Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Variation in valve body design will offer significant differences in cost the center section and each pipe-end. The body seal provides a static,
of installation, cost of maintenance and long-term valve performance. leak-tight seal between the three valve components. Aside from bolts,
Ball valve body designs can be separated into two general types some three-piece valves are constructed with union-type ends, or pipe-
those that provide for in-line maintenance, and those that do not. ends that screw into the center section. However, the bolted design is
Those valves that do not provide for in-line maintenance must be more popular due to its safety and maintenance advantages.
installed in the pipe with flanges, unions and nipples. These valves are
usually referred to as one-piece or unibody and two-piece design Today, Worcester Control Valves designs and manufactures ball valves
valves. Because one-piece and two-piece valves all require that are constructed of a very wide range of materials suitable for most
disassembly of the union-nipple-valve unit for any repair or inspection applications. Variations in materials or modifications in design provide
of valve components, and contribute inordinate labor and downtime for ball valve use in a wide range of special applications, including, but
cost, they are typically regarded as low technology valves, and are not limited to: consumables and injectables; critical fire-safety; high
usually installed in non-critical, easy-to-handle services. vacuum; high pressure; cryogenic; high temperature; chlorine; toxic,
lethal, or zero-emission; ultra-pure; modulating; multi-stage
Ball valves that do offer in-line maintenance are top-entry and three- modulating; self-draining; purged; extreme high cycle; extreme
piece designs. The top-entry design has the body permanently affixed temperature differential and multiple port with multi-directional flow. All
in the pipe, and the top or bonnet is removed to provide access to the of these can be operated with Worcester Control Valves electric and
interior of the valve. The top-entry design provides easy access to the pneumatic actuators, and are able to provide precise response in
valves interior and provides the advantage of not having to drain the modulating control systems with Worcester Control Valves electronic
pipe system to maintain or inspect the interior of the valve. However, and pneumatic valve positioner and controller equipment.
because of the tight tolerances of the ball to the seats and valve body,
assembly of many top-entry valves is difficult; frequently resembling
the operation of a mechanical puzzle. To avoid this difficulty, some top-
entry valve producers install the seats at an angle to the flow, and
Gate Valves
depend on a spring in the valve cavity to maintain appropriate ball One of the very oldest valve designs, the gate valve, utilizes a barrier or
position. The spring in the flow chamber can be a source of problems gate moving into the flow stream to prevent flow. The gate, also termed
and is frequently considered to be a handicap to long service life. wedge or disc, slides in and out of the flow stream perpendicular to the
pipe and this linear motion is usually equal to, or greater than the pipe
The three-piece ball valve is constructed of a center section that diameter. Generally, gate valve sealing is achieved by an interference fit
contains all of the working components of the valve, and the two pipe- between the gate and metal seats machined in the valve body on both
ends that provide a means to connect the center section to the pipe. the upstream and downstream sides of the gate. Thus sealing is
Usually, the three pieces are bolted together with a body seal between accomplished in a plane perpendicular to the flow stream.
While there are several types of gate elements, the two most common
Unabody are the solid wedge and the flexible or split wedge. Generally, as the
solid wedge moves into the closed position it mates with matching,
machined taper seats to achieve shut off. The split wedge is more
complex, usually composed of a pair of discs loosely joined together at
a center hub. The flexible disc offers a greater ability to accommodate
housing distortion and the valve is easier to operate when elevated
temperatures are present, or where differential expansion exists. Some
gates move completely through the flow stream and rely on system
pressure to move the gate into a sealing position with a downstream
seat. In some of those designs there is no upstream seat. These knife
gates are frequently used on abrasive or fibrous media.
The gate is usually moved by a screw and nut mechanism. The rising
Double Reduced Ball stem, which is the more common, engages threads in the valve bonnet,
and the gate rises or lowers with the stem as the stem is rotated. The
non-rising stem-style gate valve has the disc loosely threaded to the
rotating stem, and rides up and down the threads as the stem is
rotated. In this design the stem rotates multiple turns but does not rise
in relationship to the valve stem packing.
open position. This, combined with a complete range of metallurgy, Another disadvantage of gate valves is that they are limited to upright
makes the gate valve suitable for a wide range of applications. Gate position on horizontal pipe for optimum performance. If the valve is
valves are used in cryogenic service and are frequently used in high- installed so the handle is lower than the pipe, the valve bonnet will
pressure and high-temperature applications. provide a low point in the pipe system that will collect scale and debris
that tends to flow with the piped media. The scale is very abrasive and
The primary disadvantage of the gate valve is its extremely poor will eventually be pushed by the stem through the valve packing-
performance in modulating service. When the gate valve disc is causing premature stem seal failure.
positioned in the partly open position, severe vibration and erosion
occur. This activity severely limits gate valve life in modulating service
or high-cycle service. Another significant limitation of the gate valve is Top Entry
limited shut-off capability. Gate valves have seat and disc elements that
slide and wear against each other during each valve cycle. This action,
combined with the hard metal-to-metal seat-disc combination,
precludes bubble-tight shut-off.
Top Entry
Globe Valves
The term globe valve applies to a large variety of valves whose internal seal. When the valve is tightly closed, media is retained in the lower
body construction incorporates a fixed, solid barrier between the inlet chamber of the valve. Because of this design, globe valves often
and outlet sides of the valve. This barrier is usually in the same plane as present a problem when closing against media with elevated
the pipe. Flow is achieved by providing a drilled hole or orifice through temperatures. When the glove valve is closed, the valve components
the barrier. Flow is restricted or prevented by moving a plug into or out above the barrier begin to cool and contract. This action will slightly
of the orifice, similar to a cork in a bottle. In some designs the plug open the valve as the plug contracts away from its contact with the
does not actually slide into the orifice, but only tightly covers it in the valve orifice. This activity can contribute erosion to the plug and cause
closed position. This plug is moved in a direction perpendicular to the premature valve failure.
barrier and the pipe, and is usually moved by a threaded, rotating stem
that engages with threads machined into the valve bonnet. As the The construction of the typical globe valve provides flow change with
threads on the rotating stem engage those in the fixed bonnet, the stem very little movement of the plug, and there is little sliding motion of
and plug raises or lowers depending on the direction of rotation. the plug against the valve seat. This provides for long life in
However, in globe control valves, the stem and plug slide up and modulating service, and for accurate control of fluids in a modulating
down, but usually do not rotate. condition. However, in cross-section, the flow pattern through a globe
valve is typically an S configuration that contributes considerable
The globe valve is usually installed so the fluid enters the valve from the turbulence and friction to the flow. Even in the full open position,
underside of the barrier and flows up through the orifice toward the globe valves contribute significant loss to the energy in the flow
bottom of the plug. This is done so that the flow stream is directed at stream. Therefore, globe valves are regarded as highly inefficient
the bottom of the plug and not at the more fragile valve stem or stem components in a piping system!
Because globe valves are so inefficient, they are used primarily for from a remote signal. Similar to the multi-turn version, the globe valve
throttling or modulating applications. Similar to other multi-turn valves, stem slides through the stem seal, pulling piped media through the seal
globe valves are difficult and expensive to automate. However, many into the environment. Frequently, this results in poor stem seal life, high
globe control valves are used in modulating service. These valves also maintenance frequency, high cost, and fugitive emissions. Additionally,
incorporate a moving stem to lift and lower the plug, but the stem does the actuator-valve package has very large size and significant weight
not rotate. Typically, large diaphragm actuators, also with a sliding when compared to rotary control valves.
output shaft affixed to the sliding valve stem, provide for valve position
Plug Valves
The plug valve consists of a pressure-containing valve body into which torque, and even with regular maintenance, tend to freeze and stick.
a tapered or cylindrical plug is inserted. This plug, which is inserted Third, the lubricant is eventually lost to the flow stream,
into the valve body directly into the flow path, contains at least one contaminating the piped media.
