Test Formula Use Degrees of Accept/reject Null Hypothesis Extra Information

Freedom
Standard Measure the values around There is an/no overlap in the +/- SD bars. The smaller the standard deviation,
Deviation the mean This indicates the difference in the means the narrower is the range, which
N/A of.. are likely/unlikely to be due to translate to a higher reproducibility
chance. The small standard deviation means
the experimental values are
Overlap/likely clustered together tightly (higher
No overlap/unlikely precision)
Standard Error Find the difference N/A If the 95% confidence limits do not overlap
between the two means there is a 95% chance that the two means
are different. You can reject the null
hypothesis and say:
Where S is the standard deviation There is a significant difference between the
n is the number of measurements means of the two samples at the 5% level of
probability.
T-Test To find the difference If the t value is less/ greater than the critical Less/due to chance /accept null
between 2 means and value, then there is 5% probability that the hypothesis.
whether it is significant means .. are/not due to chance. We Greater than critical value/ not due
accept / reject null hypothesis to chance/ reject null hypothesis

Spearmans Used to see the strength
Rank of the correlation
correlation (association) between two
n: Number of pairs sets of data
D2 : Difference between the
results
Chi-Squared Used to compare observed
Test results with theoretical
expected results. The
higher the X2 value the
greater the difference.
n If your calculated number is the same or Remember to Rank the data
higher than critical value then your The result will always be between 1
correlation is significant and you would and minus 1.
reject the null hypothesis
(n-1) If the calculated value is greater/less than Often used for genetics and
critical value at 0.05 level then you can fieldwork sampling.
accept/reject the null hypothesis.
Greater value than critical value/ reject null
hypothesis
Calculation Formula Extra information
Magnification Magnification = size of image Remember to convert units
size of real object
Size of image = magnification x size of real object
Size of real object = size of image
Magnification

Diversity Index Remember to individually calculate the bottom

of the calculation e.g (n-1) +(n-1)+ (n-1) .

Hardy Weinberg Genotype frequency = p+2pq +q = 1 Remember the to calculate either p or q from
Allele frequency = p+q=1 the first formula.

P2 = Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals p = frequency of the dominant allele

2pq = Frequency of heterozygous individuals q = frequency of the recessive allele
q2= Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals