Relatividad Especial

Simultaneidad
 Simultaneidad

Medir tiempos e intervalos de tiempo involucra el concepto de

simultaneidad. En un marco de referencia dado, un evento es
un acontecimiento que tiene una posicin y tiempo determinado.
Cuando decimos que nos despertamos a las 7:00 am, quiere
decir que dos eventos ocurrieron simultneamente (el despertar y
que el reloj marque las 7:00 am). El problema fundamental en
medir intervalos de tiempo es el siguiente: En general, dos
eventos que son simultneos en un marco de referencia no son
simultneos en un segundo marco de referencia relativo al
primero, an si los dos marcos de referencia son inerciales.
 Un experimento pensado
Imaginemos que un tren se mueve a velocidad constante, y que
es comparable a la velocidad de la luz (c). Dos rayos golpean un
vagn de pasajeros en sus extremos. Cada rayo deja una marca
vity en el carro y una marca sobre el suelo, en el instante que el rayo
cae.
in simultaneity.
(a) A! Mavis B! Lightning hits the front an
of a train (points Ar and B
the ground at points A and
Sr
O!

A B
Stanley
S
O
b) Ar Br Inside the train, Mavis moves toward
(b)
(b) ArAr BrBr theInside
light the
Inside thetrain,
coming train,Mavis
themoves
Mavis
from moves
front toward
of toward
the
the
trainthelight
andlightcoming
awaycoming from
from from
the the
Dentro front
the coming
light frontofofthe
del tren, Mavis se mueve
the
Sr train
from train
theand
andaway
back away from
from
of the the
thelight
hacia
train. el coming
frente
light comingde onda que viene
S rS r from
Or fromthetheback
backofofthe
thetrain.
que viene de la parte delantera
train.
OrOr
del tren, y se aleja del frente de
A B onda que viene de la parte trasera del
AA BB
tren.
S
SS O
OO

c) Ar Br
(c)(c) ArAr BBrr Mavis sees the light from the front of
theMavis
train sees
Mavis seesthe
first, sothelight
Mavis
shelightfrom
vefrom
believes the
primero
the
thatfront
el of
front
the frente
of de onda
Sr the
thetrain first, sososhe ofbelieves
S rS r lightningtrain
hit first,
the que
frontshe believes
viene lathat
thedetrain that
partethe
first.the
delantera del
O! lightning
lightninghithitthe
the front
tren, asofof
front the
que train
theella
trainfirst.
first.
cree que el rayo
O!O!
cayo primero en la parte delantera
A B
AA BB del tren.
S
SS O
OO

d) Ar Br Stanley sees the lightning hit the two

(d)
(d) ArAr BBrr Stanley
points sees
at the
Stanley the
same
sees
Stanley lightning
thetime; hehithit
solos
velightning
que the
thetwo
believes
rayos two al mismo
caen
points
that points atatthe
the lightningthesame
tiemposame time;
hiten
the two
time;
los so hehe
soends
dos believes
of as que el
believes
puntos,
Sr thethat the
train
that lightning
simultaneously.
the lightning hithit
the two
thelos
two ends
endsofof
S rS r cree que rayos cayeron
O! the
thetrain
trainsimultaneously.
simultaneously. en los extremos del
O!O! simultneamente
A B (The light from the rear of thetren. train
AA BB has(The
not light
(The lightfrom
reached the
Mavis
from therear
rearofofthe
yet.) thetrain
train
S has
hasnotnotreached
reachedMavisMavisyet.)yet.)
SS O
OO
 La simultaneidad de dos eventos, ubicados en posiciones
diferentes sobre el eje x, depende del estado de
movimiento del observador.

Lo anterior, lo podemos traducir de la siguiente manera:

los intervalos de tiempo pueden diferir en diferentes
marcos de referencia.
37.6 (a) Mavis, in frame of reference S, observes a light pulse emitted from a source at O and reflected back along the same line.
(b) How Stanley (in frame of reference S) and Mavis observe the same light pulse. The positions of O at the times of departure and

Relatividad en los intervalos de tiempo

return of the pulse are shown.
(a) (b) Mavis observes a light pulse
emitted from a source at Or and
reflected back along the same line.

Mirror

l l d
d u
Or Or Sr
Sr
Source u Dt
Or Mavis measures
time interval Dt0. S Stanley measures a longer time interval Dt:
The light pulse travels at same speed as in Sr,
Stanley observes but travels a greater distance than in Sr.
the same light O
pulse following a diagonal path.

2d
t 0 = (37.3)
c

The round-trip Llamaremos evento 1 a un pulso de luz que salga de O.
time measured by Stanley in frame S is a different interval t; in
his frame of reference the two events occur at different points in space. During
Y llamaremos evento 2 al pulso de luz cuando regresa a O.
the timet, the source moves relative to S a distance u t (Fig. 37.6b). In S the
round-trip distance is 2d perpendicular to the relative velocity, but the round-trip
distance in S is the longer distance 2l, where

u t 2
2
l = d + a b
B 2
In writing this expression, we have assumed that both observers measure the
 (a) (b) Mavis observes a light pulse
emitted from a source at Or and
reflected back along the same line.

Mirror

l l d
d u
Or Or Sr
Sr
Source u Dt
Or Mavis measures
time interval Dt0. S Stanley measures a longer time interval Dt:
The light pulse travels at same speed as in Sr,
Stanley observes but travels a greater distance than in Sr.
the same light O
pulse following a diagonal path.

2d
t 0 = (37.3)
c

El pulso de luz recorre una distancia total de 2d, entonces

The round-trip time measured by Stanley in frame S is a different interval t; in
his frame of reference the two events occur at different points in space. During
the time t, the source moves relative to S a distance u t (Fig. 37.6b). In S the
round-trip distance is 2d perpendicular to the relative velocity, but the round-trip
distance in S is the longer distance 2l, where 2d
u t 2
t0 =
l = d + a
B 2
2
b c
In writing this expression, we have assumed that both observers measure the
donde el subndice 0 indica que estamos calculando el tiempo que
same distance d. We will justify this assumption in the next section. The speed of
light is the same for both observers, so the round-trip time measured in S is

t =
2l
=
2 medira
d + a
u t
b
Mavis. 2
2
(37.4)
c cB 2
We would like to have a relationship between t and t 0 that is independent of d.
To get this, we solve Eq. (37.3) for d and substitute the result into Eq. (37.4),
obtaining
 (a) (b) Mavis observes a light pulse
emitted from a source at Or and
reflected back along the same line.

Mirror

l l d
d u
Or Or Sr
Sr
Source u Dt
Or Mavis measures
time interval Dt0. S Stanley measures a longer time interval Dt:
The light pulse travels at same speed as in Sr,
Stanley observes but travels a greater distance than in Sr.
the same light O
pulse following a diagonal path.

2d
t 0 = (37.3)
En elThesistema S, Stanley medir un c
tiempo
round-trip time measured by Stanley in frame S is a different interval t; in
diferente para el pulso de
hisluz
frame (de ida
of reference theytwo
vuelta),
events occur atya que
different la
points indistancia
space. During total es 2l, donde
the time t, the source moves relative to S a distance u t (Fig. 37.6b). In S the
round-trip distance is 2d perpendicular to the relative velocity, but the round-trip
distance in S is the longer distance 2l, where
s 2
u t 2
2
l = d + a
B 2
b
2+
u t
l = d
In writing this expression, we have assumed that both observers measure the
same distance d. We will justify this assumption in the next section. The2speed of
light is the same for both observers, so the round-trip time measured in S is
2l 2 2 u t 2
t = = d + a b (37.4)
c cB 2
We would like to have a relationship between t and t 0 that is independent of d.
To get this, we solve Eq. (37.3) for d and substitute the result into Eq. (37.4),
obtaining
 entonces el tiempo en el sistema S ser

s 2 s 2 2
2l 2 u t 2 c t0 u t
t= = d2 + = +
c c 2 c 2 2

resolviendo para t, nos queda

t0 A esta ecuacin de le conoce
t= p
1 u2 /c2 como la dilatacin del tiempo.

de la ecuacin anterior podemos notar que el

denominador es menor que 1 por lo que

t> t0
 fact that the speed of light in vacuum is the same in both frames o
The quantity 1> 21 - u 2>c2 in Eq. (37.6) appears so often in
La parte del denominador aparece con bastante frecuencia
is given its own symbol g (the Greek letter gamma):
en la relatividad que se define de la siguiente manera1
g =
1 21 - u 2>c2
Supernova =p
In terms
1 of this
u2 /csymbol,
2 we can express the time dilation formul
t = g t 0 (time dilation)
por lo que la ecuacin para la dilatacin del tiempo queda
As a further simplification, u>c is sometimes given the symbol b
como ter beta); then g = 1> 21 - b 2.
37.8 The quantity g = 1/21 - u 2/c2 Figure 37.8 shows a graph of g as a function of the relative
as a function of the relative speed u of two t= t0 When u is very small compared to c, u 2>c2
frames of reference.
frames of reference. than 1 and g is very nearly equal to 1. In that limit, Eqs. (3
As speed u approaches the speed of light c, approach the Newtonian relationship t = t 0 , corresponding
g approaches infinity. interval in all frames of reference.
g5 1 If the relative speed u is great enough that g is appreciably g
7
!1 ! u2/c2 speed is said to be relativistic; if the difference between g and 1 is
6 A medida que la rapidez de u
the speed u is called nonrelativistic. Thus u = 6.00 * 10 7 m>
which g = 1.022 is a relativistic speed, but u = 6.00 * 10 4 m
5
4
se aproxima a la rapidez de la
(for which g = 1.000000022 is a nonrelativistic speed.
3 luz, gamma se aproxima a
2 Proper Time
1 infinito.
There is only one frame of reference in which a clock is at rest, a
0 0.25c 0.50c 0.75c 1.00c
nitely many in which it is moving. Therefore the time interval m
Speed u
two events (such as two ticks of the clock) that occur at the sam
 Tiempo Propio

Hay un solo marco de referencia donde un reloj est en

reposo, y existe un nmero infinito de de marcos en los
que est en movimiento. Por consiguiente, el intervalo de
tiempo medido entre dos sucesos que ocurren en el
mismo punto es ms fundamental que el intervalo de
tiempo entre sucesos en puntos diferentes. El tiempo
propio lo utilizaremos para describir el intervalo de
tiempo de dos sucesos que ocurren en el mismo punto.
 1) Las partculas subatmicas de alta energa que llegan
desde el espacio interactan con los tomos de las capas
ms altas de la atmsfera terrestre produciendo partculas
inestables llamadas muones. Antes de descomponerse en
otras partculas, el mun tiene una vida media de 2.2
micro segundos, medida en un marco de referencia en el
que est en reposo. Si un mun se desplaza a 0.990c con
respecto a la Tierra, cul ser su vida media medida por
un observador en que se encuentra en la Tierra?

2) Un avin vuela de San Francisco a Nueva York

(aproximadamente 4800 km) con una rapidez constante
de 300 m/s. Cunto tiempo tarda el viaje, medido por un
observador en la Tierra? Y por un observador medido en
el avin?
 3) Magda aborda una nave espacial, y luego pasa
velozmente por donde est Sergio en la Tierra con una
velocidad relativa de 0.600c. En el instante en que Magda
pasa, ambos ponen en marcha sus cronmetros. a) En el
instante en que Sergio mide que Magda ha recorrido
90,000,000.0 m mas all de donde l est y pasa la estacin
espacial, qu tiempo registra el cronmetro de Sergio
cuando Magda pasa la estacin? Qu tiempo indica el
cronmetro de Magda? b) En el instante en el que Magda
pasa por donde est Sergio, este comienza a parpadear y
Magda mide que el parpadeo dura 0.400 s de principio a
fin. De acuerdo con Sergio, cunto dura el parpadeo?
 Relatividad de la Longitud
Otra cantidad fsica donde la simultaneidad est
involucrada es en la longitud. La longitud entre dos
puntos tambin depende del estado de movimiento del
observador.

Para obtener una relacin entre las longitudes que se

miden paralelas al movimiento en varios sistemas de
37 Relativity coordenadas, consideremos lo siguiente:

s at rest in Maviss (a) Mavis

e is emitted from a
the ruler, reflected by Source Mirror
end, and returned to
l0 Sr
b) Motion of the light
Stanleys frame S. The ruler is stationary in Maviss frame of reference Sr.
The light pulse travels a distance l0 from the light source
to the mirror.
Con las condiciones de la figura anterior, el tiempo que le
tomar a una pulsacin luminosa en hacer un recorrido de la
fuente a al espejo y viceversa es

2l0
t0 =
c
este es un tiempo propio porque la partida y regreso suceden
en el mismo punto en S.

En el marco de referencia S la regla se desplaza a la derecha

con una rapidez u. Y la longitud de regla en el marco S es l

d = l + u t1
 (b)
Mavis
d

u
l Sr
u !t1

S The ruler moves at speed u in Stanleys frame of reference S.

The light pulse travels a distance l (the length of the ruler
measured in S ) plus an additional distance u Dt1 from the
Stanley light source to the mirror.

Perothetambin
ruler, withdebe
source ser
and cierto que moves a distance u t 1. The total
mirror attached,
length of path d from source to mirror is not l, but rather
d d= =
l + cu tt11 (37.10)

podemos
The lightigualar laswith
pulse travels ecuaciones
speed c, so it ispara d, that
also true entonces nos queda
d = c t 1 (37.11)

Combining Eqs. (37.10)candt(37.11)

1 = lto+ u t1d, we find
eliminate
c t 1 = l + u t 1 or
l
t1 = l
t 1 = c u
c - u
(37.12)

(Dividing the distance l by c - u does not mean that light travels with speed
La divisin de l entre c-u no significa que la luz viaje con
una rapidez de c-u, sino que la distancia que la pulsacin
recorre en S es mayo que l.

