24 4 Vol. 24 No.

4
2001 7 Journal of PLA U niv ersity of For eig n L anguages July 2001

) ) )

( , 200030)

: / 0
JDEST ,
,
: ; ; ; ;
: H3131 0 : A : 1002- 722X ( 2001) 04- 0019- 05

A Study of Specialized Collocations

) ) ) A Corpus- based Approach
WEI N a-i xing
( Institute o f F oreign Languages, Shang hai Jiaotong U niversity, Shanghai, 200030, China)
Abstract: Specialized collocation is defined as / a str ing of lexical items w hich co- occur in a g rammatical construction w ith mutu-
al expectancy g reater than chance as realizatio n of meaning in specialized tex ts0 . Based on JDEST of Shanghai Jiaotong U niv ersity,
t his study finds that specialized collocations can realize w hat Halliday calls / ideational0 , / tex tual0 and other meanings, and exhibit
strong colligational features.
Key words: lexical behaviour ; specialized text; specialized collocation; collig at ion; realization of meaning

0. : ( , 2001a; 2001b) ,
J#R# ( F irth) , , /
; ;
( ex pect and predict each other) ; 0 ,
( colligation)
,
20 , , ;
( Jones & Sinclair, 1974; , ;
S inclair, 1987, 1991, 1996; K jellmer, 1984, 1987, 1991; ,
K ennedy, 1990)
, , JDEST 80
( 2001a) , , 400 ( running
, texts) ,
4
, 30
1.
,

: 2001- 01- 29
: ( 1955- ) , , , , ,

 # 20 # 2001

, 100 Bro wn L OB ( expected frequency) ,

, ,
, / 0 Z T M I ( M utual I nformation Value )
( ,
/ delig htful residence0/ taste- 2001a) ,

fully mo dernized0 / having the benefit of double g lazing0 ,

; / 0 ,
/ stag e industrial action0 / propose redundancies0 / threaten ,
cuts0 ( M cCart hy, 1995: 64) ;
/ 0 ( H alliday, 1966 ) ( Sinclair, 1966)
, ( mutual ,
ex pectancy) / 0,
; , , ,
/ Colorless green ideas sleep fur iously0 / T his lemon is sw eet0
, ( M cInt osh, ,
1967: 181- 199) , / in+ pat ients+ w ith+ N0 ,
( t ypicality) / patients0 , / 0
, JDEST , / patients0 948, / in+ pa-
K WI C ( K ey Wor d in Contex t) tients+ w ith+ N0 66 ,
: ( observed frequency) 4 ( concordances) :
1 of these problems are diverse. I n patients with alcoho lic liver disease, bleeding
2 ulting fr om GNB occur principally in patients wit h severe, acute illnesses w hether or
3 e of w orsening respirator y failure in patients wit h under lying chro nic lung disease.
4 d the prevalence of t his / debris0 in patients wit h stroke, and there appear s to be a
/ In0 / patients0 / with0 3 JDEST w ith alcoholic liv er disease, bleeding can be seco ndar y to dietary
8713394825886; vitamin K deficiency . /
01 134; 66;
49215 ( , , K

32001a4) , JDEST ,
, : 3 , / in patients w ith0
, PREP+ N + PR EP ,
/ wit h0 N , / stroke0 , / in patients of0 / in regard to patients o f0
/ liv er disease0/ leukemia0 / diabetes0 ; N / as far as. . . pat ient is concerned0 ,
, / immune deficiency syndrome0 / dissem-
i ,
nated infection0 / in+ patients+ w ith0 , / in patients w ith0 ,
, , / , , , / as far as. . .
0 , 1 : patient is concer ned0 LO B / in pa-
1 Clinically sig nificant bleeding may occur wit h bio psies and tients w ith0 , Brow n / patients w ith0 ,
surg er y. T he causes of these problems are diverse. In patients :

Brown: properly . Several dentists and patients w ith special dental problems have e
L OB: G anticoagulant may arise in patients w ith haemophilia and Christmas disea
JDEST 30 , 211
: ( 1) ( 1985: 53) ,
, 3 : ( Ideational meaning ) ( Interper-
; ( 2) sonal meaning ) ( T extual meaning)
, ; ( 3)
; ( 4) ,
,
2. 3
 4 # 21 #