passageway or orifice through one of its axes. When an orifice is in line
with the axis of the pipe, flow is allowed through the valve. When the The non-lubricated plug valves are similar to the lubricated plug in
plug is rotated so the orifice is not in line with the flow passage through that both depend on a wedging action between the matching tapered
the valve body, flow is blocked. Usually, a plug rotation of 90 degrees plug and the taper in the valve body. In the non-lubricated version, the
will fully open or close a plug valve plug is frequently lined with a resilient material or the body of the
valve is equipped with a resilient seat to facilitate a tight shut-off. To
Generally, there are three styles of plug valve. They are termed reduce the potential for high operating torque and sticking, most non-
lubricated plug valves, non-lubricated plug valves and lined plug lubricated plug valves employ some design mechanism to lift the plug
valves. The lubricated plug valve is one of the very oldest quarter-turn from its seat as it begins to rotate. Some of these valves are termed
valve designs. It usually has a taper machined into the valve body eccentric plug valves because the stem or plug is off-set to center-
which is matched by a tapered plug. The plug is inserted into the valve line of the body.
body, and the surface of the plug and the matching barrel in the valve
body are lubricated with a material compatible with the valve body and The lined plug valve usually utilizes a liner or plug encapsulation that
plug material, and the piped media. The lubricant, usually in stick or performs the function of the lubricant in the lubricated version. The
cartridge form, is injected into the valve body and forced through ducts, liner is most frequently TFE or some suitable substitute that serves as a
channels and grooves to the sealing surfaces between the plug and seal, bearing surface, lubricating agent and protects the valve
valve body. The lubricant, which is usually highly viscous, is forced at components from wear and corrosion. The lined plug valve is frequently
high pressure by a screw mechanism in the valve, or a high pressure used in very corrosive service where the encapsulation protects the low
gun into the valve body, and a check valve prevents return flow of the cost valve metallurgy from the corrosive action of the piped media, thus
lubricant and leakage of the piped media. The lubricant serves to reduce providing low cost and high resistance to corrosive attack. A significant
the high friction that would otherwise occur between the closely disadvantage of the lined plug valve design is the extreme difficulty of
matched taper on the plug and valve body, therefore also reducing repair. Many lined plug valves require special tools for repair or
wear. In addition, the lubricant actually functions as the seal between replacement of the encapsulated plug, and frequently the lined plug
the plug and valve body, performing the same function as the seat in a valve must be returned to the manufacturer for repair. Similar to other
ball valve. In some applications, the lubricant also protects the seating types of plug valve design, lined plug valves are generally high torque
surfaces from corrosion and erosion. and require large gear operators and large actuators.
Lubricated plug valves are regarded as rugged, reliable valves for some Because of the plug valve design, the valve body is usually very large
limited applications, generally in oil and gas service. However, their and heavy for pipe line size. The orifice shape is frequently trapezoidal
disadvantages frequently preclude use in general industrial service. and is not as efficient as the round orifice. Generally, plug valves are
First, depending on the regular addition of lubricant, lubricated plug capable of operating with abrasive slurries and have the ability to
valves are high maintenance valves. Second, because of the large modulate flow in difficult applications.
surface area between the body and plug, the valves are very high
HANDLE
NUT
HANDLE
GROUNDING ADJUSTING
WASHER NUT
TRAVEL
