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Ch ter
1 Number Systems

1.1 Introduction
A digital system is a combination of devices designed to manipulate physical
quantities or information that are represented in digital form, that, is they can
only take discrete values. A digital system includes digital computers, calculators,
telephone system and digital audio and video equipment.

Advantages of digital techniques over analog

Easier to design
Generally the information is stored in the form of 1s and 0s, hence easier
to store any data.
Digital circuits are less affected by noise as noise is analog in nature.

Processing and reprogramming is possible

in digital circuits. FACT: Worlds largest
known digital system is
Power dissipation is less.
telephone system.
Less bulky and less cost.

Limitation of digital technique

Real world is mainly analog. So, digital data needs to be converted into
analog form for human understanding.
1.2 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

1.2 Number Systems

Number systems are introduced mainly to quantify the magnitude of something.
So we can say that number system gradually evolved with the concept of counting.
There are many number systems out of which the most frequently used are:
Decimal number system
FACT: We generally use
Binary number system
decimal number system in
Octal number system and
our day-to-day life.
Hexadecimal number system.
A number (N )b is represented as,

d1 d2 d3 ....dm
(N )b = dn1 dn2 dn3 ....d1 d0 |{z}
| {z } | {z }
integral portion radix fractional portion
point

Where,
N = number
b = base or radix
d = different symbols used in the number system
n = number of digits in the left side of the radix point
m = number of digits in the right side of the radix point
Radix is defined as the number of different symbols used in a particular num-
ber system. For example, in decimal number system, the base is 10. So, we use
10 different symbols (digits) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4....8, 9 to represent any decimal number.
Note:
The maximum value of digit in any number system is given by (b 1).
For example, maximum value of digit in decimal number system = (10 -1) = 9
Any number system can be converted into decimal number system by using
the following formula:
Decimal equivalent = dn1 (b)n1 + dn2 (b)n2 + ...... + d1 (b)1 + d0 (b)0 +
d1 (b)1 + d2(b)2 + ........ + dm (b)m

1.2.1 Binary number system

It is a simple number system as it consists of only 2 digits (symbols), 0 and 1.
Hence, it is called as base-2 number system or binary number system.
For example, (1011101)2 , (101011.101)2 , etc.
 Number Systems 1.3

Decimal - binary conversion

Conversion of decimal number to binary number
A decimal number can be easily converted into binary number by dividing the
decimal number by 2 progressively, until the quotient of zero is obtained. The bi-
nary number is obtained by taking the remainder after each division in the reverse
order. The examples discussed below will best describe the conversion.

Example 1.1 Convert the decimal number (23)10 into its equivalent binary num-
ber.
I Solution

Taking the remainders from bottom to top, the equivalent binary number can be
written as (10111)2 .

Example 1.2 Convert the decimal number (18.125)10 into its equivalent binary
number.
I Solution
The integral part and the fractional part are computed separately.
Integral conversion:

2 18 Top

2 9 - 0
2 4 - 1

2 2 - 0
1 - 0 Bottom

(18)10 = (10010)2
Fractional conversion:
If the decimal number contains a fractional part, then its binary equivalent is ob-
tained by multiplying the fractional part continuously by 2, removing the carry
1.4 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

over (whether 0 or 1) in the integer position each time. The removed carry over in
forward order gives the required binary number.
0.125
2
0.250
Forward
2
order
0.500
2
1.000
(0.125)10 = (0.001)2
Hence, (18.125)10 = (10010.001)2

Example 1.3 Convert the decimal number (12.1)10 into its binary equivalent.

I Solution
Integral conversion:
2 12 Top
2 6 - 0

2 3 - 0
1 - 1 Bottom

Fractional conversion:
0.1
2
0.2
Forward
2
order
0.4
2
0.8
2
1.6
2
1.2
2
0.4
2
0.8
2
1.6
2
1.2
 Number Systems 1.5

Hence,
(12.1)10 = (1100.000110011....)2
= (1100.00011)2

Conversion of binary to decimal number

We know that any number system can be converted into decimal number system
by using the formula:
Decimal equivalent = dn1 (b)n1 + dn2 (b)n2 + ...... + d1 (b)1 + d0 (b)0 +
d1 (b)1 +d2 (b)2 +........+dm (b)m

