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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
Since the portion considered is very small, the magnetic field given by it at point P will also be small.
By experimental observations and empirically also, dB is found to depend on several factors.
i) Here dB is the measurement of magnetic energy which arises from the electrical energy
represented by I which act respectively as output and input. Therefore they should have
direct dependency. i.e.
dB I
ii) In a certain length of a conductor, certain amount of charge is present at a moment and the
magnetic effect it can produce depend on the total number of charges, which in turn
depend on the length consider, i.e.
dB dl
iii) Any force or phenomena which spread out spherically have inverse proportionality to the
square of the distance between the source and point of observation.
1
dB
r2
iv) Similarly the magnetic field is found to be least when the angle between r and dl is the
smallest (00) and it is largest when the angle is 90o. So,
dB sin
Therefore overall,
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
Idl sin
dB
r2
Idl sin
Or, dB = k
r2
o
In SI units, the value of k = = 10-7 Hm-1
4
Idl sin
Or, dB = o
4 r 2
This expression is called as Biot Savart Law or Laplace Law. It is the basic formula to find the
magnetic field due to any structures for which all the dBs along the length of the structure have to be
added to find out the total B.
Idl sin
dB = k , where is the angle between dl and
r2
r.
Here wherever dl is considered, the angle between it and r is always equal to 900. Therefore,
Idl sin 90 0 kIdl
dB = k 2
= 2
r r
The overall magnetic field will be equal to the sum of all these small magnetic fields.
kIdl
i.e. B= dB Or, B= r2
kI
r2
Or, B= dl
Here the variable is l. if all the small dls are added one by one, l will extend from l = 0 to l =
circumference (= 2 r ).
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
kI 2 r kI 2 r kI
B = 2 dl Or, B= [l]0 Or, B= 2 r
r 0 r2 r2
kI 2 I 2I
Or, B= 2 Or, B= k Or, B= o
r r 4 r
o I
Or, B= , (r is the radius of the coil)
2r
If the number of coils is more than one, for example n, the magnetic field will be
o nI
B=
2r
Since dl is very small, points A and C lie very close to each other.
So in triangle ABD,
BD
sinBAD =
AB
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
BD
Or, sin = Or, AB sin = BD
AB
Or, dl sin = BD.(i)
BD
Similarly in triangle BDP, sinBPD =
BP
BD
Or, sin d =
BP
Since dl is very small, B & C also lie close together. So BP = CP = r. Similarly the angle d is also
very small. So, sin d = d .
BD
So, d =
r
Therefore,
r d = BD .. (ii)
PQ PQ
In triangle CPQ, cosCPQ = or, cos =
CP CP
a Cos 1
or, cos = or, =
r a r
kI cos
which means dB = d
a
The total magnetic field is given by summing up all these small dBs throughout the whole length of
the conductor.
kI cos
Total magnetic field (B) = dBd = a
d
Here the variable varies within certain given values 1 and 2 , where 1 is the angle formed by
the lower tip of the conductor at P and 2 is by the upper tip. But when the angle goes below PQ, its
value becomes negative, since 1 < 00.
kI 2 kI
[sin ]12
a
B = cos d =
a
1
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
kI
Or, B = [sin 2 sin 1 ]
a
This is the expression for the magnetic field at a certain point due to a straight conductor of finite
length at a distance a such that the angles formed at the two ends 1 and 2 .
Special case:
In most cases the wires are very long compared to the distance of the point of observation from the
wire in such cases, the angles will be 90 o at both sides.
kI kI kI
B = sin sin = 1 + sin = [1 + 1]
a 2 2 a 2 a
2kI
Or, B =
a
o 2 o I
Using the value of k as gives B =
4 4 a
o I
B=
2a
Let a circular coil be considered of radius R in which current is flowing as shown in the figure. Let P
be a point in the axis of the coil where the total magnetic field due to the coil is to be determined. For
this let two small position of the coil each of length dl be considered at the top & bottom, exactly
opposite of to each other.
The position dl at the top will give magnetic lines of force in the direction PQ at P and its value is
given by
IdlSin
dB = k
r2
Here is the angle between dl & r which is equal to 900 in this case Sin = Sin900 = 1, therefore,
kIdl
dB = .(i)
r2
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
r Q
R
dB
I
P
x T
dBR
I dB
S
r
N'
kIdl
Similarly the magnetic field at P due to dl at the bottom is also given by dB = along PS.
r2
Because of these two dBs the resultant magnetic field will be along the direction PT. Let its value be
dBR.
Let the angle between r and OP is , then angle NPQ = NPS = i.e.
QPT = SPT = 900 -
QPS = 180 O 2
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
The total magnetic field will be equal to the sum of all the dBRs due to all the pairs of dls considered
throughout the circle for which l will extend from 0 to R (i.e. half of circumference).
R R
B = dB R or, B = 2 sin dB
0 0
R
kIdl 2 sin kI R
or, B = 2 sin 2
or, B = dl
0 r r2 0
R
2 0 IR
r 4 o IR 2
or, B = or, B =
r2 2r 3
o IR 2
B =
(
2 R2 + x2 ) 3
2
If the point P is exactly at the centre, i.e. x = 0, in such case, R= r and the value of B would be given
by
o IR2 o IR2
B = =
( )
2 R2
3
2 2R 3
oI
B = , (R is the radius of the coil).