, / ex periments0 , 1 / exper-i
, / ex periments0 ( node ments0 , V ( + DET ) +
w ord) , JD EST 670; N , / conducted ( the) ex periments0
4 , ( span) ; , :
( collocates) Z
, Z , 212
, Z 21 0 , 1 N + V
( significant co llocatio n) , , / experiments demonstr ate ( show indicate sug-
JDEST , / ex periments0 gest)0 ,
1 : ,
1 / ex periments0
( Swales) , 3
Collocates Co- occurrences T otal Z- score
with no de occurr ences ( moves) : ( Establishing a territory ) ,
( Establishing a niche) ( Occupying the niche)
conducted 30 309 391 42
( Sw ales, 1990: 141) JDEST , 3
perfo rmed 30 586 281 14
carried ( out) 31 735 251 76
demonstrate 6 193 91 57
show 10 993 61 13
r ev eal 4 208 51 91 21211 / Of particular interest0 :
descr ibed 10 1240 51 19
designed 8 882 51 08
presented 6 751 31 99 / 0 ,
sugg est 4 426 31 68 ,
indicate 4 503 31 24
, ,
controlled 5 741 31 17
indicated 4 542 31 05 / 0 , / of part icular interest0
r eported 4 788 21 16

1 so likely to be pr esent. Of particular interest is the possibility that the effec

2 p eng ines are discussed. Of particular interest are the r esults obtained from en
3 o r fixed structures. Of particular interest are the w av e lo ads on fixed stru
4 21 and 7. 22. T he latter is of particular interest as the different roles of nuclear
, / of par ticular interest0 / 0,
, / of part icular interest are/ is0,
/ is/ are of particular interest0 / 0 / 0
, , , / 0 /
, 0 / 0 ,
123 2 3 , , ,
/ t he results obtained0 / the w av e loads on fix ed struc- JDEST , / recent studies show ( have shown / ind-
i
ture0 , cated/ sugg ested)0
/ particular interest0 ,
, / 0 ( Review ing items o f previous research) ,
/ O f particular interest is/ are0 ( step) , /
, , 3 , 0 / 0
, :
( 1) However, ev idence from recent studies has begun to
/ is/ are of particular interest0 , cast doubt on such a method.
, 4 / the ( 2) Recent studies have indicated that the upper limit for
latter0 transversely stiffened gir ders can be incr eased.
, , / recent
/ 0 studies hav e shown ( indicated/ sug gested) 0
21212 / Recent studies show ( have show n) 0: , / Recent studies show ( indicate/ sug-
gest) . . . 0 , / It is not clear0
 # 22 # 2001

w ith demonstr ates examines investigatespresents0

21213 / T his paper descr ibes0 : , , 76%
/ 0 , , / paper0 / this0,
, / the0 / that0 ,
, , , ,
, / 0 / ( 1990: 141) / 0
0 JDEST / T his paper describes0 2 :
, / paper 0 / discusses describes reports deals

1 y control, and scheduling . T his paper describes the application of a s

2 g anizat ions. IN T RODU CT IO N T his paper describes how a goal progr amming
, , JDEST
, 2
, ,
2

Collocations Fr equency of constituents Expected freq. Observed freq. O bser1 / Expe. Discourse funct ions

Of particular interest 155832/ 1502/ 996 01 015 25 1666 Claiming centrality

It is not clear 21130/ 61141/ 13754/ 789 01 0088 20 2272 Questioning
Recent studies show 751/ 1401/ 993 01 000065 3 46153 previous study
T his paper describes 22129/ 1090/ 179 01 0027 23 8518
T his paper presents 22129/ 1090/ 232 01 0035 29 8285

3. ( DET + ) N 1 + N 2+ N n+ N
( ,
, 1988: 99) , , :
, 1)
( M it chell, 1975: 120- 122) , the city commodit y futures trading co mmission (
, ) / 01 050 KV A dry- ty pe control pow er transfo rm-
, ers ( 01 050 )
, ( co-
l 2)
locational class) , N + V , discourse community members ( ) / the cor po-
, N + V / data show s0 / ev idence ration product development team ( )
sugg ests0 / w ater evapor ates0 N+ V 3)
, a+ N + o f the development process control evaluation (
, , a so rt ofa pair ofa couple ofa se- ) / the microcomputer prog ram development process (
r ies o f ( R enouf and Sinclair, 1991: 131- 132 ) )

, , ,
, , ,

312 V- ing V-ed+ N
311 ( DET + ) N1 + N2 + Nn+ N , V- ing
N + N , V- ed
, , , JDEST , / incr easing amount/ s0
, / incr eased amount/ s0
, / increasing amount/ s0 4 :

1 ecr easing g reen density sig nifies an increasing amount of internal surface ar ea
2 strengths increase gradually w ith increasing amount of defo rmation at high deforma
3 rocket, NASDA gr adually intr oduced an increasing amount of Japanese technology and aut
4 physics tex ts because of the ever increasing amount of material w hich modern phys
 4 # 23 #

