Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter I
Introduction
Agriculture plays an important role in human survival. It is an old practice and has
been a partner of humans ever since. Farming, one aspect of agriculture, is one of the most
important economic activities on earth, with it being a basic necessity for human survival.
Farming is a practice which involves growing of crops, where the seeds are planted and
nurtured until it develops into a tree or a crop. From there, farmers can harvest the crops.
There are different factors in farming that can affect the production of crops. From bad
weather to pests, each of these factors or problems has been greatly reducing the output of a
certain farm. Due to these problems, technological innovations about farming have been
handling a farm. Large farms need to compensate with technologies in order for a schedule to
be followed. There are certain seeds that farmers can just dig a soil through, put the seed, and
refill it back with soil. Now, instead of doing the same process over and over again, a machine
with certain accuracy can be developed in order to plant in a more efficient manner with
brings about low seeding accuracy, spacing efficiencies and causing spinal pain for the
farmers which restricts the extent of field that can be planted. To get the best efficiency in
Adisa and Braide (2012) explained the row seeder ordinarily needs a very much
arranged seed-bed which might be narrowed or plain bed. Previously, different sorts of
configuration have been produced with various approaches. They composed and built a
flute planter distributor which was observed to be effective at 94% in seed separation, but it
could not be functional on the furrowed seed bed. It needs some time and manual changing
Abubakar (1987) applied the principle of jab planter for the application of fertilizers.
Braide and Njidda (1989) made a consolidated jab planter which was tested its efficiency at
73.4% and performed better than using hoes and cutlass in traditional planting.
Adekoya and Buchele (1987) built up a punch planter which was equipped for
Braide and Ahmadu (1990) built up a transplanter for some specific crops in Guinea
Savannah of Nigeria which exceeds the field limit of 0.19ha/h and its productivity of 20%.
The greater part of the above plans was accounted for to have very encouraging outcomes.
Kyada A et al. (2014) proposed a design of manual seed planter machine which can
put the seed and fertilizer in a row at any depth and its space between the seeds. This
machine can be adjusted based on the different climate conditions and the crop variety.
The mechanisms of machine can be acted by pushing with its wheels and can transmit its
power through the chain and sprocket to control the plunger mechanism. The cam is
mounted on sprocket shaft which push plunger towards descending bearing. When plunger
is entering in soil and amid in reverse stroke flapper is opened so seed get isolated from
The old way of planting where the farmers will dig a soil, put the seed, and return the
soil can increase the time which can have a problem in the production. With the seed-planting
machine, the time of planting can be reduced in a significant amount and increase the rate of
planted seeds.
4.) What are the problems that can arise in this design?
The objective of this machine is to put the seed in rows at desired depth and seed to
seed spacing, cover the seeds with soil and provide proper compaction over the seed.
1.) Identify if the materials used can withstand the forces surrounding it.
Planting seeds manually can be time consuming and can waste a lot of energy and
money. Different concepts of machines that improve the efficiency of farming have been
continuously developed up until now. Most of these machines require many parts and are too
expensive for the users to buy. Other affordable planting machines waste a lot of seeds and
Through this design, farmers can efficiently plant seeds in a certain rate which can save a
lot of resources. This design can also be made with simple materials, making it affordable to
The design will limit its widespread acceptance of seeds to .375 inches and up but not
higher than .50 inches in diameter. The design was based on a specific bean called the long
bean, but can also be applied to other seeds with a diameter not higher than .50 inches and
not lower than .30 inches. This design will only focus on the aspects of small scale farming
G. Definition of terms
Bearing is a machine element that allows free rotational or linear motion in a certain part or
object and reduces friction. The design uses the bearing to allow the rotational motion of the
shafts in the Geneva Wheel, front wheel, and the rear wheel.
Geneva Wheels are mechanisms that translate continuous rotation into a rotary motion. In
this design, the Geneva Wheel is used as the control for the drop of the seeds that will fall.
