Renewable Energy

1. A Review of Renewable Energy Supply and Energy Efficiency Technologies

Shahrouz Abolhosseini, Almas Heshmati, Jrn Altmann
Abstract:
Electricity consumption will comprise an increasing share of global energy demand during the next two
decades. In recent years, the increasing prices of fossil fuels and concerns about the environmental
consequences of greenhouse gas emissions have renewed the interest in the development of alternative
energy resources. In particular, the Fukushima Daiichi accident was a turning point in the call for
alternative energy sources. Renewable energy is now considered a more desirable source of fuel than
nuclear power due to the absence of risk and disasters. Considering that the major component of
greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide, there is a global concern about reducing carbon emissions. In this
regard, different policies could be applied to reducing carbon emissions, such as enhancing renewable
energy deployment and encouraging technological innovations. Two main solutions may be implemented
to reduce CO2 emissions and overcome the problem of climate change: replacing fossil fuels with
renewable energy sources as much as possible and enhancing energy efficiency. In this paper, we discuss
alternative technologies for enhancing renewable energy deployment and energy use efficiency.

Link: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8145.pdf

2. Sustainable and Renewable Energy: An Overview of the Application of Multiple Criteria Decision
Making Techniques and Approaches
Abbas Mardani 1,*, Ahmad Jusoh 1 , Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas 2, Fausto Cavallaro 3 and Zainab
Khalifah
Abstract:
The main purpose of this paper is to present a systematic review of MCDM techniques and approaches in
sustainable and renewable energy systems problems. This study reviewed a total of 54 papers published
from 20032015 in more than 20 high-ranking journals, most related to sustainable and renewable energies,
and which were extracted from the Web of Science database. In the category of application areas, papers
were classified into two main groups: (1) sustainable energy and (2) renewable energy. Furthermore, in the
classification of techniques and approaches, the papers were categorized into six groups: (1) AHP and F-
AHP; (2) ANP and VIKOR; (3) TOPSIS and F-TOPSIS; (4) PROMETHEE; (5) integrated methods and (6)
other methods. In addition, papers were reviewed based on the authors nationalities, the publication date,
techniques and approaches, the name of journal and studies criteria. The results of this study indicated that,
in 2015, scholars have published more papers than in other years. Furthermore, AHP/fuzzy AHP and
integrated methods were ranked as the first rank, with 14 papers. Additionally, Journal of Renewable
Energy is the first journal, with 16 publications, and this was the most significant journal in this study.
Findings of this review paper confirm that MCDM techniques can assist stakeholders and decision makers
in unravelling some of the uncertainties inherent in environmental decision making, and these techniques
demonstrate a growing interest of previous scholars to apply these techniques for solving different stages of
sustainable and renewable energy systems.
Link: www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/7/10/13947/pdf
3. Renewable Energy Sources Policies of India
Rucha Korhale
Abstract:
In todays date, India is a large consumer of fossil fuel such as coal, crude oil etc. The rapid increase in use
of Non renewable energies such as fossil fuel, oil, natural gas has created problems of demand & supply.
Because of which, the future of Non renewable energies is becoming uncertain. Also India has had a
negative Energy Balance for decades, which has resulted in the need to purchase energy from outside the
country to fulfill the needs of the entire country. Even though, The Ministry of Power has set an agenda of
providing Power to All by 2012. This makes everyone to think, how this will be going to happen? The
answer found is presented in this paper called Renewable Energy Sources Policies of India India has a
 large amount of, supply of renewable energy resources & hence India has decided to organize a program
for proper utilization of renewable energy resources. As a result of which, India is the only country in the
world to have an exclusive ministry for renewable energy development, The Ministry of Non-Conventional
Energy Sources (MNES). The analysis of need of renewable energy sources, the policies of India through
MNES, Legal aspect of Government of India about renewable energy sources, sources of renewable energy
available in India, Estimates of potential capacities of India from renewable energy sources is presented in
this paper.
Link:
http://dspace.vpmthane.org:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1383/1/Renewable%20Energy%20Sources%2
0%E2%80%93%20Policies%20of%20India.pdf

4. Renewable Biomass Energy

Nisha Sriram, Mohammad Shahidehpour
Abstract:
This paper discusses biomass as a renewable energy source. The paper defines the resources as well as the
ways biomass energy is converted into electricity, technologies involved in extracting power from biomass
as well as the advantages and the disadvantages of using of biomass as a source of energy. The paper also
reviews a few biomass projects in the United States and some other parts of world and discusses the future
of biomass.
Link: http://www.iitmicrogrid.net/microgrid/pdf/papers/renewables/BiomassEnergy.pdf

5. Applying Systems Engineering in a Renewable Energy Research and Development Environment

N. Snyder , M. Antkowiak
Abstract:
Systems Engineering (SE) practice has largely developed around a few specific industries, especially
aerospace/defense and IT. SE is well understood by, and remains associated with, these industries. The
classical systems engineering process starts with conceptual development of a specific system that will
ultimately be produced and deployed. In the renewable energy R&D environment, neither of these normal
cases apply; the work is being conducted in a culture that is generally unfamiliar with systems engineering,
and the R&D activities are mostly oriented toward technology development and refinement rather than
toward development of a specific deployable system. Nevertheless, systems engineering principles can be
applied to enhance the management of the Research & Development (R&D) process, but significant
tailoring of SE processes is required, and enhanced modeling and simulation techniques must be applied to
deal with all the unknowns at a very early part of the system lifecycle. The lessons learned from several
years of experience in this unique environment at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, as well as a
number of new ideas for future process enhancements, will be explored in this paper.
Link: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/48159.pdf

6. Reaching Indias Renewable Energy Targets Cost-Effectively

Gireesh Shrimali Sandhya Srinivasan Shobhit Goel Saurabh Trivedi David Nelson
Abstract:
India has ambitious targets for renewable energy growth. As part of its Union Budget 2015-2016, India
aims to install 60 GW of wind power capacity and 100 GW of solar power capacity by 2022, which is more
than six times the current installed capacities of approximately 22GW and 3GW, respectively. This
important task is made difficult by the governments limited budget, which is constrained by a large fiscal
deficit and multiple development priorities. Since government support is required when renewable energy
is more expensive than the fossil fuel energy it would replace, there is a need for an objective comparison
between the levelized costs of electricity from renewable energy and fossil fuels. This project investigates
not only this comparison but also how much it would cost the Government of India to reach its renewable
energy targets. We answer this by comparing the levelized cost of electricity from renewable energy to a
baseline fossil fuel in absence of any subsidies whether explicit or implicit;1 estimating the total cost of
support for renewable energy under accelerated depreciation, which is the most costeffective of existing
 policies;2 and investigating federal policy options to make this support even more cost-effective. We use
the levelized cost of electricity from imported coal as the baseline for this comparison because this is the
fuel, rather than domestic coal or natural gas, that renewable energy is likely to replace. While natural gas
is the most expensive fossil fuel, it has very limited availability. Imported coal is the next most expensive
fossil fuel, and is also projected to account for 18% of Indias total generation, higher than Indias target of
15% of generation from renewable energy by 2020 (NAPCC, 2008).
Compared to imported coal, the cost of wind power is already competitive, thus requiring no additional
support, and the cost of solar power will be competitive by 2019. We find that wind power is already
competitive (see ES Figure 1), meaning the levelized cost of electricity from wind power is the same or
lower than that from coal, and would not require any government support. For solar power, the levelized
cost of electricity was 11.79% higher than imported coal in 2015. However, this gap will narrow over time
due to learning effects that drive solar capital costs down while fossil fuels become progressively more
expensive, primarily due to inflation and increased transportation costs.3 By 2019, solar power is expected
to be cheaper than imported coal-based power.
Under current federal policies, the cost of support for meeting Indias renewable energy targets is INR
2.71/W. Since the cost of electricity from wind power is already competitive with fossil fuels, the
corresponding cost of government support is zero.4 Solar power will continue to require policy support
until 2019. Under existing federal policy which allows developers to use accelerated depreciation for
renewable energy assets, in todays values, the cost of supporting 20GW of utility scale solar by 2022 is
INR 46.97 billion (INR 2.71/W). The cost of support needed to achieve Indias renewable energy targets
can be lowered by 96% by using reduced cost, extended tenor debt. We find that, in place of existing
federal policy, a combination of reduced cost and extended tenor debt, where the government provides debt
at lower cost and higher tenor than markets, can lower the cost of support
by over 96% to INR 0.1/W. Reduced cost, extended tenor debt also has the advantage of enabling the
government to recover the cost of support over time through loan repayments, making it possible to reuse
this capital to support other projects. The cost of support can be further reduced by accelerating wind
deployment in the near term and gradually ramping up solar deployment. Since wind power is already
competitive with fossil fuels, the government should focus on supporting rapid deployment of capacity in
the near term to minimize its cost of support. Solar power will become competitive with fossil fuels in
2019. Therefore, in order to minimize the cost of government support, solar capacity deployment should be
scheduled such that a larger part of the deployment target is met after 2019.

Link: https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Reaching-Indias-Renewable-Energy-
Targets-Cost-Effectively.pdf

7. The design of Smart Energy Systems for 100% renewable energy and transport solutions
B.V.Mathiesen
Abstract:
In this paper we launch the design SES through the 100% renewable energy system analyses and research
behind the CEESA research project. In Smart Energy Systems the focus is integration of the electricity,
heating and transport sectors, and on using the flexibility in demands and various short term and longer
term storage in the different sectors.

Link: http://vbn.aau.dk/files/81332047/SDEWES2013_Brian_Vad_Mathiesen_SES_Design.pdf

8. Governance of renewable energy in India: Issues and challenges

P R Krithika, Siddha Mahajan

Abstract: Renewable energy (RE) has become an important agenda of Indias energy planning process
especially since climate change has taken centre stage in the domestic and international policy arena. To
demonstrate its commitment to renewable energy, the government has set aggressive targets for renewables
and several incentives and policy initiatives at the Central and State levels have been put in place both for
 grid connected and off-grid renewable energy. It is evident that the development of renewable energy
sector hinges on the combination of legislative frameworks, funding mechanisms, institutional
arrangements, and co-ordination mechanisms, which work together to support the implementation of RE
strategies, policies and programmes. It is seen that despite the growing momentum of activity in this sector,
there are certain issues which highlight the gaps in the governance of renewable energy in India. This paper
discusses some of the key regulatory and governance issues which have a bearing on RE sector. These
pertain to technical and institutional capacity, planning and budgetary allocations, transparency and
accountability, regulatory compliance and social and environmental concerns. The paper highlights these
issues with specific examples and sums up the way forward for addressing some of these gaps.
Link: http://www.teriin.org/projects/nfa/pdf/working-paper-14-Governance-of-renewable-energy-in-India-
Issues-challenges.pdf

9. Integration of Renewable Energy Resources in Microgrid

Manzar Ahmed, Uzma Amin, Suhail Aftab, Zaki Ahmed
Abstract: Microgrid is a new concept in power generation. The Microgrid concept assumes a cluster of
loads and micro sources operating as a single controllable system that provides both power and heat to its
local area. Not much is known about Microgrid behavior as a whole system. Some models exist which
describe the components of a Microgrid. In this paper, model of Microgrids with steady state and their
transient responses to changing inputs are presented. Current models of a fuel cell, microturbines, wind
turbine and solar cell have been discussed. Finally a complete model built of Microgrid including the power
sources, their power electronics, and a load and mains model in MATLAB/Simulink is presented.
Link: http://file.scirp.org/pdf/EPE_2015012915185063.pdf

10. Conventional Energy to Renewable Energy: Perspectives for India

ALI REJA OSMANI
Abstract: There is a wide gap between Indias energy production and energy through conventional sources
of energy. After the two oil shocks in 1970s, which caused energy crisis, the drive for renewable energy
started in 1980s with setting up of institutions ranging from research and technology development to human
resource development. Over world and in line to establish its strong hold in solar and biomass. This paper
seeking to understand Indias growth in renewable sector examines the institutional setup and the policy
initiatives. It calls for the need to take steps to motivate the people towards renewable energy.
Link: http://nehu.ac.in/public/downloads/Journals/Journal_Jul_Dec14_Art3.pdf

Ocean Energy Harnessing

1. Renewable energy from the ocean

Robin Pelc, Rod M.Fujita
Abstract: Growing concern over the threat of global climate change has led to an increased interest in
research and development of renewable energy technologies.The ocean provides a vast source of
potential energy resources, and as renewable energy technology develops, investment in ocean energy
is likely to grow.Research in ocean thermal energy conversion, wave energy, tidal energy, and offshore
wind energy has led to promising technologies and in some cases, commercial deployment.These
sources have the potential to help alleviate the global climate change threat, but the ocean environment
should be protected while these technologies are developed.Renewable energy sources from the ocean
may be exploited without harming the marine environment if projects are sited and scaled
appropriately and environmental guidelines are followed.
Link:
http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~ottj/ET/Other/Wave%20Energy%20Sources/35.Renewable%20ener
gy%20from%20the%20ocean.pdf