STOP
GLAND
RING
STEM
SEAL
SETS
STEM
BODY
BALL
Handle
Stem
Bonnet Gasket
Body
Ball
Spring
Seat Rings
Seat
Part Description Alloy 20 Bronze Carbon Steel Hastelloy C Monel Nickel Stainless Steel Titanium
BodyThreaded or ASTM A351 ASTM B62/B584 ASTM A216 ASTM A494 ASTM A494 ASTM A494 ASTM A351 ASTM B367
flanged ends Gr. CN-7M Gr. C83600 Gr. WCB Gr. CW-12M Gr. M35-1 Gr. CZ100 Gr. CF 8M Gr. C3
BodySocket or ASTM A351 ASTM B62/B584 ASTM A216 ASTM A494 ASTM A494 ASTM A494 ASTM A351 ASTM B367
butt weld ends Gr. CN-7M Gr. C83600 Gr. WCB Gr. CW-12M Gr. M35-1 Gr. CZ100 Gr. CF 3M Gr. C3
Bonnet* ASTM A351 ASTM B62 ASTM A216 ASTM A494 ASTM A494 ASTM A494 ASTM A351 ASTM B367
Gr. CN-7M 85-5-5-5 Gr. WCB Gr. CW-12M Gr. M35-1 Gr. CZ100 Gr. CF 8M Gr. C3
ASTM B473 ASTM B21l ASTM A181 ASTM B574 Alloy K500 ASTM B160 ASTM A479 CAST ASTM B367 GR C3
UNS N08020 UNS C48500 Gr. 70 UNS N10276 Alloy 200 Type 316 FORG ASTM B381 GR F-3
BAR ASTM B348 GR 4
Ball* ASTM B351 ASTM B16l ASTM A479 ASTM B494 Alloy 501 ASTM A494 ASTM A351 ASTM B348
Gr. CN-7M 85-5-5-5 Type 316 Gr.CW-12M Alloy 411 Gr. CZ100 Gr. CF 8M Gr. 4
ASTM A351
Gr. CF 8M
Stem ASTM B473 ASTM B21l ASTM A276 ASTM B574 Alloy K500 Inconel 625 ASTM A276 ASTM B358
UNS N08020 UNS C48500 Type 316 UNS N10276 Type 316 Gr. 4
CFB (12-3") CFB (12-3")
CFA (4-10") CFA (4-10")
Spring Inconel X750 ASTM A313 ASTM A313 Inconel X750 Inconel 625 Inconel 625 ASTM A313 ASTM B348
T and R Seat Type 316 Type 316 Type 316 Gr. 5
Spring Inconel X750 Inconel X750 Inconel X750 Inconel X750 Inconel 625 Inconel 625 Inconel X750 ASTM B348
all other Seats Gr. 5
Seat Ring ASTM B473 ASTM A312 ASTM A312 ASTM B574 Alloy K500 ASTM B161 ASTM A312 ASTM B338
UNS N08020 Gr. TP316 Gr. TP316 UNS N10276 (12-1") or Alloy 501 Alloy 200 Gr. TP316 Gr. 2
ASTM B619
UNS N10276(112-10")
Bonnet Bolting ASTM A193 ASTM A193 ASTM A193 ASTM A193 ASTM A193 ASTM A193 ASTM A193 ASTM A193
Gr. B8M Gr. B7 Gr. B7 Gr. B8M Gr. B8M Gr. B8M Gr. B8M Gr. B8M
Note: Consult Flowserve for materials of construction for configurations not listed.
* Size of valve determines ASTM specification. Consult factory for specific information.
Black Oxide Coated
Crack-free chrome plated
Stem material for 600, 900 and 1500 Class valves is 17-4PH (ASTM A564, type 630).
Size A?2" - 2" Class 300 and 600 ASTM A453 GR660 Stainless Steel Capscrew used.
PTFE
Trunnion Valve Design
Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valves are usually constructed of a pressure-containing wafer- performance butterfly valve will frequently have the stem-disc assembly
style body that is designed to slip between ANSI flanges for insertion offset from the center line of the valve body to provide an eccentric
into the piping system. The wafer-style body is then tightly bolted action. This is provided to reduce friction between the disc and the seat.
between the flanges to maintain valve position in the pipe. Generally, a High-performance butterfly valves are used in a wide range of
rod-like stem extends through the flow passage of the valve, and a vane applications.
or disc is affixed to the stem. The flow passage of the wafer valve is
frequently entirely lined with a resilient material that serves as the valve The most significant advantage of the butterfly valve is the very light
seal, or the valve may incorporate a TFE seal, or a seal of a more rigid weight and compact size the valve offers in large diameter pipe
material. As the stem-disc is rotated so that the disc is parallel to the systems. Generally, butterfly valves provide excellent shut-off capability,
pipe, flow is allowed. When the stem-disc combination is rotated so the reasonable modulating capabilitydepending on the piped mediaand
disc is perpendicular to the pipe, and the disc tightly interfaces with the low cost for line size. Similar to other quarter-turn valves, butterfly
valve seal 360 degrees around the interior of the flow passage, a tight valves are usually cost effective to automate and offer the user
shut-off is established. Not all butterfly valves are of the wafer body considerable installation flexibility.
design, but it is the most common.