Machines consist of one or more moving parts that correspond with one another in order to
do a specific task for the reduction of human effort. The whole design can be classified as a
Shafts are rotating element used to transmit power from one part to another. In the design,
shafts are used in order to transmit the motion of the Geneva Wheel to the seed dropper.
6
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
A. Methods of research
developmental research which is focuses on designing and developing a certain product that
must meet the standards of the consumer. The main task now is to promote this technology
and have available and at the same time affordable prices to both small scale and big scale
farmers. The seed-planting machine can be readily made from local components in
workshops. By using this machine, achievement of flexibility of distance and depth variation
for different seed plantation is possible. In this design, a seed-planting machine is used in
order to minimize the efforts of human work and to minimize time delays for a certain farm.
1. Theoretically studying and comparing the different sizes of seeds for the Geneva
mechanism
3. Determining the material that will perfectly fit the design and will not cause any trouble
4. Designing the diameters of the shafts for the Geneva wheel. The standard diameters will
be used.
7
5. The final design of the seed-planter machine will be made in a CAD program, with the
B. Computations
Computations on the mass of the whole object were made using the formula m=pv,
where p is the density of the material that is to be used and v is the assumed volume of the
material. The tables shown below are the computed mass for each object.
Based on the prototype, the volumes were acquired (only for the shafts) and the total
The total mass of the whole design can be computed by adding all the computed mass
Forces on each column was analyzed and computed, in order for the deflection to be
calculated
8
.769 m
.769 m
.50 m
.30 m
.30 m
.30 m .50 m
() 40(9.81)
W= = = 392.4 N
1
Using the calculated weight, a free body diagram can be made in order to calculate the force
W=390.5361 N
9
392.4
F = sin 60
F = 453.9352 N
Since the load will split into two, the calculated force can be divided in half.
F = 450.9532 N
F/2
F/2
F/2=226.55 N
A
F = 226.55 N
D
B
G
C
F E
10
Using a free body diagram, forces on B will be calculated with the given force.
226.55 N
BD
BC
FV = 0
BC = -226.55(sin(60))
BC = 195.198N (C)
FH=0
BD = -226.55(cos(60))
BD = 113.275 N (C)
BD = 112.7358
DE
DF
11
FH=0
DF = 112.7358 / cos(42.20)
FV=0
DE = 102.22 (C)
2
=
2
1
= 0 (450.9523() 400.8966)
1
= [225 2 - 400.8966x]
1
= 0 (225 2 400.8966x)
y(x) = [75 - 200.4483 ]
Calculating for EI
( 4 4 ) (.0154 .0084 )
I= =
64 64
I = 2.283986947x10-9 m4
12
E=207 GPa
EI = 472.7853 N-m2
1
y(.889) = [75(.889)3 - 200.4483(.889)2 ]
472.7853
y=-.22399m
In order to check for the safe diameters of the shaft, it is important to analyze the stresses, forces,
A D
B C
2 2(3)
FN = F1-F2 = = - net driving force
.12
For D:
2 2(3)
FD = = = 50 N
.12
Solving for all the reactions on all support bearings in each plane:
For horizontal:
FAx = 50 N FDx = 50 N
.1 m .1 m .1 m
RBx RCx
M at A= 0
RCx = 50 N
Fv=0
-50 + RBx + 50 - 50 = 0
RBx = 50 N
FAx = 50 N FDx = 50 N
.1 m .1 m .1 m
50 N 50 N
For vertical:
.1 m .1 m .1 m
0
RBy RCy
M at A= 0
RCx = 13.397 N
15
Fv=0
RBx = 123.206 N
50 N
36.603 N
Shear force diagram
0
-86.603 N
Moment diagram
0
-5
-8.6603
16
Sn= Sn(Cs)(Cr)
From the design properties of carbon and alloy steel table, the tensile strength and yield strength
of AISI 1040 cold-drawn steel: Sy= 490 MPa and from table 5.8, Sn= 200 MPa
Using a reliability of 0.99, the Cr = 0.81. The shaft size should be short, so we can assume
CS=1.0
At point A:
1 1
32 3 32(2.5) 3 3
D1= [
4 []2 ]3 =
[
4 490 106
]2 ]3
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 3 1.5(10)
D2= [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [162 106 ]2 ]3
D2 = .0133171 m or 13.3171 mm