De manera similar podemos calcular el tiempo que le

tomar regresar del espejo a la fuente
l
t2 =
c+u
El tempo total medido en S ser
t= t1 + t2

l l
t= +
c u c+u
 l(c + u) + l(c u)
t=
(c u)(c + u)

2lc
t= 2
c u2
2lc
t= 2
c (1 u2 /c2 )

por otro lado, sabemos como se relaciona el tiempo en un

marco de referencia S con uno que se mueve a velocidad
constante respecto al primero
t= t0
p 2l 0
t 1 2 2
u /c =
c
entonces nos queda que
2lc p 2l 0
1 2 2
u /c =
c2 (1 u2 /c2 ) c

cancelamos trminos semejantes y simplificamos,

quedando
r
u2 l0 Contraccin de la
l = l0 1 =
c 2 longitud

de lo anterior podemos concluir que la longitud l medida en

S (donde la regla est en movimiento), es ms corta que la
longitud medida en el marco en reposo S
 l 0 sin u0 , remains the same.

Problem-Solving Strategy 37.2 Length Contraction

ElIDENTIFY
resultado anterior es valido
the relevant concepts: The concept of length contraction
is used whenever we compare the length of an object as measured parative tolongitudes
the first frame, the objectque
0
se length
has contracted miden
length l . In a second reference frame moving at speed u rela-
l.

paralelas a la direccin de movimiento.

by observers in different inertial frames of reference.
SET UP the problem using the following steps:
parallel to theSi quisiramos medir
2. Keep in mind that length contraction occurs only for lengths
direction of relative motion of the two frames.

contracciones
1. Decide what defines the de longitud perpendiculares
length in question. If the problem
describes an object such as a ruler, it is just the distance between
same in both frames. a la direccin del
Any length that is perpendicular to the relative motion is the

3. Use Eq. (37.16) to relate l and l , and then solve for the target
movimiento, encontraramos que no
the ends of the object. If the problem is about a distance between
two points in space, it helps to envision an object like a ruler that
hay tales contracciones!!
variable.
0

extends from one point to the other. EVALUATE your answer: Check that your answers make sense: l is
2. Identify the target variable. never larger than l 0, and u is never greater than c.
EXECUTE the solution as follows:
Ejemplo: Una nave espacial pasa volando cerca de la Tierra
1. Determine the reference frame in which the object in question
is at rest. In this frame, the length of the object is its proper
con una rapidez de 0.990c. Un miembro de la tripulacin a
bordo de la nave mide la longitud de esta, y obtiene un valor
Example 37.4 How long is the spaceship?
deA spaceship
400fliesm. Qu longitud miden los observadores que
past earth at a speed of 0.990c. A crew member 37.13 Measuring the length of a moving spaceship.
se
hallan en
on board the la
spaceshipTierra?
measures its length, obtaining the value
400 m. What length do observers measure on earth?
l0 ! 400 m
y
SOLUTION
0.990c
IDENTIFY and SET UP: This problem is about the nose-to-tail x1
length of the spaceship as measured on the spaceship and on earth. l
This length is along the direction of relative motion (Fig. 37.13), x2
so there will be length contraction. The spaceships 400-m length S
is the proper length l 0 because it is measured in the frame in which
the spaceship is at rest. Our target variable is the length l measured O1 O2
in the earth frame, relative to which the spaceship is moving at x
u = 0.990c. O
The two observers on earth (S ) must measure x2 and x1 simultaneously
Transformaciones de Lorentz

Ahora estamos en posicin de deducir las relaciones que

existen entre las coordenadas (x,y,z) de un punto en un
marco de referencia S con las coordenadas (x,y,z) de un
segundo punto en un marco S.

