VERB TENSES.

VERB: To speak spoke spoken. (INFINITIVE - SIMPLE PAST - PAST PARTICIPLE.

To be - was/were - been = estar.
To have - had - had = haber.

INFINITIVE.
To + verbo (to speak, to eat, etc.)
-ar, -er, -ir (amar, comer, rer)
To speak = Hablar.
To eat = Comer.

GERUND or -ING FORM.

-ando, -endo (estudiando, comiendo, riendo)
Studying = estudiando.
Eating = comiendo.

PAST PARTICIPLE. (3 columna de los verbos irregulares).

-ado, -ido, -ito, -oto, -cho, -so (amado, comido, redo, escrito, roto, hecho, impreso)
Written = escrito.
Eaten = comido.

CONTINUOUS or PROGRESSIVE
TO BE (am, is, are, was or were) + -ing.
Estar + -ando, -endo (amando, comiendo, riendo)

PERFECT.
TO HAVE (have / has / had) + Past Participle
Haber + -ado, -ido, -ito, -oto, -cho, -so (amado, comido, redo, escrito, roto, hecho, impreso)
We have spoken = Nosotros hemos hablado.
They had eaten = Ellos haban comido.

Verb Tenses, p.1

ACTIVE VOICE: MOODS AND TENSES.
VERB: To speak spoke spoken. (INFINITIVE - SIMPLE PAST - PAST PARTICIPLE.

-ar, -er, -ir (amar, comer, rer) Infinitive = To + verbo (to speak, to eat, etc.)

-ando, -endo (amando, comiendo, riendo) Gerund = -ing Form (speaking, eating, etc.)

-ado, -ido, -ito, -oto (amado, comido, redo, escrito, roto) Past participle (3 columna de los verbos, spoken, eaten, etc.)

CONTINUOUS = Progressive = To be + -ing. Estar + -ando, -endo (amando, comiendo, riendo)

PERFECT have / has / had + Past Participle (have spoken, had eaten, etc.) Haber + -ado, -ido (amado, comido, redo)

INDICATIVE MOOD.
The indicative is the mood of the verb used in objective statements or questions.

English Tense Form Translation

Tiempo en espaol
Infinitive Infinitive To speak Hablar
Infinitivo
Infinitive progressive To be speaking Estar hablando
Infinitivo progresivo
-ing form Gerund Speaking Hablando
Gerundio
Participle Past participle Spoken Hablado
Participio de pasado
Past participle progressive Be spoken Ser hablado
Participio de pasado progresivo
Present Simple present I speak Hablo
Presente Simple She speaks Ella habla
Present progressive I am speaking Estoy hablando / hablo
Presente progresivo
Present perfect I have spoken He hablado
Pretrito perfecto
Present perfect progressive I have been speaking He estado hablando
Pretrito perfecto progresivo
Past Simple past I spoke Habl, hablaba / hablara
Pasado simple
Past progressive I was speaking Estuve / estaba
Pasado progresivo hablando
Past perfect I had spoken Haba hablado
Pretrito pluscuamperfecto
Past perfect progressive I had been speaking Haba estado hablando
Pretrito pluscuamperfecto
progresivo
Future Simple future I will speak Hablar
Futuro simple

Verb Tenses, p.2

 Simple future progressive I will be speaking Estar hablando
Futuro simple progresivo
Future perfect I will have spoken Habr hablado
Futuro perfecto
Future perfect progressive I will have been speaking Habr estado hablando
Futuro perfecto progresivo
Conditional Simple conditional I would speak Hablara
Condicional simple
Simple conditional progressive I would be speaking Estara hablando
Condicional simple progresivo
Perfect conditional I would have spoken Habra hablado
Condicional perfecto
Perfect conditional progressive I would have been speaking Habra estado hablando
Condicional perfecto progresivo

Verb Tenses, p.3

SUBJUNTIVE MOOD.
It is used in subordinate clauses in which there is a change of subject and indicates that a situation is hypothetical, unreal, wished or
hoped for, or somehow speculative in nature. It is used in direct commands (except familiar) in which the third persons are usually
introduced by que.

In English it has only one form which coincides with the stem of the verb (infinitive without TO)
She demands that he speak (Ella solicita que el hable).

IMPERATIVE MOOD.
It is used to give a command or make a suggestion.
Imperative 2nd person singular & Speak Habla / Hablad
plural
1st person plural Let's speak Hablemos

CONDITIONAL MOOD.
It uses the construction "if... then..." It expresses the hypothetical, unreal, or speculative, and states the condition under which another
action or event may be realized.

