Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Meaning - The relationship between employers and employees or trade union. According to
Dale Yoder The term industrial relations refers to the relationship between management and
employees or among employees and their organization that arise out of employment.
Psychological
Sociological
Human Relations
Giri approach
Gandhian
HRD This approach involves 1. Ways to better adjust the individual to his job and
environment, 2. The deepest involvement of an employee in various aspects of his
work & 3. The greatest concern for enhancing the capabilities of the individual.
A few possible interventions in tackling specific problems are given as follows:
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Industrial Relations HRD
Employee- employer Philosophy Employee- employer relationship should
relationship are contractual and be based on trust, understanding and
evolved by economic factors openness
The emphasis is on extrinsic Rewards Intrinsic reward spur people to superior
rewards performance
The focus is not on developing Focus Develop the employee through HRD
the employee initiatives: Caring counseling mentoring
helping, coaching
Follow the code book & put out Orientation Preventive, Collaborative approach
the fires as quickly as you can where relation matter the most and not
rules
Pluralist Nature of Unitarist
relations
Managerial Task vis--vis labor Monitoring Nurturing, Caring, Helpful
Institutionalized, unhealthy and Conflict Conflict can be functional, stimulating
is at the core of industrial and healthy if used properly; manage
relations, reach temporary truces climate and culture
Restricted flow Communication Increased flow
Division of labor Job Design Team work
negotiation Managerial Facilitation
Skill
Essential Conditions for Sound Industrial Relations It is not easy to promote and
maintain sound industrial relations. Certain conditions should exist for the maintenance of
harmonious industrial relations. They are:
i. Existence of strong, well organized and democratic employees unions.
ii. Existence of sound and organized employer union.
iii. Spirit of collective bargaining and willingness to resort voluntary negotiations.
iv. Maintenance of industrial peace.
Meaning The Industrial Dispute Act 1947 defines industrial Dispute as, Any dispute or
difference between employers and employers, or between employees and employers, or
between employees and employees which is connected with employment or non-
employment, or the terms of employment or with the conditions of work of any person.
Manifestations of conflict
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Forms of Industrial Dispute
(a) Strike - Sympathetic, General, Unofficial, Sectional, Bumper, Sit down, Slow
down, Lightning, Hunger.
(b) Lock-outs & (c) Gherao & (d) Picketing & Boycott.
Types of Industrial Dispute As per Industrial Dispute Act, 1947 industrial disputes can be
raised on any one of the following issues:
Retrenchment of the workers following the closing down of a factory, lay-offs, discharge
or dismissal, reinstatement of dismissed employees and compensation of them.
Wages, fixation of wages and minimum rates, modes of payments and the right of the
employee to choose one of the awards when two awards on wages have been given.
Lock out and claim of damages by an employer because employees resorted to an illegal
strike.
Causes of Industrial disputes The main causes of industrial disputes can be listed thus:
Economic
Other
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Here the various broader reasons are further classified:
a. Economic Wages & Allowances, Bonus, Working conditions & Working hours,
Modernization & Automation, Demand for other facilities
c. Political Where political leaders use unions as powerful weapons to build tensions
inside a plant/industry with a view to satisfy their own private ends.
Trends of Industrial Dispute in India Refer V.S.P Rao (Pages 592 595)
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Trade Unions
Meaning The Trade Unions Act, 1926 defines a trade union as a combination, whether
permanent or temporary, formed (i) primarily for the purpose of regulating the relation
between (a) workmen and employers or (b) between workmen or workmen, or (c) between
employers and employers, or (ii) for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct of any
trade or business, and includes any federation of two or more trade unions.
b) Working Conditions
c) Discipline
d) Personnel Policies
e) Welfare
f) Employee-employer relations
g) Negotiation machinery
Unity is strengths
Security of service
b) Fraternal or extra-mural
c) Political
d) Social
i. Craft
ii. Industrial
iii. General
iv. Federation
Organization drive
Strike
Political Pressures
Blackmailing
Present position of Trade Unions in India (For details refer the photo copies)
Presently there are a few central organizations that dominate the trade unions in India. These
are:
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Problems of Trade Unions
Uneven growth
Low membership
Political Leadership
Multiplicity of unions
Problems of recognition
Lack of interest
ii.Single union
iii.Efficient Leadership
iv.Membership fees
v.Welfare motive
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Collective Bargaining
Meaning The term collective bargaining was coined by Sydney Webb and Beatrice
Webb who believed that collective bargaining was the collective equivalent of individual
bargaining whose primary aim was achieving economic advantage. This view point of
Sydney Webb and Beatrice Webb was popularly known as the critical view point. It is a
procedure by which the terms and conditions of workers are regulated by agreements
between their bargaining agents and the employers.
The underlying idea is that the employer and the employee relations should not be determined
unilaterally by either party, or with the intervention of any third party, if these relations are to
be lasting and acceptable to both the parties they should be settled with mutual agreement.
v. Continuous x. Complex
Types of Collective Bargaining There are four types of bargaining that has evolved over
time, they are namely:
1) Conjunctive/Distributive 2) Cooperative
3) Productivity 4) Composite
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The Substance of Bargaining
1) It is a democratic method.
4) It helps in establishing a code that defines the rights and obligations of each party.
Process of Collective Bargaining The following are the process of collective bargaining
Collection of data
Selection of negotiators
Climate of negotiators
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Functions of Collective Bargaining
Recognition
Negotiators authority
Fair practices
Positive attitude
Continuous dialogue
Availability of data
Factors inhibiting to Collective Bargaining In general there are mainly three factors that
lead so namely:-
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