Cuando ocurre un suceso en el punto (x,y,z) en el tiempo t,

observado en un marco de referencia S, cules son las
coordenadas (x,y,z) y el tiempo t del suceso observado
en un marco de referencia S, que se desplaza con respecto
a S con rapidez constante u en la direccin +x?
 of refer-CHAPTERstill
in frame 1238 ut. The coordinate x is a proper length in S, so in S it is
37 Relativity
n to
frame
x>g,ofsorefer- still
factor The=coordinate
ut.1>g 21 - u22>c x2 is
, a in
as proper
Eq. length in
(37.16). Thus so distance
S, the in S it i
og(x
x>g, so 2
- ut).
37.15 As measured factor
seen 1>g = 21
in S,ofisrefer-
in frame - u
not simply >c , =ascoordinate
still ut.xThe in +Eq.x,(37.16).
ut asisin
x Thus
the
a proper the in
Galilean
length distanc
coord
S, so
g(x - ut).Consideremos seentola
ence S, x is contracted in siguiente
x>g, figura
S,sois not simply x == ut
factor 1>g 21+- x,u 2>cas
2
ininthe
, as Eq. Galilean coor
(37.16). Thus the
o frame S withx = utconstant
tion, but
+ x>g and x = g(x - ut).
tion, but seen in S, is not simply x = ut + x, as in the Galile
frame S with constant
on x-xr-axis.
Frame Sr moves relative to frame S with constant tion, but u 2
nyrx-xr-axis.velocity u along the common x-xr-axis.
x = ut + x 1 - u22 2
r y
Sr yr x = ut + x Bx 1= ut - c x 1 -
+
u
xr B 2 B 2
Sr S xr Sr c c
xSolving this equation for x, we obtain
xr
P Solving this equation en
Solving
for trminos
this equation for
x, we obtain de x
x, wenos queda
obtain
P x - ut x - ut
P
yr y yr
x = x - xut =
2 212 2 2
x = 21 - u >c - u >c
r yrO x Or 2 2
Equation (37.18) is21 >c coordinate tr
part of-theu Lorentz
xr
xrut
Equation (37.18)isisthe part of thegiving
equation
Lorentz
t in
coordinate
terms of x and
transform
t. To obtain
Origins O xr and Or
coincide at time t 5 0is5 Equation
the
tr. equation giving
(37.18) in relativity
is tpart
ciple of terms
of the of x andthat
Lorentz
requires t. To theobtain
coordinate form of this,
transform we
the transf
r. The Lorentz coordinate isciple
the of relativity
equation
transformation relatesgiving
Por
requires
t in to
identical otro
that
terms oflado,
that the
from form
xSand of
to S. t.debemos
theonly
To
The transformatio
obtain de we
this,
difference is a
ansformation
the spacetime coordinates of an event as
relates
measured
identical
ciple of to that
relativity
in the two frames: (x, y, z, t) in frame S
from encontrar
relative
S
requires velocity
to S.
thatThe una
the onlyrelacin
component
form u. Thusentre
difference
of the fromis Eq.
a ten
(37.17)
change
transformatio
of an event
andas relative
identical
(xr, yr, zr, tr) in frame
sformation relates Sr. velocity
to that from trminos
component
S to u.
S. de
Thus
The x y
from
only t. Eq.
difference(37.17) is it
a must
chang u 2b

es: (x, y, z, t) in frame S x = -ut + x 1 - 2

f an event as relative velocity component u. Thus from Eq. (37.17) 2
B it must c b
Sr.
: (x, y, z, t) in frame S u
We now equatex = Eqs.-ut + xand1(37.19)
(37.18) - 22to eliminate
tion for t in terms of x and t. B We leavecu the algebraic d
the result is
x = -ut + x 1 - 2
c x. This
We now equate Eqs. (37.18) and (37.19) to eliminate B
2
Equation (37.18) is part of the Lorentz coordinate transformation; another pa
he equation
Equation giving
(37.18) is t in of
part terms
the of x andcoordinate
Lorentz t. To obtain this, we note another
transformation; that the par
pri
Sabemos que el principio de la relatividad especial exige que
hee of relativity
equation requires
giving that the
t in terms and t.ofTothe
of xform transformation
obtain this, we notefrom to prin
thatSthe S b
una transformacin de S a S debe ser de la misma forma que
ntical to that from
e of relativity S to that
requires S. Thethe only
formdifference is a change in
of the transformation theSsign
from to Sof be
th
de Sa S. En nuestro caso, el nico cambio es el signo de la
tive velocity
ntical component
to that from S to S.u.TheThus from
only Eq. (37.17)
difference is aitchange
must bein true that of the
the sign
velocidad relativa u, entonces
tive velocity component u. Thus from Eq. (37.17)2 it must be true that
u
x = -ut + x 1 - u 22 (37.19)
x = -ut + x B1 - c2 (37.19)
B c
now equate Eqs. (37.18) and (37.19) to eliminate x. This gives us an equ
n now equate
for tigualandoEqs.of
in terms (37.18)
nos queda
x and t.and
que(37.19)
We to algebraic
leave the eliminate details
x. Thisfor
gives
you us
to an
workequa
ou
nresult
for t is
in terms of x and t. We leave the algebraic details for you to work out
result is 2
t - ux>c
t = t - ux>c2 (37.20)
t = 21 - u 2>c2 (37.20)
21 - u 2>c2
we discussed previously, lengths perpendicular to the direction of relativ
we discussed
tion previously,
are not affected by thelengths
motion,perpendicular
so y = y andtoz the= z.direction of relative
tion are notall
Collecting affected so y = y and
by the motion, equations,
these transformation z = z.
we have
Collecting all these transformation equations, we have
 Collecting all these transformation equations, we have

x - ut
x = = g1x - ut2
21 - u 2>c2
Estas ecuaciones integran
y = y (Lorentz coordinate
la transformacin de
(37.21)
z = z transformation)
coordenadas de Lorentz.
t - ux>c2 2
t = = g1t - ux>c 2
21 - u 2>c2

TheseEnequations
general,arelas
the coordenadas
Lorentz coordinate tiempo de unthesuceso
y eltransformation, relativistic
en ungener-
alization
marco of the Galilean de
dependen coordinate transformation,
sus coordenadas Eqs. (37.1)
y tiempo t = t. For
andmarco.
en otro
values of u that approach zero, the radicals in the denominators
Ya no 2podemos afirmar que la longitud y el tiempo tienen and g approach 1,
and the ux>c term approaches zero. In this limit, Eqs. (37.21) become identical
significados absolutos independientes del marco
to Eqs. (37.1) along with t = t. In general, though, both the coordinates and
de
time referencia.
of an event in Poroneesta razn
frame nosonreferimos
depend al tiempo
its coordinates and timey ina another
las
coordenadas
frame. Space and time espaciales como
have become una solaweentidad
intertwined; a la say
can no longer que that
llamamos
length espacio-tiempo.
and time have absolute meanings independent of the frame of reference.
For this reason, we refer to time and the three dimensions of space collectively as
a four-dimensional entity called spacetime, and we call 1x, y, z, t2 together the
 Transformacin de Lorentz para las
velocidades

A partir de las ecuaciones anteriores podemos obtener una

expresin para la transformacin de las velocidades de una
marco de referencia a otro.

Supongamos que una partcula se mueve una distancia dx

durante un tiempo dt, medido desde un marco desde el
marco de referencia S. Podemos obtener los
correspondientes dx y dt tomando los diferenciales de las
ecuaciones de la transformacin de Lorentz.
 n frame S. We obtain the corresponding distance dx and time dt in S by taking
differentials of Eqs. (37.21): 37.5 T

dx = g1dx - u dt2
in frame S. We obtain the corresponding distance dx and time dt in S by taking
differentials of Eqs. (37.21): dt = g1dt - u dx>c22

We divide the first equationdxby=the

g1dx - u dt2
second and then divide the numerator and
2
denominator of the result by dt to obtain
Dividimos la primera ecuacin por2 la segunda y despus
dt = g1dt - u dx>c
dividimos
We divide the firstelequation
numerador
by the y eldxdenominador
second and then divide por dt, as nos
the numerator and
queda que
denominator of the result by dt to obtain - u
dx dt
= dx
dt - u dx
u
dx 1 - 2
dt
= c dt
dtu dx
1 -
Now dx>dt is the velocity vx in S, and dx>dt
c dt is the velocity vx in S, so we
2
finally obtain the relativistic generalization
Nowpodemos velocity vx que
dx>dt is theidentificar in S, el
andtrmino
dx>dt isdx/dt
the velocity v x in S, soawe
corresponde la
finally obtain the relativistic generalization
velocidad
envx el- umarco S, y que el trmino dx/dt es la
vx = (Lorentz velocity transformation) (37.22)
velocidad

en
1 -
vel
x uv
-marco
u
x>c 2 S.
vx = 2
(Lorentz velocity transformation) (37.22)
1 - uvx>c
When u and vx are much smaller than c, the denominator in Eq. (37.22)
 approaches 1, and we approach the1nonrelativistic - 2 result vx = vx -
c dt
site extreme is the case vx = c; then we find

Now dx>dt is the velocity v
obteniendo una ecuacin generalizada x in S, and para la velocidad x in S,
dx>dt is the velocity v
finally obtain the relativistic c -
generalizationu c11 - u>c2
vx = = = c
1 - uc>c2 1 - u>c
vx - u T r a n s f o r m a c i n d e

v = (Lorentz
L o r velocity
e n t z transformation)
p a r a l a (3
This says that 1anything- uvx>c moving with velocity vx = c measured
x 2
velocity vx = c measured in S, despite velocidadthe relative motion of the tw
Eq.
When(37.22)
u and is vconsistent
are much with Einsteins
smaller than postulate
c, the that
denominator the speed
in Eq.o
Podemos obtener x una ecuacin para la velocidad vista
uum is the same in all inertial frames of reference.
approaches 1, and we approach the nonrelativistic result vx = vx - u. The
desde el sistema no primado. Recordemos que uno de los
The principle
site extreme of relativity
is the case vx = c; then tellsweusfind
there is no fundamental distin
postulados de la relatividad especial nos dice que las leyes
the two frames S and S. Thus the expression for vx in terms of vx
de la fsica deben ser las c misma
- u enc11 -
cualquier
u>c2
marco de
same form as Eq. (37.22), vx = with vx2changed

