARATION OF GLUCOSE 3
5. DISACCHARIDES 6
6. POLY SACCHARIDES 8
7. -AMINO ACIDS 10
8. CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS 10

9. PROTEINS 12
10. STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS 12
11. NUCLEIC ACIDS 14

12. LIPIDS 16
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Biomolecules
BIOMOLECULES
1. INTRODUCTION :
Biochemistry may be defined as the study of the chemical composition and structure of living matter
and the chemical changes that take place in them during the life processes.
Complex organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) which govern the
common activitites of a living organism are called biomolecules.
2. CARBOHYDRATES :
Hydrates of carbon because the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in these compounds is the same as
present in water.
Carbohydrates are now defined as optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones
and other large molecules, like starch, glycogen or cellulose, which produce these compounds on
hydrolysis.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES :
Carbohydrates are classified into two major groups on the basis of their physical properties.
(a) Sugars
(b) Nonsugars or polysaccharides
(a) Sugars
Sugarsarecrystalline substances, sweet intaste, and readily solubleinwater. These havea fixedmolecular
weight and thus have a sharp m.p. Examples are glucose, fructose, sucroseand lactose etc.
Classification of carhohydrates :
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Biomolecules
ON THE BASIS OFHYDROLYSIS :

Monosaccharides :
Acarbohydarte that cannot be hydrolysed further into simpler unit of polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone
are R/a on the basis ofno. of C-atoms they are :
1. Triose Glyceraldehyde
2. Tetrose - Crythrose
3. Pentose Ramnose, Ribose
4. Hexose - Cellulose, fructose
5. Hebtose Rham
Oligosaccharides : Oligosaccharides are sugars which on hydrolysis give two or more molecules of
monosaccharides. These are further classified as di, tri or tetra saccharides, etc.
Disaccharides : Disaccharides are sugars which on hydrolysis produce two molecules of the same
or different monosaccharides. These are sucrose, maltose and lactose. They have the same chemical
formula C12H22O11.
Invertase
C12 H 22 O11 H 2O C6 H12 O 6 C 6 H12 O 6
Sucrose or H Glucose Fructose
C H O H O maltase 2 C H O
12Maltose
22 11 2 or H 6 12 6
Glucose
Lactase
C12 H 22 O11 2H 2O C 6 H11O6 C6 H12 O 6
Lactose or H Glucose Galactose
Trisaccharides : Sugars which yield three molecules of the same or different monosaccharides on
hydrolysis are called tri-sacchardies. e.g., raffinose C18H32O16
C18 H 32 O16 2H 2O C6 H12 O6 C6 H12 O 6 C6 H12 O6
Raffinose Glucose Fructose Galactose
Polysaccharides :
Carbohydrates whichyield large number of monosaccharides unit on hydrolysis are R/Arpolysaccharides.
4. PREPARATION OF GLUCOSE :
1. From sucrose :
Whensucrose is boiled with dil. H2SO4 isalcoholic solution, to form glucose and fructose.
C12 H22O11 H 2O H

C6 H12 O6 C6 H12 O6
Glucose Fructose
2. From starch :
C6 H10O5 n nH 2O H C6 H12 O6
Starch or cellulose Glucose
Chemical properties of glucose :

(i) Reaction with hydrogen Iodide, (HI).
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8. CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS 10

10. STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS 12

11. NUCLEIC ACIDS 14

ON THE BASIS OFHYDROLYSIS :

Chemical properties of glucose :

Show me more about this topic

Carboxylic Acid and Its Derivative

Organic Chemistry Alcohols Plancess IIT pdf

Amine IIT JEE Organic Chemistry

Akyl Halide for JEE-Advance

d-f-block IIT JEE

Plancess Study Manual

jee p-block elements

DPP 02 Chemical Bonding JH Sir-4165

Chapter Wise IIT JEE Notes Mains_Advanced_Phy_Che_Maths

900 inorganic questions for IIT JEE ADVANCED

Reaction Mechanism Theory E

Nomenclature & Isomerism [1-77]

iit c++ notes

Itunes White Paper 0604

Creating and Concatenating Matrices __ Matrices and Arrays _(MATLAB_)

Matlab Basic programming

IIT JEE Statistics

iit jee maths pnc

Permutations and Combinations

d-f-block IIT JEE

Carboxylic Acid and Its Derivative

Chemical Kinetics for iit jee

Amine IIT JEE Organic Chemistry

Permutation & Combinationpnc

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