Cardus Linnaeus- Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl von Linn or Carolus Linnaeus, is

often called the Father of Taxonomy. His system for naming, ranking, and
classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes). His ideas on
classification have influenced generations of biologists during and after his own
lifetime, even those opposed to the philosophical and theological roots of his
work.

Creationism- the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts
of divine creation, as in the biblical account, rather than by natural processes such
as evolution.

Uniformitarianism- the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history
have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.

Catastrophism- the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have
resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events.

Evolution- the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have
developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Genetics- the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

Charles lyell- FRS (14 November 1797 22 February 1875) was a British lawyer and
the foremost geologist of his day. He is best known as the author of Principles of
Geology, which popularized James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianismthe
idea that the Earth was shaped by the same processes still in operation
today. Principles of Geology also challenged theories popularized by Georges
Cuvier, which were the most accepted and circulated ideas about geology in
England at the time.[1]

Natural selection- the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment
tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully
expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that
brings about evolution.

Alfred rusell Wallace- OM FRS (8 January 1823 7 November 1913) was

a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best
known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural
selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles
Darwin's writings in 1858.[2] This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in On
the Origin of Species.Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River
basinand then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now
termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two
distinct parts: a western portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin,
and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect Australasia.

Ardithecus kalabiba

Australophithecus- is an extinct genus of hominins. From paleontological and

archaeological evidence, the Australopithecus genus apparently evolved in eastern
Africa around 4 million years ago.

Foramen magnum- the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.
Hominin- a primate of a taxonomic tribe ( Hominini ), which comprises those species
regarded as human, directly ancestral to humans, or very closely related to
humans.

Kenyanthropus platyops- is a 3.5 to 3.2-million-year-old (Pliocene) hominin fossil

discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1999 by Justus Erus, who was part of Meave
Leakey's team.Leakey (2001) proposes that the fossil represents an entirely new hominin
species and genus, while others classify it as a separate species
of Australopithecus, Australopithecus platyops, and yet others interpret it as an
individual of Australopithecus afarensis.

Pleistocene- relating to or denoting the first epoch of the Quaternary period, between the
Pliocene and Holocene epochs.

Australopithecus afaren- (Latin: "Southern ape from Afar") is an extinct homininthat

lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago. A. afarensis was slenderly built, like
theyounger Australopithecus africanus. A. afarensis is thought to be more closely
related to the genus Homo (which includes the modern human species Homo
sapiens), whether as a direct ancestor or a close relative of an unknown ancestor,
than any other known primate from the same time.[2] Some researchers include A.
afarensis in the genus Praeanthropus.[3]

Australopithecus garhi- is a 2.5-million-year-old gracile australopithecine species whose

fossils were discovered in 1996 by a research team led
by Ethiopianpaleontologist Berhane Asfaw and Tim White, an American
paleontologist.[1] The hominin remains are believed to be a human ancestor species
and possibly the direct ancestor to the human genus, Homo.

Homo- is the genus that comprises the species Homo sapiens, which includes modern
humans, as well as several extinct species classified as ancestral to or closely
related to modern humans, most notably Homo erectus. The genus is between 2
and 3 million years old, taken to emerge with the appearance of Homo habilis and
possibly that of Homo gautengensis.

Oldowan tools- The Oldowan is the oldest-known stone tool industry. Dating as far back
as 2.5 million years ago, these tools are a major milestone in human evolutionary
history: the earliest evidence of cultural behavior. Homo habilis, an ancestor of
Homo sapiens, manufactured Oldowan tools.

Homo antecessor- is an extinct human species (or subspecies) dating from 1.2 million to
800,000 years ago, that was discovered by Eudald Carbonell, Juan Luis
Arsuagaand J. M. Bermdez de Castro. "The unique mix of modern and primitive
traits led the researchers to deem the fossils a new species, H. antecessor, in
1997". Regarding its great age the species must be related to Out of Africa I, the
first series of hominin expansions into Eurasia, making it one of the earliest known
human species in Europe.

Homo erectus- is an extinct species of hominin that lived throughout most of the
Pleistocene geological epoch. Its earliest fossil evidence dates to 1.9 million years
ago and extends to 143,000 years ago.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis- Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an extinct homininae species
that is dated to about 7 million years ago, during the Miocene epoch, possibly very
close to the time of the chimpanzeehuman divergence.

Acheulian- from the French acheulen, is an archaeological industry of stone

tool manufacture characterized by distinctive oval and pear-shaped "hand-axes"
associated with early humans. Acheulean tools were produced during the Lower
Palaeolithic era across Africa and much of West Asia, South Asia, and Europe,
and are typically found with Homo erectus remains. It is thought that Acheulean
technologies first developed in Africa out of the more
primitive Oldowan technology as long as 1.76 million years ago.

Homo rudolfensis- is an extinct species of the Hominini tribe known only through a
handful of representative fossils, the first of which was discovered by Bernard
Ngeneo

Mitochondrial DNA- Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the

nucleus, mitochondria also have a small amount of their ownDNA. This genetic
material is known as mitochondrial DNA or
mtDNA. Mitochondria (illustration) are structures within cells that convert
the energy from food into a form that cells can use.

Heidelberg man- also Homo rhodesiensis is an extinct species of the genus

Homo that lived in Africa, Europe and western Asia between 600,000 and
200,000 years ago.

Homo floresiensis- Homo floresiensis is an extinct species in the genus Homo. The
remains of an individual that would have stood about 1.1 m in height were
discovered in 2003 at Liang Bua on the island of Flores in Indonesia.

Interglacials- An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation)

is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting
thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice
age.

Interstadials- are phases dividing the Quaternary period, that last 2.6 million
years. Stadial are colder periods and interstadials are warmer.

Homo hiedelbergensis- also Homo rhodesiensis is an extinct species of the

genus Homo that lived in Africa, Europe and western Asia between
600,000 and 200,000 years ago.

Paleolithics- Period, also spelled Palaeolithic Period, also called Old Stone Age,
ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by
the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. (See also Stone Age.)

Pleistocene- relating to or denoting the first epoch of the Quaternary period,

between the Pliocene and Holocene epochs.

Tundra- a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in
which the subsoil is permanently frozen.

Homo sapien- is the binomial nomenclature for the only extant human species.
Homo is the human genus, which also includes Neanderthals and many
 other extinct species of hominin; H. sapiens is the only surviving species of
the genus Homo.

Charles Darwin- was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist,[4] best known
for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all
species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and, in a
joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory
that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he
called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar
effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.