= to vx , and= cvice versa, an
referencia inercias, entonces
reversed. Carrying out these 1 - operations
uc>c - u>c
1with Eq. (37.22), we find
This says that anything moving with velocity vx = c measured in S a
v
velocity vx = c measured
x

+ u T r a n s f o r m a c i n d e
in S, despite the relative motion of the two fram
vx =
(Lorentz
L o r e nvelocity
t z p atransformation)
r aspeed
l a of light
Eq. (37.22) is consistent
1 + uvx>cwith2 Einsteins postulate that the
uum is the same in all inertial frames velocidad
of reference.
The principle of relativity tells us there is no fundamental
This can also be obtained algebraically by solving Eq. (37.22) distinction b

 tive to an observer. We can now derive that result.
Heres a statement of the problem. A source of light is moving with constant
Efecto Doppler para ondas
speed u toward Stanley, who is stationary in an inertial frame (Fig. 37.17). As
measured in its rest frame, the source emits light waves with frequency 0 and
electromagnticas
period T0 = 1>0 . What is the frequency of these waves as received by Stanley?
Let T be the time interval between emission of successive wave crests as
observed in Stanleys reference frame. Note that this is not the interval between
Veamos el ofproblema:
the arrival Una
successive crests fuente
at his position,de luz the
because secrests
mueve con at
are emitted
different points in Stanleys frame. In measuring only the frequency he receives,
velocidad
he does notconstante u the
take into account hacia Sergio,
difference in transitque se successive
times for encuentra
crests.
estacionario
Therefore theen un marco
frequency deisreferencia.
he receives not 1>T. What isLa fuente for
the equation de?luz
emite During
ondasa time
de Tluzthe crests
con ahead of the source
frecuencia fo ymove a distance
periodo cT, and the
To=1/fo,
source moves a shorter distance uT in the same direction. The distance l between
medido desde su marco de referencia en reposo. Cul ser
la frecuencia f de estas ondas que medir Sergio?
Moving source emits waves Source emits Position of first wave 37
of frequency f0. First wave second wave crest at the instant that the ligh
crest emitted here. crest here. second crest is emitted. Sta
dist
Stationary observer the
detects waves of S, t
frequency f . f0. the
uT l Stanley S
cT
Moving source emits waves Source emits Position of first wave 37.17 The Doppler effect for light. A
of frequency f0. First wave
crest emitted here.
second wave
crest here.
crest at the instant that the
second crest is emitted.
El intervalo T, es el
light source moving at speed u relative to
Stanley emits a wave crest, then travels a

Stationary observer
intervalo de tiempo de
distance uT toward an observer and emits
the next crest. In Stanleys reference frame
detects waves of
frequency f . f0.
emisin entre crestas
S, the second crest is a distance l behind
the first crest.
uT l Stanley S
sucesivas
cT

La frecuencia que Sergio medir, desde S, ser

c
f=
donde la parte del denominador es la longitud de
onda de la fuente de luz, y est dada por
= (c u)T

