( Dyspnea)

(neuropsychiatric)(respiratory)(hematologic)(endocrinal metabolic)
(hematologic)(musculoskeletal system)( respiratory patterns)
(rate)(accessory respiratory muscles)

(receptors)
(mechanoreceptors)(chemoreceptors)

(voluntary)

1. orthopnea

(pulmonary congestion) (compliance) (
) ( COPD asthma )
()

2.(paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea)

1. (systemic venous congestion)
(pnlmonary hypervolemia ) (pulmonary capillary pressure )
(pnlmonary edema)

3.wheezing dyspnea
(wheezing)

1.Murray & Nadel: Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 4rd ed.

2.Goldman: Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 21st ed. on 2007