: / incr easing cost ( demand complex -

i 313
ty importanceinterestpressure) ; increased cost ( complex -
i
ty demand efficiency levels r isks use )0 L OB , / by means of0
Brown / increasing0 / incr eased0 / 0 / 0 / 0 , / by
, , JDEST , V- ing + N V- ed means of0 , / 0
+ N , , / by use of0 JDEST
, 49, 4 :
1 he helical spring ) ; and / fine control0 by use o f t he piezoelectric cr ystal tube, wh
2 nes/ cm during the course of an ex periment by use o f t he clamp- adjusting rod. T he dista
3 ed a number o f approaches to recov er o il by use o f surfactants to reduce inter facial
4 m has been designed to upgrade basic data by use o f stat istics, cur ve match, and simil
, / of0 ninet ies [ C ] . ed. S . A nivan. Singapore: R ELC, 1990. 215 -
, / the piezo electric 229.
[ 10] K jellmer, G. Some t houghts on collocat ional dist inct iveness [ A ] .
crystal tube0 / the clamp- adjusting ro d0/ sur factants0
In Corp us l i ng uisti cs: rece nt dev el opmen ts in t he use of comp ut er
/ by use of0 ,
corpora i n E ng lish l anguage research [ C] . eds. J. Aarts & W .
LO B
M eijs. N . S: Cost erus, 1984. 163- 171.

[ 11] K jellmer, G . Aspects of English collocations [ A ] . In Corp us li n-

4.
gui st ics and beyond [ C ] . ed. W . M eijs. Amst erdam: R odopi,

1987. 133- 140.
, [ 12] K jellmer, G . A mint of phrases [ A ] . In Engli sh Corpus L i ng uis-
t ics: St udi es in H onour of Jan Sv art v ik [ C] . Eds. K . A ijmer &
JDEST B. A ltenberg. London: Longman, 1991. 111- 127.
[ 13] M cCart hy, M . J . Vocabul ary [ M ] . Oxf ord: Ox ford U niversit y
Press, 1995.
[ 14] M cIntosh, A . Patt erns and R anges [ A ] . In Patt erns of L an-

: guage: Papers in General , Descrip ti ve and App lied L ingui stics

[ 1] . ( ) [ M ] . : [ C] . eds. A . M cInt osh and M . A . K . Halliday. Bloomington and

, 1988. London: Indiana U niversit y Press, 1967. 181- 199.

[ 2] . [ M ] . : [ 15] M it chell, T. F. Pr incip les of Fir thi an l ing uisti cs [ M ] . Lon-

, 2001a. ( ) don: Longman, 1975.

[ 3] . [ A ] . . [ 16] Renoulf , A . and Sinclair, J. Collocational Framew orks in English

[ C] . : , 2001b. ( [ A ] . In Engl ish Corpus L i ngui st ics: St udies in H onou r of Jan

) S v art vi k [ C ] . eds. K . A ijmer & B. A lt enberg. Lon don: Long-

[ 4] . [ M ] . : , man, 1991. 128- 143.

2001. ( ) [ 17] Sinclair, J. Beginning the study of lexis [ A ] . In me mory of J .

[ 5] Firt h, J. R. Papers i n li ng uisti cs 1934 - 1951 [ M ] . London: R . Fi rt h [ C ] . eds. C. E. Bazell, J . C. Cat f ord, M . A. K .

O xford U n iversit y Press. 1957. Halliday & R. H. R obins. London: Longman, 1966. 410- 430.

[ 6] Halliday, M . A. K . Lexis as a linguist ic level [ A ] . In memory [ 18] Sinclair, J. Collocat ion: A progress report [ A ] . In L anguage

of J . R . Fir th [ C] . eds. C. E. Bazell, J. C . Catf ord, M . A . T opi cs : Essays i n H onour of M i chael H alli day [ C] . eds. St eele,

K . Halliday & R. H. R obins. London: Longman, 1966. 148 - R & T hreadgold, Terry. Amst erdam: Benjamins. 1987. 319 -

162. 331.

[ 7] H alliday, M . A . K . A n I nt rod ucti on to Fu ncti onal Gram mar [ 19 ] Sinclair, J. Corpus , Concor dance, Coll ocati on [ M ] . O xford:

[ M ] . Lon don: A dw ard A rnold. 1985. O xford U niversity Press, 1991.

[ 8 ] Jones, S. & Sinclair, J. English lexical collocat ions: a study in [ 20] S in clair, J . T he Search f or U nit s of M eaning [ J ] . Text us IX

comput at ional linguist ics [ J ] . Cahi ers de L ex icol ogie , 23. 2 ( 1996) : 75- 106

( 1974) : 15- 61. [ 21] Sw ales, J. Genre Analysis [ M ] . Cambridge: Cambridge U niver-

[ 9 ] K ennedy, G. D . Collocat ions: Where grammar and vocabulary sity Press. 1990.

t eaching meet [ A ] . In L anguage t eachi ng met hodol ogy f or the ( )