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 3 2.5(10)
D3= [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [162 106 ]2 ]3
D3 = .0157836 m or 15.7836 mm
D4 > D5
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 3 2.5(7.071) 2
D5 = [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [ 162 106
] ]3
D5 = .0140643m or 14.0643mm
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 3 1,5(7.071) 2
D6 = [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [
162 106
] ]3
D6 = .01187067m or 11.87067mm
T = 3 N-m
3
T= = 0.75 N-m
4
For E
2 2(0.75)
FE = = = 12.5 N
.12
For G:
2 2(0.75)
FG = = = 12.5 N
.12
19
0.1 m 0.1 m
RFx
FV = 0
RFx = 25 N
12.5 N
Moment diagram
0
-1.25
20
0.1 m 0.1 m
RFy
FV = 0
RFy = 25 N
12.5 N
Moment diagram
0
-1.25
At point F (left)
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 0.75 1.5(1.77)
D1 = [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [162 106 ]2 ]3
D1 = 7.78 x 103 m
At point F (right)
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 0.75 2.5(1.77)
D2 = [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [162 106 ]2 ]3
D3 = 8.8637 x 103 m
D2 > D3 and D1
22
The calculation of the force that is needed to exert by the digger can be calculated by getting the
pressure first with the given height and the clay density.
P = pgh
P = 3453.12 N/m2
F = PA
The area of the soil that is to be dug can be calculated using the formula for the circular segment.
The computed area will be used to calculate the force needed to exert by the digger.
R = .8 m
d = .6 m
h = .2 m
.6
= 2(cos-1 ) = 2(cos-1 .8 )
= 82.8192o
R2 (.8)2 82.8292
A = ( 2 )(180 - sin) = ( )( - sin82.8192)
2 180
A = .1450595 m2
F = PA
23
= 3452.12(.1450595)
F = 500.908 N
() 40(9.81)
F= =
1
F = 392.4 N
T = 23.544 N-m
2 2(23.544)
FH = = = 392.4
.12
FL = FH
Solving for all the reactions on all support bearings in each plane:
RI RK
M@I counterclockwise = 0
RK = 642.854 N
FV=0
RI = 642.854 N
25
392.4 N
250.454 N
-250.454 N
-392.4 N
9.68378
-7.848 -7.848
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 23.544 1.5(7.848)
D1= [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [ 162 106 ]2 ]3
D1 = 0.0128712 m
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 23.544 2.5(7.848)
D2 = [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [ 162 106 ]2 ]3
D2 = 0.014829215 m
TJ = 30.05448 N-m
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 30.05448 2.5(9.68378) 2
D3 = [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [ 162 106
] ]3
D3 = .0159251 m
D4 = D3
D5 = D2
D1 = D6
() 40(9.81)
F= =
1
F = 392.4 N
T = 23.544 N-m
2 2(23.544)
FH = = = 392.4
.12
FL = FH
Solving for all the reactions on all support bearings in each plane:
392.4 392.4
RI RK
M@I counterclockwise = 0
RK = 392.4 N
FV=0
RI = 392.4 N
392.4 N
-392.4 N
-7.848 -7.848
Solving for the diameters using the equations in the "Machine Elements in Mechanical Design"
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 23.544 1.5(7.848) 2
D1= [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [
162 106
] ]3
D1 = 0.0128712 m
1 1
32 3 () 2 32(2.5) 3 23.544 2.5(7.848)
D2 = [
4 []2 + [
] ]3 = [
[
4 490 106
]2 + [ 162 106 ]2 ]3
D2 = 0.014829215 m
29
D3 >D2
D4 = D2
D5 = D1
Theoretical:
30
Actual/Proto:
31
Geneva mechanism
32
CHAPTER III
RESULTS
MATERIAL SELECTION
It is important to select materials that are not costly but can efficiently handle different factors
like deformation, stresses, and corrosion. Availability of materials is also an important factor that
furnished in the cold worked condition which results in a higher tensile and yield
strength. This material is acceptable in the shafts, because it provides properties that can
withstand the different stress that will act on it. It also has resistance to corrosion because
of the
2. FRAME
Mild Steel
Mild steel is a type of carbon steel that has a low amount of carbon which ranges from
.05% to .25%, making it malleable, ductile, and weldable, which makes it a suitable
35
frame for the design. Though it has low tensile strength, it is cheap and can easily be
acquired.