Example 1.4 Convert the binary number (10110)2 into its decimal equivalent.
I Solution
Base, b = 2
n = number of digits = 5
Hence by using the formula,
Decimal equivalent = (1 24 ) + (0 23 ) + (1 22 ) + (1 21 ) + (0 20 )
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0
= 22
So, (10110)2 = (22)10

Example 1.5 Convert the binary number (111001)2 into its decimal equivalent.
I Solution
Base, b = 2
n = number of digits = 6
Hence by using the formula,
Decimal equivalent = (1 25 ) + (1 24 ) + (1 23 ) + (0 22 )
+ (0 21 ) + (1 20 )
= 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 57
So, (111001)2 = (57)10
1.6 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

Example 1.6 Convert the binary number (10000.1011)2 into its decimal equiv-
alent.
I Solution
Base, b = 2
n = number of digits = 5 (considering only integral part)
Hence by using the formula,

Decimal equivalent = (1 24 ) + (0 23 ) + (0 22 ) + (0 21 ) + (0 20 )
+ (1 21 ) + (0 22 ) + (1 23 ) + (1 24 )
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125 + 0.0625
= 16.6875

So, (10000.1011)2 = (16.6875)10

2 Concept: Any decimal number can be converted to any other number system by
dividing the decimal number by the base of the other number system progressively,
until the quotient of zero is obtained and taking the remainder after each division in
reverse order.
For example, while converting decimal to binary, we divide the decimal number pro-
gressively by 2.

1.2.2 Octal number system

The octal number system uses 8 different symbols 0, 1, 2, 3....6, 7. Its base is 8.

Octal - decimal conversion

Conversion of decimal to octal
It is similar to decimal to binary conversion. For integral decimal, the number is
repeatedly divided by 8 and for fraction, the number is multiplied by 8.

Example 1.7 Convert the decimal number (78)10 into its equivalent octal num-
ber.

I Solution
8 78 Top

8 9 - 6
1 - 1 Bottom
 Number Systems 1.7

Taking the remainders from bottom to top, the equivalent octal number can be
written as (116)8 .

Example 1.8 Convert the decimal number (321.456)10 into its equivalent octal
number.
I Solution
The integral part and the fractional part are computed separately.
Integral conversion:
8 321 Top

8 40 - 1
5 - 0 Bottom

Fractional conversion:

Terminate the process after 5-6 multiplications

(More number of multiplications increases the accuracy of the answer)
Hence, (321.456)10 = (501.3513615)8

Conversion of octal to decimal

Example 1.9 Convert the octal number (6327.4051)8 into its decimal equiva-
lent.
I Solution
We know that any number system can be converted to decimal number system by
using the formula:
1.8 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

Decimal equivalent = dn1 (b)n1 + dn2 (b)n2 + ...... + d1 (b)1 + d0 (b)0 +

d1 (b)1 +d2 (b)2 +........+dm (b)m
Here, Base, b = 8
n = number of digits = 4(consider only integral part)
Hence by using the formula,

Decimal equivalent = (6 83 ) + (3 82 ) + (2 81 ) + (7 80 ) + (4 81 )
+ (0 82 ) + (5 83 ) + (1 84 )
4 5 1
= 3072 + 192 + 16 + 7 + + 0 + +
8 512 4096
= 3287.510098

So, (6327.4051)8 = (3287.5100098)10

1.2.3 Hexadecimal number system

The hexadecimal number system has a base of 16 and uses 16 different symbols,
namely (0, 1, 2, 3, 4.....8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F ).
Where, A = 10
B = 11 FACT: Microprocessor deals
C = 12 with instruction and data that
D = 13 uses hexadecimal number sys-
E = 14 tem, for programming purposes.

F = 15
Since this system contains both numeric digits and alphabets, this is called as
alphanumeric number system.

Hexadecimal - decimal conversion

Conversion of decimal to hexadecimal
It is similar to decimal-binary conversion. For integral part, the decimal num-
ber is repeatedly divided by 16 and for fractional part, the number is repeatedly
multiplied by 16.
 Number Systems 1.9

Example 1.10 Convert the decimal number (156.625)10 into its equivalent hex-
adecimal number system.