Nos queda que

c
f=
(c u)T
 1c - u2T
in Stanleys frame. The frequency that he measures is c>l. Therefore
So far we have followed a pattern similar to that for the Doppler effect for
ound from a moving source (seeSection c16.8). In that discussion our next step
= (37.24)
as to Por
equateotro lado,
T to sabemos
the time que 1c
T0 between elemissions
-tiempo
u2T medido desdewave
of successive el marco
crests by
de
e source. referencia
However, en
due toreposo
time de
dilation lait fuente
is not es el tiempo
relativistically
So far we have followed a pattern similar to that for the Doppler effect for
propio,
correct to y
equate
to T0 .este
sound The loa moving
fromtime podemos relacionar
T0 is measured
source (seeinSection con
the rest el Intiempo
frame
16.8). ofthat medido
thediscussion
source, itpor
soour isnextun
a proper
step
me.
wasFromobservador
to equate T to mediante
Eq. (37.6), and T
theT0time T0 are relatedemissions
between by of successive wave crests by
the source. However, due to time dilation T0 it is not relativistically
cT0 correct to equate
T =
T to T0 . The time T0 is measured =
in the2rest2 frame of2 the source, so it is a proper
2
21 -
time. From Eq. (37.6), T0 and T are related by u >c 2c - u
r, since T0 = 1>0 , T0 cT0
tomando el inverso T = de la ecuacion=
2 22 2 2 2anterior,
2 2 y recordando
1 21 -- uu >c 2c
2c 2c- -u u
que T0 = 1/f0 podemos = escribir = 0
or, since T0 = 1>0 , T cT0 c
emember, 1>T is not equal
1 to .
2c We
2 must
- u 2 substitute
2c2 - this
u 2 expression for 1>T into
q. 37.24 to find : = = 0
T cT c
0
2 2
c 2c - u
Remember, 1>T is not equal to=. We must substitutethis expression for 1>T into
0
Eq. 37.24 to find : c - u c
2 2 2 2
la frecuencia f va a estar dada por
p
c c c2 u2
f= = f0
(c u)T (c u) c
la expresin que se encuentra dentro de la raz cuadrada la
podemos como una diferencia de cuadrados, por lo que la
frecuencia f toma la siguiente forma
r
c+u Efecto Doppler de ondas
f= f0 electromagnticas cuando la
c u fuente se acerca al observador

r
c u Efecto Doppler de ondas
f= f0 electromagnticas cuando la
c+u fuente se aleja del observador
 Momento Lineal Relativista

Nosotros empezamos analizando las ecuaciones de

movimiento de Newton, y vimos que estas son invariables
ante transformaciones de Galileo (cuando cambiamos de un
marco a otro). Pero la relatividad especial nos dice que estas
transformaciones (de Galileo) las debemos cambiar por las
transformaciones de Lorentz.

Por otro lado, la conservacin del momento lineal nos dice

que cuando dos cuerpos interacciones, la cantidad de
momento lineal se conserva, siempre y cuando la fuerza neta
que acta sobre el sistema sea cero. Entonces, si esta ley fsica
es vlida, debe ser vlida en todos los sistemas de referencia.
Supongamos que observamos una colisin en un marco de referencia S y
determinamos que el momento lineal se conserva. Si queremos obtener la
velocidad en el segundo marco de referencia S, tenemos que aplicar las
transformaciones de Lorentz. Si aplicamos la definicin de momento lineal
newtoniana veremos que la conservacin de momento no se cumple. Si
estamos convencidos que la relatividad especial y las transformaciones de
Lorentz son validas, entonces para que la conservacin de momento lineal
prevalezca, necesitamos encontrar una nueva definicin para el momento
lineal.

Supongamos que la masa medida de una partcula es m cuando est en

reposo respecto a nosotros: diremos que esta partcula es la masa en
reposo. Usaremos el trmino de partcula material para una partcula que
tiene una masa en reposos diferente de cero. Entonces, definimos el
momento lineal relativista como:

m~v Momento lineal

p~ = p = m~v
1 v 2 /c2 relativista
Denotaremos la masa relativista de la siguiente manera

m
mrel = p
1 v 2 /c2

Cuando la fuerza y la velocidad estn en la misma direccin, la

fuerza tiene la siguiente forma:

3
F = ma

Cuando la fuerza y la velocidad son perpendiculares, la fuerza

se escribe como:

F = ma
 Trabajo y Energa Relativista

Podemos obtener una relacin para el trabajo relativista

cuando queremos desplazar una partcula de masa m en
reposo, desde un punto inicial a un punto final
Z x2 Z x2
W = F dx = ma dx
x1 x1

haciendo un cambio de variable podemos expresar la

integral anterior en trminos de la velocidad de la siguiente
forma
dvx dx
a dx = dx = dvx = vx dvx
dt dt
la integral queda de la forma
Z v
mvx dvx
K=W =
0 (1 v 2 /c2 )3/2

proponiendo el siguiente cambio de variable podemos

resolver la integral en cuestin

u=1 v 2 /c2
2v
du = 2
dv
c
entonces
2 Z
mc du
K=
2 u3/2
mc2 Energa cintica
K=p mc2 = ( 1)mc2
1 v 2 /c2 relativista
la ecuacin anterior la podemos reescribir de la siguiente
manera
2 2
K = mrel c mc
2 2
mrel c = K + mc
2
E = K + mc

Si interpretamos a E como la energa total del cuerpo,

podemos notar que cuando el cuerpo est en reposo y
K=0, posee una energa, a la que llamamos energa en
reposo.

Otra forma de escribir la ecuacin para la energa total del

cuerpo es
2 2 2 2
E = (mc ) + (pc)