Verb Tenses, p.4

USES.
SIMPLE PRESENT
For things that we do regularly and habits:
She goes to the beach every day.
Adverbs of frequency are often used with the simple present to talk about regular and habitual actions:
I never smoke.
To talk about facts or things that are always true:
The sun rises in the east.
To talk about a future, timetabled event:
My plane leaves at 10:15 a.m.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
To talk about things that are in progress now:
Its raining now.
To talk about temporary situations:
We are staying in a hotel.
To talk about the future arrangements:
Im seeing the doctor on Thursday.

PAST SIMPLE
To talk about completed events or actions in the past:
My brother left school in 1998.
To talk about something that happened regularly in the past:
I walked to school every morning.

SIMPLE PAST WITH AGO

It tells us about the length of time between now and then:
I came to La Orotava eight years ago.

PAST CONTINUOUS
To talk about something that was in progress at a certain time in the past:
At 11:30 I was watching a film on TV.
To talk about an interrupted action in the past:
I was having a shower when the phone rang.
After WHILE or AS:
While I was waiting for the bus, a car stopped.
As he was walking past, he saw me.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

To talk about something that started in the past and continues in the present:
Ive lived here all my life.
To talk about experiences in our lives up to the present when no particular time is mentioned:
Ive visited Spain, but Ive never been to Portugal.
Use JUST + Present Perfect to talk about something which has happened recently and which is still true or important now:
Ive just spent 10,000 pts.
We dont use the present perfect if we know when something happened:
Tom just phoned 30 seconds ago (Tom has just phoned 30 seconds ago)
The Present Perfect with FOR or SINCE tells us about something which began in the past and is still true now. It answers the question:
How long ? FOR tells us the period of time. SINCE tells us when the time began:
Shes been blind for 30 years.
Shes been blind since birth.
Hes had his dog for 10 years.
Hes had his dog since 1990.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

To talk about past activities that have a result in the present:
They have been working hard all morning. Now theyre tired.
It can be used for an action which began in the past, is still true now and which has been continuous or repeated. Because it looks at
actions over a period of time, it is often used with FOR or SINCE:
Surgeons have been performing operations for hundreds of years.
Doctors have been using anaesthetics since 1842.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

To talk about past actions or situations which happened before another past action or situation:
She looked in her bag. Shed forgotten her mobile phone!
To talk about events before a specific time in the past:
Verb Tenses, p.5
 By 6:00 p.m. we had washed the dishes and cooked a pizza.

FUTURE WITH WILL

To talk about decisions at the moment of speaking:
I think I will cook something nice.
We also use it to talk about possibilities, often after MAYBE or PERHAPS:
Maybe Ill go on a diet.
To talk about general predictions:
I think people will live on the moon.
To talk about things that are certain to happen:
Ill be 18 in November.

FUTURE WITH GOING TO

To talk about our future intentions or plans when a decision has already been made:
I am going to have mushrooms.
We can also use it when we make predictions about the future which are based on present evidence:
Look at those clouds. Its going to rain.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS
To talk about something in progress at a certain time in the future:
What will you be doing at 8 oclock this evening? --I will be watching the match on TV.

FUTURE PERFECT
To talk about something that will be complete by a certain time in the future:
By the time I am 21 I will have left home.

Verb Tenses, p.6

VERBS TENSE MAP.
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTIN.
PRESENT PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONT.

I study every day. I am studying right now. I have already studied I have been studying for
lesson one. two hours.
PAST PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT CONT.

I studied yesterday. I was studying when they I had already studied I had been studying for
arrived. lesson one, before I began two hours before my
to study lesson two. friends arrived.
FUTURE FUTURE SIMPLE FUTURE CONTINUOUS FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT CONT.

I will study tomorrow. I will be studying when you I will already have studied I will have been studying for
arrive. lesson one, before I study two hours by the time you
lesson two. arrive.
Annotations:
= an action finished
= an action is continuing (it has taken longer time)
= results of an action persists (the action itself finished)

Verb Tenses, p.7

ENGLISH TENSES - GRAPHIC COMPARISON.

LEGEND:

action that takes place once, never or several times

actions that happen one after another
actions that suddenly take place
MOMENT OF TIME
action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that
moment
actions taking place at the same time
PERIOD OF TIME
action taking place before a certain moment in time
puts emphasis on the result
RESULT
action taking place before a certain moment in time
puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action
COURSE /
DURATION

Verb Tenses, p.8