I Solution
The integral part and the fractional part are computed separately.
Integral conversion:
16 156 Top
9 - C Bottom

Fractional conversion:
0.625
Forward 16
order A.000

Hence, (156.625)10 = (9C.A)16

Conversion of hexadecimal to decimal

Example 1.11 Convert (3DB)16 into decimal equivalent.

I Solution
n = 3; b = 16

Decimal equivalent = (3 162 ) + (D 161 ) + (B 160 )

= (3 162 ) + (13 161 ) + (11 160 )
= 768 + 208 + 11
= 987

So, (3DB)16 = (987)10

Conversion between octal - hexadecimal - binary - decimal

Example 1.12 Convert (189)10 into its equivalent octal, hexadecimal and bi-
nary forms.
1.10 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

I Solution
Binary conversion:

So, (189)10 = (10111101)2

Octal conversion:
8 189 Top

8 23 - 5
2 - 7 Bottom

So, (189)10 = (275)8

Hexadecimal conversion:
16 189 Top
11 - 13 Bottom

So, (189)10 = (BD)16

Example 1.13 Convert (110111001)2 into its equivalent base 8, base 10, and
base 16 number system.

I Solution
Octal conversion:
There are two methods of binary to octal conversion.
Method 1:
Convert the binary number into its decimal equivalent and then convert the deci-
mal into octal.
 Number Systems 1.11

(110111001)2 ;
Here, n = 9, b = 2

Decimal equivalent = (1 28 ) + (1 27 ) + (0 26 ) + (1 25 ) + (1 24 )
+ (1 23 ) + (0 22 ) + (0 21 ) + (1 20 )
= 441

Now, (441)10 can be converted into octal

8 441 Top

8 55 - 1
6 - 7 Bottom

So, (110111001)2 = (441)10 = (671)8

Method - 2
2 Concept: Octal has base 8 i.e. 23 . So, make a grouping of 3 binary bits from right
hand side in order to obtain the corresponding octal number.

(110 111 001)2

6 7 1

Hence, (110111001)2 = (671)8 .

Hexadecimal conversion:
A binary number can also be converted into hexadecimal in 2 ways as stated above
for octal conversion.
Method 1:
Convert the binary number into its decimal equivalent and then convert the deci-
mal into hexadecimal.
(110111001)2 ; n = 9, b = 2

Decimal equivalent = (1 28 ) + (1 27 ) + (0 26 ) + (1 25 ) + (1 24 )
+ (1 23 ) + (0 22 ) + (0 21 ) + (1 20 )
= 441

Now, (441)10 can be converted into hexadecimal

1.12 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

16 441 Top

16 27 - 9
1 - 11 Bottom

So, (110111001)2 = (441)10 = (1B9)16

Method - 2
2 Concept: Hexadecimal has a base 16 i.e. 24 . So, make a grouping of 4 binary bits
from right hand side inorder to obtain the corresponding hexadecimal equivalent for a
given binary number representation.

(110111001)2 = (0001 1011 1001)2

1 B 9
Hence, (110111001)2 = (1B9)16 .

Example 1.14 Convert the octal number (172)8 into its corresponding binary,
decimal and hexadecimal equivalent.
I Solution
Binary conversion:
(1 7 2)8
. &
001 111 010
So, (172)8 = (001111010)2
Decimal conversion:
n = 3, b = 8

Decimal equivalent = (1 82 ) + (7 81 ) + (2 80 )
= 64 + 56 + 2 = 122

So, (172)8 = (122)10

Hexadecimal conversion:
2 Concept: For conversion of octal to hexadecimal or hexadecimal to octal number
system, we need another number system like binary or decimal number system as an
intermediary number system in conversion. Taking binary number system as the inter-
mediary is easier.
 Number Systems 1.13

Method - 1
Octal decimal hexadecimal
Method - 2 (easier)
Octal binary hexadecimal
From method - 2
(1 7 2)8 = (001111010)2
. &
001 111 010

(001 111 010)2 = (0000

| {z } 0111
| {z } 1010
| {z })2
0 7 A

So, (172)8 = (07A)16

Example 1.15 Convert the binary number (1011011110.11001010011) 2 into its

corresponding octal equivalent.

I Solution
For left side of the radix point we group the bit from LSB (Least Significant Bit),
and if needed, we append additional 0 in the left most side,
(MSB) |{z}
001 011 |{z}
|{z} 110 (LSB)
011 |{z}
1 3 3 6
For right side of the radix point we group the bit from MSB (Most Significant
Bit), and if needed, we append additional 0 in the right most side,
(MSB) |{z}
110 |{z} 110 (LSB)
100 |{z}
010 |{z}
6 2 4 6
So, (1011011110.11001010011)2 = (1336.6246)8

Example 1.16 Convert the hexadecimal number (2F 9A)16 into its correspond-
ing binary equivalent.

I Solution
2 |{z}
|{z} 9 |{z}
F |{z} A
0010 1111 1001 1010
So, (2F 9A)16 = (0010111110011010)2
1.14 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

Example 1.17 Convert the hexadecimal number (29B.2F )16 into its correspond-
ing octal equivalent.

I Solution

|{z} 9 |{z}
2 |{z} 2 |{z}
B |{z} F
0010 1001 1011 0010 1111

(29B.2F )16 = (001010011011.00101111)2

|{z} 010 |{z}

001 |{z} 011 |{z}
011 |{z} 110
011 |{z}
001 |{z}
1 2 3 3 1 3 6

So, (29B.2F )16 = (1233.136)8

1.3 Complements
Complements are used in digital systems for simplifying the subtraction operation
and for logical manipulation. There are two types of complements for each base-b
system: radix complements and diminish radix complement.
Radix complement is referred to as the bs complement and the diminished
radix complement is referred to as (b 1)s complement, where b is the base or
radix of the number system.
For example, in decimal (base-10) system, two types of complements are pos-
sible: 10s complements and 9s complements.
Complements

Radix(bs) Diminished radix (b-1)s

Fig. 1.1 Types of complements

bs complement of N can be found by, bn N

where, b = base
n = number of digits in the number N
Similarly, (b 1)s complement of N can be found by, bn N 1
Note: After finding bn , it must be converted into base, b. (see the examples)
 Number Systems 1.15

Example 1.18 Find the 10s and 9s complement of (786)10 .

I Solution

Here, b = 10; N = 786; n = 3.

10s complement of (786)10 = bn N

= 103 786
= 214
And 9s complement of (786)10 = bn N 1
= 103 786 1
= 213

Note: (b 1)s complement can be found by subtracting 1 from bs complement.

Similarly, bs complement can be found by adding 1 to (b 1)s complement.

Example 1.19 Find the 1s and 2s complement of (101011)2 .

I Solution

Method - 1
Here, b = 2; N = 101011; n = 6.

2s complement of (101011)2 = bn N
= (26 )2 101011
= 1000000 101011
= 010101
And 1s complement of (101011)2 = bn N 1
= (26 )2 101011 1
= 1000000 101011 1
= 010100

Trick:
Method - 2
For 1s complement the result is obtained by complementing each binary bit that
is by replacing 1 with 0 and vice-versa.
1.16 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

Hence, 1s complement of (101011)2 = (010100)2 .

For 2s complement, the result is obtained by leaving all least significant zeros
and first non-zero digit, unchanged from RHS and then replacing 1s by 0s and
0s by 1s in all the higher significant digits.
Hence, 2s complement of (10101 1)2 = (010101)2
| {z }
complementing
higher bits

Example 1.20 Find the 1s and 2s complements of (10110100)2 .

I Solution

1s complement of (10110100)2 = (01001011)2

2s complement of (10110 |{z}
100 )2 = (01001100)2
keep
unchanged
upto 1st
non - zero
bit

1.4 Signed Binary Numbers

Positive integers are generally unsigned numbers but to represent a negative inte-
ger we need some kind of notation. In ordinary arithmetic, a negative number is
indicated by a minus sign and a positive number by a plus sign. While consider-
ing the case of computers, a lot of information is needed to be stored. But due to
hardware limitations the computers represent everything with binary digits.
The signed bit is the left most position of the number. The convention is
signed bit 0 represents positive number and signed bit 1 represents negative
number.
Binary numbers can be represented in three possible ways:
(i) Signed magnitude representation
(ii) Signed 1s complement representation
(iii) Signed 2s complement representation.