Butterfly valves should never be recommended where fibrous material
There are two basic forms of butterfly valves: the lined butterfly valve; is in the flow stream due to the potential for tangling around the disc.
and high-performance butterfly valve. The lined butterfly valve usually Also, because of the stem-disc position in the flow stream, butterfly
incorporates a resilient elastomer liner within the valve body that valves are not very efficient valves in sizes smaller than three-inchthe
serves as a seal. The molded-in version may also include stem seals disc occupies too much of the flow passage. Another problem
and flange gaskets as an integral part of the liner. Aside from the associated with butterfly valves is that the disc acts as a wing in the
molded-in version, some liners are replaceable, often molded to a firm flow stream, creating lift and drag forces. At elevated flow rates, or
resin backing. The lined butterfly valve is usually rated to a maximum when modulating, these forces can contribute destructive levels of
pressure of 250 psig, although 150 psig is more common, and is hammer and vibration to a piping system. As these forces are also
limited to the temperature rating of the elastomer seal, usually less than transmitted to the valve stem, appropriate consideration must be
300 F. The high-performance butterfly valve usually has a separate, applied to handle and actuator selection and sizing. Handle whip is a
more rigid seat of TFE or other material, perhaps even metal, and is potential danger with butterfly valves, and valve position drift is
capable of higher operating pressure and temperature. The high- common, even with large actuators.
KEY
Square key valve-to-operator connection
provides an extremely controlled failure SHAFT
point upon over-torquing. Solid shaft provides alignment and
rigid support for disc.
GLAND FLANGE
Applies load against packing gland to
prevent external leakage. Fully adjustable. PACKING GLAND
Separate from gland flange,
preventing uneven load distribution
against packing.
PACKING
Common materials are TFE for up to 500F
and Graphite for up to 900F.
BEARINGS
Both above and below the disc bearings
maintain shaft alignment. Common Materials
include: Glass-backed TFE for up to 500F (not
for steam service), Luberized bronze for up to
WEDGE RING 750F, 300 Series Stainless Steel Nitrided for up
Stainless steel band wedged between valve body and to 900F.
retainer ring by set screws to lock seat and retainer ring in
position on valve sizes 2 in. through 30 in. Socket head cap DISC SPACERS
screws are used on valve sizes 36 in. and larger. Disc is centered by use of thrust spacers
around shaft in sizes 2 in. to 5 in. Disc
WEDGE PINS position stops or thrust bolt arrangements
Provide positive mechanical attachment are used for larger sizes.
of disc to shaft
BODY
ANSI B16.34 design in either wafer or lug
OVERTRAVEL STOP
configuration.
Prevents disc from rotating into wrong quadrant.
SET SCREWS
Cone point screws force wedge ring outward to DISC
lock seat to lock seat retainer in position on 360 uninterrupted spherical edge for
valve sizes 2 in. through 30 in. Socket head cap sealing. Profile is designed for maximum
screws are used on valve sizes 36 in. and larger. flow and equal percentage control.
METAL SEAT
Patented metal seat with metal back-up ring.
RETAINER RING
Retains seat in valve. Standard surface finish is
125 to 200 AARH and is compatible with both
standard gaskets and spiral wound gasket
designs. Outside diameter is recessed within
gasket sealing surface to prevent external
leakage.
PACKING
END SEAL
GLAND
END CAP
GLAND FLANGE
BOLTS STUDS & NUTS
Diaphragm
Stud
Fabric Reinforcement
Sealing Bead
Bolt Holes
Body
Ports
Weir
Flow Passage
End Connections
Features of Operation
Bubble-tight shut-off
Zero leakage is maintained under high vacuum or 100% pressure drop
conditions. Positive shut-off results when the downward thrust of the
valve stem and compressor assembly mold the tough, resilient
diaphragm against the weir. The diaphragm will accommodate itself to
rust, scale, slurry, or fibrous particles-just as an automobile tire does
with small stones.
Throttling
Whether hand-operated or automated, the diaphragm valve is a
superior metering valve, used extensively to handle the changing flow
requirements of typical piping systems.
Streamline flow
Streamline flow with minimal pressure drop is assured because
diaphragm valves have no grooves, pockets, or sharp changes in the
direction of the flow. Cv ratings are superior to other types of throttling
valves such as globe, needle, and parabolic control valves.
Bidirectional
The diaphragm valve achieves positive shutoff with flow in either
direction.
Materials Available:
Body, Pipe Ends Ball & Stem Seat Body Seal Pipe Ends
Brass Brass Buna Buna SE
Alloy 20 Alloy 20 Neoprene Neoprene BW
C.S. C.S. TFE TFE SW
316 S.S. 316 S.S. Rein. TFE EPR TE
Hastelloy C Lubetal Viton TC
Monel Polyfill C Gasket XBO
UHMWPE UHMWPE SWO
Alpha
Gamma
High-per-fill
FEP
44 SERIES
FEATURES BENEFITS
1. Meets ANSI B16.34 Specification. Stronger, more reliable valve with more sophisticated test procedures
*See B16.34 handout. and more complete, permanent identification.
2. Improved stem seal. Stem is self-compensating for wear and thermal cycling due to live
loading. Stem provides much longer life and less maintenance is
required. Easily adjustable even with actuator.
3. Engineered seat design and proprietary seat materials. Assures longest possible seat life as friction and torque is reduced.
Bubble-tight sealing capable of supporting high vacuum.
4. Wide variety of materials and configurations as standard. Offers ability to meet most customer requirements with one valve type
and one manufacturer. Modular design provides maximum
interchangeability for distributor and customer which reduces inventory
requirements.
5. Center section top mount of actuator bracket. Easy, simple field mount of actuator without disturbing pressure
boundary. Sturdy bracket and hardware ensures long life by eliminating
side-loading and misalignment.
6. Four enclosed body bolts. Simplifies installation and piping alignment. Provides for strong pipe-
valve connection therefore increasing resistance to pipe stress
problems.
7. Pressure relief in ball. Eliminates any possibility of trapped pressure in area around ball.
Protects all wetted components from distortion.
45 SERIES 59 SERIES
FEATURES & BENEFITS FEATURES & BENEFITS
Same advantages as 44 series but in 2" 6". Same advantages as 44 series except 2" 4" based on 45 series, so
See features 25 and 8. features 25 and 8 apply.
51/52 SERIES
FEATURES BENEFITS
1. Unibody construction No leak path through body. High-integrity design.
2. Blowout proof stem Safety.
3. Fully threaded end plug Maximum safety with ease of disassembly.
4. Slip-in end plug in large diameter valves. Ease of disassembly.
3" 10"
**When flanged-end valves are used on end-of-line service or for equipment isolation, the valve must be installed so the end-plug is upstream and bolted against a
flange. It is always good practice to use a blind flange or plug where there is an open or terminal end to a piping system.
Flowserve Corporation has established industry leadership in the design and manufacture of its products. When properly selected, this Flowserve product is designed to perform its intended function
safely during its useful life. However, the purchaser or user of Flowserve products should be aware that Flowserve products might be used in numerous applications under a wide variety of industrial
service conditions. Although Flowserve can (and often does) provide general guidelines, it cannot provide specific data and warnings for all possible applications. The purchaser/user must therefore
assume the ultimate responsibility for the proper sizing and selection, installation, operation, and maintenance of Flowserve products. The purchaser/user should read and understand the Installation
Operation Maintenance (IOM) instructions included with the product, and train its employees and contractors in the safe use of Flowserve products in connection with the specific application.
While the information and specifications contained in this literature are believed to be accurate, they are supplied for informative purposes only and should not be considered certified or as a guarantee of
satisfactory results by reliance thereon. Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a warranty or guarantee, express or implied, regarding any matter with respect to this product. Because Flowserve
is continually improving and upgrading its product design, the specifications, dimensions and information contained herein are subject to change without notice. Should any question arise concerning
these provisions, the purchaser/user should contact Flowserve Corporation at any one of its worldwide operations or offices.
For more information about Flowserve Corporation, contact www.flowserve.com or call USA 1-800-225-6989.
FLOWSERVE CORPORATION
FLOW CONTROL DIVISION
1978 Foreman Drive
Cookeville, Tennessee 38501 USA
Phone: 931 432 4021
Facsimile: 931 432 3105
www.flowserve.com
2003 Flowserve Corporation, Irving, Texas, USA. Flowserve and Worcester Controls are registered trademarks of Flowserve Corporation. TP-19D-1 6/03 Printed in USA