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4. Write the Hugoniot equation and explain each terms involved in it.
p1 p2 p p 1 1
e2 e1 v1 v2 or e2 e1 1 2
2 2 1 2
e2 ,e1 = Internal energy
P1 & P2 = Static pressure in station 1 & 2
5. Write the Prandtl-Glauret Rule. .
The rule giving the relation between incompressible and compressible flow coefficient is
known as Prandtl- Glauret Rule. It is the similarity rule which relates incompressible flow
over a given two dimensional profile to subsonic compressible flow over a same profile.
=
1 2
=
M Mach number
6. Write the Geotherts Rule.
=
1 2
=
M Mach number
7. Define Mach waves.
A Mach wave is the weak limit of an oblique shock wave (a normal shock is the other
limit). They propagate across the flow at the Mach angle .
25. Write down the critical pressure coefficient from the Prandtl-Glauret rule.
=
1 2
=
M Mach number
31. Draw the flow around a wedge for subsonic and supersonic flow.
32. Define (i) Zone of action (ii) Zone of silence (iii) Mach Waves (or) Mach lines.
i.The region inside the Mach cone is called as Zone of Action.
ii. The region outside the Mach cone is called as Zone of Silence.
iii. The line at which the pressure disturbance is concentrated and which generate the
cone is called Mach lines or Mach waves
33. What is meant by Transonic and supersonic flow?
The flow region within this Mach number is known as transonic flow (0.8 < M < 1.2 )
The flow region within this Mach number is known as Supersonic flow (1.2 < M < 5)
34. Define (i) Adiabatic process (ii) Reversible process (iii) Isentropic process
(i) Adiabatic process: A process in which no heat is added to or taken away from the
system.
(ii) Reversible process: A process which can be reversed without leaving any trace on the
surrounding, i.e., both the system and the surroundings are returned to their initial states
at the end of the reverse process.
(iii) Isentropic process: A process which is adiabatic and reversible.
35. What is meant by De Laval Nozzle?
A convergent- divergent nozzle used to generate supersonoic flow is sometimes called as
De Laval Nozzle. A Nozzle which does not have an expanding portion can never produce
supersonic flow.
36. Draw the flow pattern of supersonic flow over concave corners.
37. What is meant by Shock Polar?
The locus of all points for turning angle values from 0 to max representing all possible
velocities behine the shock given in hodograph plane (Vx & Vy ) is called Shock Polar
38. What is meant by linearised two-dimensional supersonic theory?
In linearized supersonic flow, information is propagated along Mach lines where the
Mach angle = sin-1 (1/ M). Since these Mach lines are all based on M, they are
straight, parallel lines which propagate away from and downstream of a body. For this
reason, disturbances cannot propagate upstream in a steady supersonic flow.
39. What are the assumptions used in linearised two-dimensional supersonic theory?
a) Flow is isentropic.
b) Small perturbation is assumed in flow velocity as , , .
c) The body is streamlined and kept at low angle of attack.
40. What are the practical application of Prandtl-Glauert Rule?
i) It is applied for supersonic flow to calculate coefficient of pressure.
ii) It is applicable for two dimensional bodies.
41. Define Aspect ratio.
It is the ratio of Span of the wing section to the chord length.
42. What is the effect of aspect ratio over the performance of wings?
If the aspect ratio increased for a wing causes increase in lift vale in meantime which is
also increases induce drag generated by wing tip vortices.
43. What are the components on the Transonic wind tunnel?
i. movable plate
ii. Storage tank or reservoir
iii. Air drier
iv. Settling Chamber
44. List out the calibration carried out in the Transonic wind tunnel.
a. Changing the drive pressure ratio
b. Changing the amount of air pumped out of the plenum chamber surrounding the
test section through the use of auxiliary pumping
c. Changing the area of a second throat, i.e., using a 'choke'
d. Changing the contour of a flexible nozzle, or changing fixed supersonic nozzle
blocks.
45. What are the various problems in opertion of transonic tunnel?
a. The pressure to be measured are usually to large to be measured instead of water
or alcohol. The pressure transducers are used.
b. At the higher end of near sonic range, model or probe blockage becomes very
severe problem.
c. Mach number setting and holding are too difficult.
46. What are the components on the supersonic wind tunnel?
i. Compressor
ii. Drier
iii. Reservoir
iv. Quick valve & Throtlling valve
v. Silencer
47. What are the components on the hypersonic wind tunnel?
i. Vaccum feed pump
ii. Vaccum storage tank
iii. Air drier
iv. Settling chamber
v. Nozzle
48. What is meant by helium tunnels?
Helium is an ideal or noble gas. It is definitely far removed from air, which is the
medium bathing aircraft and reentering spacecraft. Helium is monatomic, not diatomic.
Its basic thermodynamic properties differ radically from those of air. The simulation of
upper atmosphere realities was poor.
49. What is meant by Transonic area rule?
Transonic are rule is a simple statement that the cross sectional area of the body should
have a smooth variation along the longitudinal distance of the body. That is, there should
be no rapid or discontiuous changes in the cross sectional area distribution.
50. What is meant by Sonic barrier?
The massive increase in drag encountered at the drag-divergence Mach number is the
technical base of the sound barrier.
51. Why does wing tip vortices appears over the wing ?
Wing tip vortices would form only when the wing is producing lift and would
disappear when the wing is not producing lift.
52. List out the practical application of linearised two-dimensional supersonic theory.
a. All these equations are valide for slender bodies like rockets and missiles
b. The small perturbtion equations for subsonic and supersonic flows are linear but
for transonic flows the eqution is nonlinear.
c. These equations are applied for streamline bodies, but not to bluff shapes like
circular cylinder
53. Explain how lift and drag produced in supersonic profiles.
The lift and drag produced by the supersonic profile varies with respect to angle of attack
of the profile
4
=
12 1
42
=
12 1
Angle of attack
Cl Coefficient of lift
Cd Coefficient of drag
54. Define center of pressure.
Centre of pressure is a point on the aerofoil chord line through which the resultant
aerodynamic force acts. The movement of centre of pressure with changes in angle of
attack is greater if the camber of the aerofoil is greater.
55. Define Sonic circle.
When plotted in terms of M* the shock polar becomes compact. The circle radius M* = 1
is called the sonic circle.
56. What is meant by Detached shock?
Considering together with the oblique shock elations given by equations thorough, we
can see, for example, that for a fixed Mach number, as is increased, , p2 , T2 , and 2
increase while M2 decreases. However, if increases beyond max the shock wave
becomes detached. Alternatively, for a fixed , as M1 increases from unity, the shock
wave is first detached, then becomes attached when M1 equals that value for which
max .
74. What are the data we can get from the flow visualization?
We can able to measure the shock wave angle and expansion waves for the supersonic
flows. The flow pattern over a different shapes can be visualised for the ideal and real
flows. The separation point and wake formation can be analysed due to increase in angle
of attack.
75. List out the various optical flow visualization methods.
i. Schlieren method
ii. Interferometer
iii. Shadowgraphy
76. Write down the compressible Bernoullis equation for isentropic flow.
2
+ =
1 2
77. What do you meant by Mach reflection ?
When an oblique shock incident on a normal shock reflected shock appears this condition
leads to formation of slip stream.
Slip stream
M1 M4