Signed magnitude representation

It is a representation in which, the MSB represents the sign of the number.
 Number Systems 1.17

As for example, +3 0, 11
-3 1, 11

Note: The range of numbers that can be represented using signed magnitude rep-
resentation is (2n1 1) to (2n1 1), where n is the integer.

Signed - 1s complement representation

Here the positive binary number remains as it is and the negative binary number
is obtained by complementing all the bits including the sign bit.

For example, +7 0,111

-7 1,000
Note: The range of numbers that can be represented using signed 1s complement
representation is (2n1 1) to (2n1 1).

Signed - 2s complement representation

Here the positive binary number remains as it is and the negative binary number is
obtained by taking the 2s complement of the positive number including the sign
bit.
For example, +7 0,111
-7 1,001
Note: The range of numbers that can be represented using signed 2s complement
representation is 2n1 to (2n1 1).

Table 1.1 Signed binary numbers

Decimal Signed magnitude Signed 1s Signed 2s
complement complement
+7 0,111 0,111 0,111
+6 0,110 0,110 0,110
+5 0,101 0,101 0,101
+4 0,100 0,100 0,100
+3 0,011 0,011 0,011
+2 0,010 0,010 0,010
+1 0,001 0,001 0,001
1.18 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

Decimal Signed magnitude Signed 1s Signed 2s

complement complement
+0 0,000 0,000 0,000
-0 1,000 1,111 -
-1 1,001 1,110 1,111
-2 1,010 1,101 1,110
-3 1,011 1,100 1,101
-4 1,100 1,011 1,100
-5 1,101 1,010 1,011
-6 1,110 1,001 1,010
-7 1,111 1,000 1,001

Note:
Positive numbers in all the three representations are identical and have zero
in the left most position.
The signed 2s complement system has only one representation for zero
(i.e., for +0 and -0, same representation is used).

1.5 Arithmetic Operations

The arithmetic operation includes addition, subtraction, multiplication and divi-
sion.

1.5.1 Binary arithmetic

Rules
Addition: Subtraction:
0+0=0 0-0=0
0+1=1 10 - 1 = 1
1+0=1 1-0=1
1+1=1 1-1=0

Multiplication: Division:
00=0 0 / 0 = not allowed
01=0 0/1=0
10=0 1 / 0 = not allowed
11=1 1/1=1
 Number Systems 1.19

Binary addition
Two binary numbers can be added in the same way as two decimal numbers are
added.
For example,
10101 11
+ 11101 + 11
110010 110

(10101)2 + (11101)2 = (110010)2 ;

(11)2 + (11)2 = (110)2

Binary subtraction
The binary subtraction is nothing but the addition of one binary number with a
negative (complemented) binary number.
Binary subtraction can be carried out in two ways -
Method 1 (using 1s complement)
Take 1s complement of the number to be subtracted, as 1s complement is
used to represent a negative number
Add both the numbers
If there is any overflow, then it is removed and added with the rest to obtain
the final result
If the MSB, after addition is 1, then the final result is obtained by taking 1s
complement of the addition, keeping the MSB as it is

Example 1.21 Subtract (1011)2 from (1110)2 using 1s complement.

I Solution
1110 = 1110 = 0010
- 1011 + 0100 + 1
1 ,0010 0011
So, (1110)2 (1011)2 = (0011)2

Example 1.22 Subtract (1010)2 from (0110)2 using 1s complement.

1.20 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

I Solution
0110 = 0110
- 1010 + 0101
1,011

Here MSB is
1 without overflow

So, the result is 1,100(i.e. keeping MSB as it is and complementing the rest)
(0110)2 (1010)2 = (1, 100)2

Method 2 (using 2s complement)

Take 2s complement of the number to be subtracted, as 2s complement is
used to represent a negative number
Add both the numbers
If there is any overflow, then the overflow is simply removed and the result
is just the remaining
If the MSB, after addition is 1, then the final result is obtained by taking 2s
complement of the addition, keeping the MSB as it is

Example 1.23 Subtract (1011)2 from (1100)2 using 2s complement.

I Solution
1100 = 1100
- 1011 + 0101
1 ,0001

Removed

So, (1100)2 (1011)2 = (0, 001)2

Example 1.24 Subtract (1110)2 from (1001)2 using 2s complement.

I Solution
1001 = 1001
- 1110 + 0010
1,011

Here MSB is
1 without overflow
 Number Systems 1.21

So, the result is 1,101(i.e. keeping MSB as it is and 2s complementing the rest)
(1001)2 (1110)2 = (1, 101)2

Binary multiplication
Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication.

Example 1.25 Multiply the binary numbers (1011)2 and (101)2 .

I Solution
1011
101
1011
0000X
1011XX
110111

The binary multiplication (1011)2 (101)2 = (110111)2 .

Binary division
Binary division also follows a similar procedure as decimal division.

Example 1.26 Divide (11011)2 by (101)2 .

I Solution
1.22 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

Result = 101.01100
Hence, (11011)2 (101)2 = (101.01100)2

1.5.2 Octal arithmetic

As we know that octal system has radix or base 8, the maximum value of digit in
the octal system is 7. So, in this system we use the digits 0, 1, 2, 3,...., 6, 7.
Therefore, 7 + 1 6= 8, as 8 is not available in octal system.
Note: In decimal number systems, we take carry over for numbers 10 during
any arithmetic operation. Likewise, in octal number system we take carry over for
numbers 8.

Octal addition
Example 1.27 Add the octal numbers.

(i) (123)8 and (452)8 .

(ii) (457)8 and (411)8 .

I Solution

(i) 123
+ 452
575
So (123)8 + (452)8 = (575)8
(ii) 457
+ 411
1070
So (457)8 + (411)8 = (1070)8

Octal subtraction
Example 1.28 Subtract the octal numbers.

(i) (765)8 and (234)8 .

(ii) (751)8 and (254)8 .
 Number Systems 1.23

I Solution

(i) 765
- 234
531
So (765)8 (234)8 = (531)8
(ii) 751
- 254
475 (whenever we take a borrow, 8 is added to the digit and then the
required subtraction is carried out).
So (751)8 (254)8 = (475)8

Octal multiplication
Example 1.29 Multiply the octal numbers.
(i) (23)8 and (12)8 .
(ii) (56)8 and (45)8 .

I Solution

(i) 23
12
46
23
276
So (23)8 (12)8 = (276)8
(ii) 56
45
346
270
3246 (6 5 = 30. Subtract the maximum multiple of 8 from 30,
i.e. 8 3 = 24. So, 30 - 24 =6.
|
This 3 represents carry over
So (56)8 (45)8 = (3246)8
1.24 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

Octal division
Example 1.30 Divide the octal numbers.
(i) (24)8 and (2)8 .
(ii) (127)8 and (6)8 .

I Solution

(i) 2)24(12
2
04
4
0
So (24)8 (2)8 = (12)8
(ii) 6) 127 (16.4
6 Hints:
47 (6)8 (2)8 6= (12)8
44 (6)8 (2)8 = (14)8
30 (6)8 (6)8 = (44)8
30 (6)8 (4)8 = (30)8
00
So (127)8 (6)8 = (16.4)8

1.5.3 Hexadecimal arithmetic

Similar to octal arithmetic, hexadecimal arithmetic allows 16 different digits to
represent a hexadecimal number that is 0, 1, 2, 3, .......8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
All the arithmetic operation procedures are similar to the decimal, octal sys-
tem etc .
Note: In hexadecimal system, we take carry over for numbers 16 during arith-
metic operation.

Hexadecimal addition
Example 1.31 Add the following Hexadecimal numbers.
(i) (21A)16 and (1B1)16 .
(ii) (E75)16 and (68B)16 .
 Number Systems 1.25

I Solution

(i) 21A
+ 1B1
3CB
So (21A)16 + (1B1)16 = (3CB)16
(ii) E75
+ 68B
1500
So (E75)16 + (68B)16 = (1500)16

Hexadecimal subtraction
Example 1.32 Subtract the following hexadecimal numbers.

(i) (A68)16 and (837)16 .

(ii) (C93)16 and (BD)16 .

I Solution

(i) A68
837
231
So (A68)16 - (837)16 = (231)16
(ii) C93
BD
BD6 (whenever we borrow, 16 is added to the digit).
So (C93)16 - (BD)16 = (BD6)16

Hexadecimal multiplication
Example 1.33 Multiply the following hexadecimal numbers.