3. BELT
Rubber
Rubber belts are made layers of fabric that has a rubber composition and have thin layers
of rubber on the faces. These belts are very flexible, and is available everywhere. It is
Welding and
4 - - - P541
finishing costs
Shaping of
Geneva Wheel
Total P2725
36
TABULATION OF DATA
Based on the prototype, the volumes were acquired (only for the shafts) and the total mass of the
The total mass = 13.24672 kg , using the density of AISI 1020 Cold-Drawn steel (7870 3 )
With the 5kg mass in the driver, the total mass = 6.451318417 kg
R H V Mass
0.06 0.025 0.000282743 2.225190077
0.014 0.02 1.2315E-05 0.09691939
0.015 0.25 0.000176715 1.390743798
38
Using appendix 2, the specified diameters were known for D1, D2, D4, D6, and D7. Data on the
NSK Bearings was used for the bearings (D3 and D5). The researchers decided to make D2 and D6
the same, as well as D1 and D2, in order to minimize machine and provide a little safety factor.
The diameters of the left side are equal to the right side, respectively, because they both have the
same moment. Appendix 2 was used for finding the standard sizes of the other diameters while
data on NSK Bearing was used to find the standard diameters for the bearings.
The diameters of the left side are equal to the right side, respectively, because they both have the
same moment. Appendix 2 was used for finding the standard sizes of the other diameters while
the Table 14-3 was used to find the standard diameters for the bearings.
The seed-planter design can encounter problems in the actual application. The process of
rotating the driver in order to plant a seed can be very exhausting to the user. Based on the
calculations, the force exerted in the digger is high, and the bearings of the wheel will have to
40
counter that stress. The weight is also a factor in the design for it will provide assistance to the
digger. Due to the outer cover, the user cannot see if the seeds have fallen or not. The movement
of the design is also the main problem, because it can only move in a straight path and it cannot
turn.
41
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION
The seed-planter is designed to improve the rate of the planted seeds in a certain area, and
to provide fast and reliable way of planting seeds. Other designs incorporate the same idea, but
some wastes a lot of seeds planted in one hole. With this design, one seed for one hole can be
achieved which can save a lot money when it comes to large-scale farms. The design lets the user
manually operate the fall of the seeds, in order for the seeds to be efficiently distributed in the
field.
The problems earlier can be solved with the right materials and better improvement in the
design. The user can see if the seeds have fallen if the cover material is transparent.
Improvements on the design can be made in the driver by converting the rotational motion to
linear motion. With this, less effort will be made by the user. The design is heavy enough to
withstand the force and for the user to easily push it.
CONCLUSION
This design had some limitations on the seeds that it can use, which can result in different
replacements of some parts. Still, this design can be renovated and be subjected into large-scale
42
farms. The materials needed in the design are easily available and the price is suitable for the
consumers, but can be lowered with other accessible materials. The main mechanism in the
design is the Geneva Wheel mechanism, and it is suitable for the control of the falling seeds.
RECCOMENDATION
Based on the findings and the results of the study, the following are recommended for the
REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
Robert L. Mott
APPENDICES
45