2R
This value is exactly same as the value of the magnetic field of a circular coil at its center.
The magnetic field due to one circular coil at a certain distance x from point P is,
2kIR2
B =
(R 2
+ x2 ) 3
2
Here the term R2 + x2 = r 2 denotes the square of the distance of the point P from each point of the
circumference of that single coil. The number of coils present in dx length is equal to ndx.
Therefore the magnetic field given by coils present in dx length or ndx number of coils is given by
2kIR 2
Bndx = (ndx)
(R 2
+x 2
) 3
2
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
dx
A C B
D r r r
R
However compared to the magnetic field exerted by the whole solenoid, this magnetic field is very
small. So it is denoted by dBndx
2kIR 2
i.e. dBndx = (ndx)
(R 2
+x 2
) 3
2
Let P be connected to A, B as well as C, where C is the centre of AB. Let CPQ = , then BCP = .
Since AB is very short length, points A & C lie very close to each other. Therefore BQP = .
Similarly BPA denotes the small variation in , so, BPA = d
In triangle BDP,
BD
sin d = Or, BP sin d = BD
BP
Here, points B and c are very close to each other due to short length of AB. Therefore, BP = CP = r.
Similarly d is also a very small angle so, sin d d
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
rd
sin dx = rd Or, dx =
sin
2kIR 2 n rd
Or, dBndx =
( 3
R 2 + x 2 2 sin )
2
2 kIR n rd
Or, dBndx = 3
(since, R2 + x2 = r 2)
r sin
d
Or, dBnd x = 2 knI sin 2
Sin
Or, dBnd x = 2 knI sin d
Generally solenoids are designed in such a way that the radius is very-very small compared to the
length. In such case angles 1 and 2 will range from the minimum 00 through the maximum 1800. In
such case,
B
0
[
= 2 knI cos 0 cos 180
0
]
Or, B = 2 knI[1 ( 1)]
Or, B = 4knI
o
Using k = gives
4
B = o nI
The magnetic field due to the circular coil at its axis is given by
2kIR2 2 2
3
2 2
B = = 2kIR (R + x )
(R 2
+ x2 ) 3
2
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
32
dB d(R2 + x 2 )
2 2 3 2 2
5
Or, = 2kIR = 2kIR (R + x ) 2 (2x )
dx dx 2
5
2 2 2 2
= 6 kIR x(R + x )
d2 B d2 5
Or, = 6 kIR [x (R2 + x 2 ) 2 ]
dx 2 dx
2 d 5 5 dx
= 6 kIR x (R2 + x 2 ) 2 + (R2 + x 2 ) 2
dx dx
2 5 2 7 5
2 2 2
= 6 kIR x (R + x ) 2 (2x) + (R + x ) 2
2
= 6 kIR 5x (R + x ) 2 + (R + x ) 2
7 5
2 2 2 2 2 2
5x 2 1
2
= 6 kIR 7
+ 5
(R2 + x 2 ) 2 (R 2 + x 2 ) 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 5x + (R + x ) 2 (R 4 x )
= 6 kIR 7
= 6 kIR 7
(R2 + x 2 ) 2 (R2 + x 2 ) 2
d2 B
The quantity =0, when R2 4x2 = 0,
dx 2
dB R
i.e. = constant when R2 = 4x2 , or x =
dx 2
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
R
R
R R
R
This means in the regions where the distance of a point from the coil is around , i.e. it is at a
2
R
distance of at both the sides, the magnetic field would be decreasing at a constant rate, i.e. it will
2
decrease by the same amount for the same distance from the coil if taken away from the coil and
increase by the same amount for the same distance from the coil if brought near.
R
So if a point is at the specified distance of a coil and another similar coil is placed at a further
2
R R
distance of , it will be at the right of one coil and left of the other, i.e. the distance will be
2 2
R
from one coil and from the other. So, first coil is causing reduction in the magnetic field at a
2
constant rate if an object is taken from left to right at that region but at the same time, the coil at the
right will be increasing the value of the magnetic field there by the same rate. That means the value
of the magnetic field will be constant in that region. So in order to have uniform magnetic field, the
R R
overall distance between two identical coils will be + = R . This is the Helmholtz Coil
2 2
Arrangement.
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Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
R
The total magnetic field at those regions (x= ) is given by
2
2 kIR 2 R
BHelmholtz = 2 , where x=
(R 2
+ x2 ) 3
2 2
2 kIR 2 4 kIR 2 4 kIR 2 4 kIR 2
i.e. BHelmholtz = 2 3
= 3
= 3
= 3
2 R 2 2
2 R2 2
4R 2 + R 2 2
5R 2 2
R + R + 4 4
2 4
o
Since k = , 4 k = o . Therefore,
4
32 32
2 4 2 43 2 4 3 2 o IR 2 4 oI
BHelmholtz = o IR 2
= o IR = =
5R (5R ) 2 32 53 2 R 3 5 R
32
4 o I 0.7155 o I
Or, B Helmholtz = =
5 R R
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