(i) (23)16 and (46)16 .

(ii) (45)16 and (B3)16 .
1.26 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

I Solution

(i) 23
46
D2
8C
992
So (23)16 (46)16 = (992)16
(ii) 45
B3
CF
2F7
303F (B 5 = 55. Subtract the maximum multiple of 16 from 55,
i.e. 16 3 = 48. So, 55 - 48 = 7.
Therefore, keeping 7, 3 is forwarded as carry.
So (45)16 (B3)16 = (303F )16

Hexadecimal division

Example 1.34 Divide the hexadecimal numbers.

(i) (34)16 and (2)16 .

(ii) (136)16 and (8)16 .

I Solution

(i) 2)34(1A
2
14
14
0
[ (2)16 (A)16 = (14)16 ]

So (34)16 (2)16 = (1A)16

 Number Systems 1.27

(ii) 8) 136 (26.C

10 Hints:
36 (8)16 (2)16 6= (16)16
30 (8)16 (2)16 = (10)16
60 (8)16 (6)16 = (30)16
60 (8)16 (C)16 = (60)16
00
So (136)16 (8)16 = (26.C)16

1.6 Floating Point Representation

Floating point representation of numbers is generally used in a number system to
represent very large and very small numbers.
It consists of two parts:

Signed fixed point number called mantissa (m).

The position of the decimal (or radix) point, from which exponent (e) can
be derived.

The standard representation is, mantissa baseexponent .

The base can be 2, 8, 10, 16 etc according to the number system used.
The mantissa as well as the exponent has a 0 in the leftmost position to denote
a plus (+) and 1 to denote a minus (-).
Consider the following decimal +27.198 = 27198 10 3
The above number in the floating point representation will look like,
sign
z}|{
0
|{z} 27198 | 1{z03}.
sign exponent
| {z }
mantissa

The binary representation of this number is

|0 110101000111110
{z } 1100111
| {z }
mantissa exponent
1.28 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

Brain teasers
1. Find out the minimum decimal equivalent of (111C.0).

I Solution
Generally, one would solve the above question as
(1 163 ) + (1 162 ) + (1 161 ) + (C 160 )
But the minimum decimal equivalent can be obtained by looking at the
maximum value present in the question which is C = 12. So, we can
represent the above number in the question with base 13 (i.e. using 0 to 12
digits)

So, the minimum
= (1 133 ) + (1 132 ) + (1 131 ) + (C 130 )
decimal equivalent
= 2197 + 169 + 13 + 12
= 2391

2. Find out the number X in the representation given below :

(257)8 + (1203)4 = (X)16

I Solution
L.H.S in decimal equivalent is

= (2 82 ) + (5 81 ) + (7 80 ) + (1 43 ) + (2 42 )
+ (0 41 ) + (3 40 )
= 128 + 40 + 7 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 3
= (274)10

Converting the above number into binary we get

(274)10 = (100010010)2 = (112)16

3. The solution to the quadratic equation :

x2 11x + 22 = 0
if x = 3 and x = 66; find out the base of the system?
 Number Systems 1.29

I Solution
Let base = b

x2 (1 b0 ) x(1 b1 + 1 b0 ) + 2 b1 + 2 b0 = 0
x2 x(b + 1) + 2b + 2 = 0

Putting x = 3,
9 3(b + 1) + 2b + 2 = 0
b=8

Putting x = 6,
36 6(b + 1) + 2b + 2 = 0
b=8

So, base of the system is 8.

4. From the equation given below, find out the base of the number system:

41 = 5
I Solution

41 = 5
p
4(b) + 1(b0 ) = 5 b0

4b + 1 = 5
4b + 1 = 25
b=6

So, base of the system is 6.