2. ENERGY FROM WAVES AND TIDAL CURRENTS towards 20yy?

 Emile Baddour
Abstract: Renewable energy sources have been known for centuries. It is only recently in the past 30
years that modern technology and investment got together to produce viable alternatives to fossil fuel
that can produce energy on a useful, economical scale. The stimulus to develop renewables is being
driven by several factors. It is found that fossil fuels are causing global warming and there is pressure
to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced in energy production. There is prospect of rising
pricing of oil and gas as well as depletion of the reserves and relying on importing fuel. Now formally
on accepting the Kyoto protocol Canada has committed towards reducing gas emitions that cause
house effects. In its Millennium Statement, "Energy for Tomorrows World Acting Now!", the report
of the World Energy Council, presents three principles for energy development: Accessibility is the
provision of reliable, affordable modern energy services. Availability addresses the quality and
reliability of the service. Acceptability addresses environmental goals and public attitudes, specifically
local pollution and global climate change. These principles are underpinned by ten policy actions
which include: keeping all energy options open and ensuring adequate and appropriate research
funding. (World Energy Council, 2000) Keeping with the recommendation of keeping all energy
options open, the present document reports on Energy from the Ocean. To put this energy source in
perspective we have to note that presently this new renewable is part of the Other sources making the
0.5% of the World Total Primary Energy Supply. See Figure 1.1 below. This report presents an
overview of the main developments in ocean energy from waves and currents and could be considered
as an introduction to the topic of Ocean Energy Systems, specifically from ocean waves and currents.
Limited time and not being in the scope of this review precluded verification of some of the claims
herein, using different or independent sources from the ones reported. However, it can indicate the
trend. Further development and assessment of the resource are needed. The report concludes with a list
of tasks classified under 6 main possible threads for an action plan for research and development in
ocean energy systems and a proposal to identify the Institute of Ocean Technology of the National
Research Council, http://iot-ito.nrccnrc.gc.ca/about.html as the Center for Testing, Evaluation, and
Research in Ocean Energy Systems. The center is proposed as a node within an Ocean Energy
Technology Network that would allow Industry, Academia and Government a much-needed
collaboration within their identified respective roles.
Link: http://www.marinerenewables.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Energy-from-Waves-and-Tidal-
Currents.pdf

3. A review of wave energy converter technology

B Drew, A R Plummer,M N Sahinkaya
Abstract: Ocean waves are a huge, largely untapped energy resource, and the potential for extracting
energy from waves is considerable. Research in this area is driven by the need to meet renewable
energy targets, but is relatively immature compared to other renewable energy technologies. This
review introduces the general status of wave energy and evaluates the device types that represent
current wave energy converter (WEC) technology, particularly focusing on work being undertaken
within the United Kingdom. The possible power take-off systems are identified, followed by a
consideration of some of the control strategies to enhance the efficiency of point absorber-type WECs.
There is a lack of convergence on the best method of extracting energy from the waves and, although
previous innovation has generally focused on the concept and design of the primary interface,
questions arise concerning how best to optimize the powertrain. This article concludes with some
suggestions of future developments.
Link: http://abs-5.me.washington.edu/pub/tidal_wave/a_rewiew_of_WEC_tech.pdf

4. Ocean power conversion for electricity generation and desalinated water production

Rafael Ferreira1, Segen Estefen

 Abstract: Ocean power is a promising source of renewable and alternative energy used to fuel human
activities. Generated energy from ocean power devices can be converted into electrical or mechanical
energy, which can in turn be used as a driving force together with the desalination and water treatment
by reverse osmosis processes. In this article, applications of high pressure wave energy converters
(WEC) and hydrokinetic turbine for current energy conversion (TEC), described in Estefen et al [1],
are presented. Due to its conceptual design, these ocean energy converters (OEC) are able to transform
the hydraulic energy available from the sea into mechanical energy and then in turn into electricity
generation, reverse osmosis desalination or as the driving force for hydraulic machines. A theoretical
production estimation of wave and currents devices was conducted, which considered their
performance from laboratorial tests associated to ocean parameters. Results are promising and indicate
that it is indeed possible to supply domestic, industrial and agricultural demands of electricity and/or
water, respecting the corresponding standards required.
Link: http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/057/vol9/008/ecp57vol9_008.pdf

