FAISAL 157835466

DEIXIS

1. Introduction.

Linguistic as the science of the study of language has different branches, The
branches of which are fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, semantik, pragmatik. Phonology
is the branch of linguistics that examines language sounds by function. Morphology
is the branch of linguistics that examines morpheme and combinations. Syntactic
language is a branch of science that examines the merger lingual units, which are
words that form a larger unit lingual form phrases, clauses, sentences, and
discourse. Semantics is the branch of linguistics that study the meaning of the
words, phrases and sentences. (Yule, 1996b). Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics
that study of intended speaker meaning. Pracmatics studies language structure
externally, that is how the linguistic unit that is used in communication.
Pragmatics as a branch of linguistics that stands alone has a fairly complex field
of study. Areas of study that are studied in pragmatics there are : Deixis, Reference,
Anaphora, Presupposition, Speech act and Politness.
Based on the above naration, this paper will only discuss a quite interesting as a
study of the language included in the study of pragmatics that is deixis.

2. Terminologi.
The term deixis, firstly comes from Yunani : deiktikos, means that pointing via
languange Any linguistic form used to do this pointing is calls a deictic expression
(Yule, 1996a). Then it has been taken and reformed into an English word as Deixis.
In English, The term deixis applies to the use of expressions in which the meaning
can be traced directly to features of the act of utterance--when and where it takes
place, and who is involved as speaker and as addressee.
Deixis means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the
extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as who is speaking the time or place of
speaking, the gestures of the speaker, or the current location in the discourse. Here
are examples of deictic expressions: I, You, Now, There, That, The following,
Tenses. In the other word, we say it is a word or phrase (such as this, that, these,
those, now, then) that points to the time, place, or situation in which the speaker is
speaking.
3. Types of Deixis.

According to Yule, there are three types of Deixis : Personal deixis, Spatial deixis
and Temporal deixis.

1) Personal deixis.
Personal deixis is any expression used to point to a person or to indicate
people. The distinction just described involves person deixis with the
SPEAKER and THE ADDRESSEE mentioned.
Speaker : I
Addresse : YOU
Other : SHE, HE, IT, (neither speaker nor addressee)

Personal deixis related to the pronoun of the speaker whose utterence belong
to, or the first person and one for addresessee or we know as the second
person. For example, shows below :

Aria : Besok saya akan pergi ke Papua. Kalau kamu?

Wahyu : Saya ada janji dengan teman di pustaka.
In that examples above, the use of pronoun SAYA can belong to both
speakers, the first SAYA refers to Aria, and the second refers to Wahyu. So,
we can infer that the pronoun SAYA has reference meaning which depends
on the situation and condition when the untterence is used. This call the
Deixis, when the pronoun can be used and moved depending on the the
situation when and where probably the utterence spoken.

2) Spatial deixis.
Spatial deixis Also known as : Place deixis or space deixis. It is : Any
expression or word used to point to a location. The location may be either
those of the speaker and the addresse or those persons or objects being
referred to, such as :
Determiners : this/that
 Verbs specifying motion toward/away from speaker : come, go,
bring, take, etc
Adverbs (intransitive prepositions) : here/there

Example of Spatial deixis :

Iqbal: Abi dimana?

Abi: Disini, iqbal cepat ke sini! Kamu dimana?
Iqbal: Ya disini!

From the example above, we can see the dialogue use the same word here =
disini but the person is not in the same location.

The words like this and that and here and there belong to a system of spatial
deixis. The here/there distinction is also found in pairs of verbs such as
come/go and bring/take.For example:

Aria : I will go that city someday, will you go there either?

Wahyu : O.K. I will meet you there.

3) Temporal deixis.
Temporal deixis also known as time deixis. It is Any expression used to point
a time. Temporal deixis found in words like now, then, yesterday, and
tomorrow, and in phrases such as last month and next year." The use now,
tomorrow etc. Do not indicate that the time Now and Tomorrow are used at
the same time of the day when the utterence used. For instance, tomorrow i
am going to marry you this not indicate that tomorrow on February, 2016 the
merriage between you and me probably accure. It depends on when the
utterence is used by the speakers. There always probability in temporal
deixis, the utterence may happend in 1998, 2005 etc.
It also has the same case with the use of Now. Example : Sekarang bayar
besok gratis in english meaning : pay now for free tomorrow. This sentence
usually finds in canteen, store and traditional kiosk. If we dont know the
context from the situation where the sentence is sticked, we will confuse on
the meaning from that sentence. The real meaning from the sentence is :
should not owe in this place.
4. Deixis and Grammar.
The basic distinctions for person, spatial, and temporal deixis can be seen in
English grammar are presented in direct and indirect speech. The distinction is to
show what the speaker want. By identifying this distinction through direct and
indirect, we can understand the position of the speaker, close to object or Far
from Object.
More over, Deixis is clearly a form of referring that is tied to the speaker's context,
with the most basic distinction between deictic expressions being 'near speaker'
versus 'away from speaker'. In English, the 'near speaker', or proximal terms, are
'this', 'here', 'now'. The 'away from speaker', or distal terms, are 'that', 'there',
'then'. Proximal terms are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker's location,
or the deictic center ,so that 'now' is generally understood as referring to some
point or period in time that has the time of the speaker's utterance at its center.
Distal terms can simply indicate 'away from speaker', but, in some languages ,
can be used to distinguish between 'near addressee' and 'away from both
speaker and addressee'.
Example :
( DIRECT SPEECH) --- near addresse
Are you planning to be here this evening?
(INDIRECT SPEECH) --- away from both speaker and addresse
I asked her if she was planning to be there that evening.

5. Conclusion.
Deictic expressions come from Greek word deixis which means : pointing via
languange. Any experession used to point person (me,you,him,them) is an
example of person deixis. Words used to point a location (here,there) are
examples of place deixis, and those used to point to a time (now, then, tonight,
last week) are examples of time deixis.

References
Yule, George. 1996a. Pragmatics. Great Britain: Oxford University Press.
Yule, George. 1996b. The Study of Languange. Great Britain: University Press of Cambridge.