5. If (10001)2 is given in signed 2s complement, what is the actual value?

I Solution
Since, the signed bit is 1, it is a negative number.
Leaving the signed bit as it is, and taking the 2s complement of the remain-
ing gives the magnitude of the actual number.
That is, 2s complement of (0001)2 is (1111)2 = (15)10
So, the actual value in decimal number system is -15
1.30 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

Objective Questions
1. One hex digit is sometimes referred to as a(n):
A. Byte C. Grouping
B. Nibble D. Instruction

2. How many binary digits are required to count to (100) 10 ?

A. 7 B. 2 C. 3 D. 100

3. A binary numbers value changes most drastically when the is

changed.
A. MSB C. LSB
B. Frequency D. Duty cycle

4. Digital electronics is based on the numbering system.

A. Decimal C. Binary
B. Octal D. hexadecimal

5. An information signal that makes use of binary digits is considered to be:

A. Solid state C. Analog
B. Digital D. non-oscillating

6. The 1s complement of 10011101 is .

A. 01100010 C. 01100001
B. 10011110 D. 01100011

7. Convert the decimal number 151.75 to binary.

A. 10000111.11 C. 00111100.00
B. 11010011.01 D. 10010111.11

8. The 2s complement of 11100111 is .

A. 11100110 C. 00011000
B. 00011001 D. 00011010
 Number Systems 1.31

9. Express the decimal number -37 as an 8-bit number in sign-magnitude.

A. 10100101 C. 11011000
B. 00100101 D. 11010001

10. Convert hexadecimal C0B to binary.

A. 110000001011 C. 110000001100
B. 110000001001 D. 110100001011

11. Convert binary 1001 to hexadecimal.

A. 916 B. 1116 C. 10116 D. 1016

12. Convert B516 hexadecimal number to decimal.

A. 212 B. 197 C. 165 D. 181

Answers for objectives

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. A
7. D 8. B 9. A 10. A 11. A 12. D

Exercises
1.1 Convert each binary number into its octal, decimal and hexadecimal equiv-
alent.
a) (1011)2 c) (1011.10)2
b) (110110)2 d) (110110.11010)2

1.2 Convert each decimal number into its equivalent binary, octal and hexadec-
imal equivalent.
a) (25)10 c) (67.89)10
b) (375)10 d) (138.657)10

1.3 Convert each octal number into its equivalent binary, decimal and hexadec-
imal equivalent.
a) (37)8 b) (62)8 c) (23.12)8 d) (54.623)8
1.32 Digital Electronics, an easy approach to learn

1.4 Convert each hexadecimal number into its equivalent binary, octal and dec-
imal equivalent.

a) (19)16 c) (C1.56)16
b) (AF)16 d) (BCD.12)16

1.5 Add, subtract, multiply and divide the following binary numbers:

a) 1011 and 101 b) 11110 and 1011

1.6 Add, subtract, multiply and divide the following octal numbers:

a) 47 and 21 b) 323 and 56

1.7 Add, subtract, multiply and divide the following hexadecimal numbers:

a) FB3 and 23 b) B789 and EC

1.8 Find the 1s and 2s complements of the following:

a) 1011 b) 1000110 c) 1100011

1.9 Find the 9s and 10s complement of the following numbers:

a) 563 b) 24 c) 1079

Answers for exercises

1.1 a) 13, 11, B

b) 66, 54, 36

c) 13.4, 11.5, B.8

d) 66.64, 54.81249, 36.D

 Number Systems 1.33

1.2 a) 11001, 31, 19

b) 101110111, 567, 177
c) 10001010.1110001111...., 103.7075....., 43.E3D7....
d) 10001010.101010000....., 212.5203......, 8A.A831....

1.3 a) 11111, 31, 1F

b) 110010, 50, 32
c) 10011.00101, 19.156249, 13.28
d) 101100.110010011, 44.78710...., 2C.C98

1.4 a) 11001, 31, 25

b) 10101111, 257, 175
c) 11000001.0101011, 301.254, 193.3359.....
d) 101111001101.0001001, 5715.044, 3021.07031.....

1.5 a) 10000, 110, 110111, 10.0011

b) 101001, 10011, 101001010, 10.10111....

1.6 a) 70, 26, 1227, 2.226455.....

b) 401, 245, 22752, 4.4544....

1.7 a) FD6, F90, 22579, 72.D41

b) B875, B69D, A9324C, C7.16C7....

1.8 a) 0100, 0101

b) 0111001, 0111010
c) 0011100, 0011101

1.9 a) 436, 437

b) 75, 76
c) 8920, 8921