5. Ocean Energy: exergy analysis and conversion

AF Miguel, Murat Aydin
Abstract:
Exergy analysis can be applied to evaluate the work potential(extractable) that a resource contains.This
paper focuses on the exergy content that can be extracted from the ocean reservoirs and provides
review for the existing installed for harvesting ocean energy.
Link:https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=DD2A48F916066A4E!320&ithint=file%2cxlsx&app=
Excel&authkey=!ANchuaAKcTW8AiI

6. Sea Energy Conversion: Problems and Possibilities

G. Buigues, I. Zamora, A. J. Mazn, V. Valverde, F.J. Prez
Abstract: Nowadays, policies are being developed in many countries in order to decrease their
greenhouse gases emissions. While in this area some technologies are widely installed (wind and solar
energy), other ones, like the sea energy, could get an important role in the medium and long term. That
is why the most relevant technologies associated to the sea energy conversion are presented in this
paper: Tidal energy (both the traditional power plants and those based on tidal streams), wave energy
and ocean thermal energy conversion. However, the sea energy conversion is not completely
developed yet due to some unsolved technical problems, apart from their high cost. The most
important advantages and disadvantages related to each kind of technology are also analyzed in this
paper, comparing the main characteristics among them. Therefore, technological development
government policies and the possibility of setting up a related industrial field will be the key actions to
make possible the future of the sea energy. Solving the economical and technical problems, it will be
possible to make good use of this alternative source of energy, with high energy density.
Link: http://www.icrepq.com/icrepq06/242-buigues.pdf

7. Ocean wave energy An option for Nigerian power situation

Collins Neku NWAOKOCHA, Abayomi Temitope LAYENI
Abstract: As energy presents itself in various forms, here we will be looking at it from the perspective
of wave energy. This paper investigates wave theory and use of some forms of mechanical wave fronts
to generate electrical energy. A major means of production of these waves is discussed - being the
wave front from the ocean, which is presently a source of worry to the people of Lagos State, Nigeria.
These wave fronts from the Atlantic Ocean was analysed and the possibility of converting this
unwanted excess energy of the ocean to useful work was considered. Thus, this paper presents a means
of harnessing this abundant source of energy considering the waves generated in our coastal belt. The
adoption of this form of energy resource would help in the conservation of our fossil fuels, nil-carbon
emission and also promote the efficient use of energy.
Link: http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380895012_Nwaokocha%20and%20Layeni.pdf
8. INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL HARNESSING TIDAL ENERGY IN MALAYSIA
N. A. Mohd Yusoff, N. L. Ramli, M. R. Mohamed
Abstract: Tidal energy has been recognized as one of the promising technologies for future electricity
generation for its predictability as compared to solar and wind energy, yet traditionally it has been
renowned as a technology that's relatively needed detail analysis for availability sites identification and
cost. This paper presents an analysis of potential harnessing tidal energy for a country that has low
tidal ranges like Malaysia. Tides Table Malaysia 2014 published by National Hydrographic Centre
Malaysia has been used in identifying potential sites for harnessing tidal energy in Malaysia. The data
are tabulated in monthly and the most potential site for harness tidal energy is presented in hourly
versus the height of water for every each of coastal area in Malaysia for better comparison with the
results shown.
Link: http://www.arpnjournals.org/jeas/research_papers/rp_2015/jeas_1115_2992.pdf

9. PRACTICAL CHALLENGES IN HARVESTING WAVE ENERGY

John Ringwood
Abstract: This paper examines the challenges of efficiently harnessing wave energy. A variety of
energy conversion device types is reviewed and a generic heaving buoy device selected for detailed
examination. A number of modeling and control challenges are detailed and a hierarchical control
structure is indicated. Both potable water production and electricity generation are included as possible
uses of such devices and each presents separate control challenges.
Link: www.thejot.net/?page_id=837&show_article_preview=204&jot...article...

10. HARNESSING THE OCEAN/S POWER: OPPORTUNITIES IN RENEWABLE OCEAN

ENERGY RESOURCES
Todd J. Griset
Abstract: The opportunities posed by ocean renewable power are significant. A variety of technologies
are available to extract usable power from the ocean environment. The legal regimes applicable to the
development and operation of such projects in United States waters are fragmented. A variety of
incentives are available to attract the development of ocean renewable projects. Nevertheless,
renewable ocean energy projects face challenges, including whether they can be cost-competitive
against other resources. Further regulatory streamlining will help renewable ocean energy projects
compete in the electric industry.
Link: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Griset_2011.pdf