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M M+ + e
Formation of anion
Atom of non metals, X received valence electrons which transfer from M
to form negative ion ( anions )
X + e X-
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M+ + X- MX
Li + F Li+ F -
1s2 1s22s22p6
1s22s1 1s22s22p5
[He] [Ne]
Li Li+ + e- ( Cation )
e- + F F - ( Anion )
Li+ + F - Li+ F -
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Example Calcium burns in oxygen to form
calcium oxide.
Practice Exercise
Use Lewis dot symbols to show the formation of :
F + F F F
H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e- 8e-2e-
O C O or O C O
8e- 8e- 8e- double bonds
N N or N N
8e- 8e-
triple bond
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Dative Covalent Bond or Coordinate Covalent Bond
Covalent bond forms between two atoms that donate an electron each.
The atom that donate the electrons is known as the donor and it
must have at least one lone pair of electrons.
The other atom that shares the electrons is known as the acceptor
and it must have an incomplete octet.
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Example 2
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Bond Lengths
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Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond 9.4
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Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent
bond with greater electron density around one of the
two atoms
electron rich
electron poor
region
region e- poor e- rich
H F H F
+ -
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Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract
toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond.
X (g) + e- X-(g)
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Classification of bonds by difference in electronegativity
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Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and
the NN bond in H2NNH2.
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Writing Lewis Structures
F N F
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Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-).
Step 1 C is less electronegative than O, put C in center
Step 2 Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4)
-2 charge 2e-
4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons
Step 3 Draw single bonds between C and O atoms and complete
octet on C and O atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?
3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons
Step 5 - Too many electrons, form double bond and re-check # of e-
H
H C O H C O
H
formal charge
on O
= 6 -2 - x 6 = +1
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9.7
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H 0 0 C 4 e- 2 single bonds (2x2) = 4
C O O 6 e- 1 double bond = 4
H 2H 2x1 e- 2 lone pairs (2x2) = 4
12 e- Total = 12
formal charge
on O
= 6 -4 - x 4 = 0
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Formal Charge and Lewis Structures
1. For neutral molecules, a Lewis structure in which there
are no formal charges is preferable to one in which
formal charges are present.
2. Lewis structures with large formal charges are less
plausible than those with small formal charges.
3. Among Lewis structures having similar distributions of
formal charges, the most plausible structure is the one in
which negative formal charges are placed on the more
electronegative atoms.
Which is the most likely Lewis structure for CH2O?
-1 +1 H 0 0
H C O H C O
H
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A resonance structure is one of two or more Lewis structures
for a single molecule that cannot be represented accurately by
only one Lewis structure.
+ - - +
O O O O O O
- - - -
O C O O C O O C O
O O O 31
- - 9.8
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Be 2e-
BeH2 2H 2x1e- H Be H
4e-
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Odd-Electron Molecules
N 5e-
NO O 6e- N O
11e-
The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)
F
F F
S 6e- 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12
SF6 6F 42e- S 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e- Total = 48
F F
F
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Metallic Bond
Assume that a metallic lattice is composed of closely packed positive
ions surrounded by an electron cloud. This happen when metal atoms
lose their valence electrons, forming metal cations, and the valence
electrons then make up the electron cloud. The attractive force between
the electron cloud and the positive ions called the metallic bond.
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Nonpolar molecules would not seem to have any basis for attractive
interactions. However, gases of nonpolar molecules can be liquefied
indicating that if the kinetic energy is reduced, some type of attractive
force can predominate.
Fritz London (1930) suggested that the motion of electrons within an
atom or non-polar molecule can result in a transient dipole moment.
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hydrogen
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Exercise
1. Write Lewis symbols for the following:
(a) P (b) Te (c) Br (d) B
(e) Mn2+ (f) Mn3+ (g) Pb2+ (h) Pb4+
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