CEE 361 Exam 2 Study Guide

Exam Date: Thurs 6/01/2017

The exam will contain several conceptual questions based on the following topics:

Population Dynamics
What are the 3 growth models? (Exponential, Logistic, Monod)
Exponential growth model equation and application
o Definition of doubling time
Logistic growth model equation and applications
o Definition of carrying capacity
o What is environmental resistance?
Resource limited/Monod Growth equation and applications
o What is the difference between and for Monod growth?
o What is the half saturation constant (Ks)?
o Trends for Ks (what does a higher or lower value indicate?)
Bacteria growth curve vs substrate concentrations
o What are the 4 phases of cell growth? How do they match up with substrate
concentration?

Oxygen Demand
What are the two types of oxygen demand? (carbonaceous and nitrogenous)
What happens if high quantity of organic wastes are put into the environment?
Theoretical oxygen demand: Calculate CThOD and NThOD
BOD
o What is BOD?
o What is the difference between BOD5 and ultimate BOD?
o How do you calculate BOD5?
o BOD Remaining and BOD used curves
o Equations for BOD ultimate and BOD used
o Why do we calculate BOD5 instead of BOD10 or BOD ultimate? (look at last
graph from Lecture 6 on 5/25/17)

Risk
What is an MCL?
What are the 4 components of risk assessment?
How do we calculate dose?
What is a reference dose?
Carcinogens
o Calculate risk
o Calculate acceptable concentration
Non-carcinogens
o Calculate hazard quotient. How do we tell if a compound poses a significant risk
or not?
o Calculate acceptable concentration
Solved practice problems:

1. Exponential Growth and Doubling Time

In 2005, the United States produced 4.0x1012 kWh/yr of electricity. The average annual
growth rate of U.S. electricity demand in the previous 15 years was about 1.8%. Estimate
electricity consumption in 2050 if the growth rate remains constant.

1.8% 0.018
= 2005 = 4 1012 /yr = =

= 2050 = ? ?

=
0.018 1 (20502005)
= 4 1012


= .

Calculate the doubling time for this problem

ln(2) 0.693
= = = .
1
0.018

2. Logistical Growth

Suppose we stock a pond with 100 fish and note that the population doubles in the first
year (with no harvesting). But, after a number of years, the population stabilizes at what
we think must be the carrying capacity of the pond, 2000 fish. Growth seems to have
followed a logistic curve

a) Find the growth rate

ln(2)
=

ln(2) 0.693 1
= = = 0.693
1

b) How many years does it take for the pond population to reach 625 fish?

=

1 + [( ) ]

 2000
( 1) ( 1)
625
ln ( ) ln ( )
2000 100
( ) ( )
100
= = = .
1
0.693

3. Monod Growth

Consider two genetically engineered organisms intended for use in a chemical spill
cleanup. Organism A has a of 1 d-1 and a Ks of 0.1 mg/L. Organism B has a
of 5 d-1 and Ks of 5 mg/L. Chemical levels are initially on the order of 100 mg/L;
the goal is to reduce concentrations to below 0.1 mg/L. We wish to use the organisms in
sequence, first one organism to rapidly reduce chemical levels before they can spread and
second, an organism to reduce chemical levels to the target concentration of 0.1 mg/L.
Which organism would be most effective in rapidly reducing levels of pollution? Which
organism would be most effective in reducing the pollutant to trace levels?

Organism A

100
1 1
= = = 0.999
+ 0.1
+ 100

Organism B
100
5 1
= = = 4.76
+ 5
+ 100

Since the maximum specific growth rate of organism B is larger than organism A,
organism B will be better at rapidly reducing levels of pollution, as it can grow very
quickly. The slower growing organism B will stick around for longer and reduce the
pollutant to trace levels.

4. Theoretical oxygen demand

A waste contains 100 mg/L of C3H7OH and 50 mg/L of NH3-N. Calculate the theoretical
carbonaceous, theoretical nitrogenous, and total theoretical oxygen demands.

First, write the balance equation for organic carbon

9
3 7 + 2 32 + 42
2
Next, calculate CThOD
 9
1 13 7 2 322
100 3 7 ( )( )( 2 )( )
1000 60 1 3 7 12
1000 2
( ) = 240

Follow the same steps for NThOD

3 + 22 3 + + + 2

1 13 22 322 1000
50 3 ( )( )( )( )( )
1000 14 1 3 12
2
= 228.6

Total Theoretical Oxygen Demand

2 2 2
240 + 228.6 = 468.6

5. BOD 1

BOD Remaining vs Time

40
35
BOD Remaining (mg/L)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Days

The above plot shows BOD remaining vs time for a sample of effluent taken from a
wastewater treatment plant.
a) What is the ultimate BOD (Lo)?
b) Wat is the 5-day BOD?
c) What is L5?
a) Ultimate BOD is 40 mg O2/L
b) BOD5 = 15 mg O2 / L
c) L5 is what is left at day 5
2
5 = 5 = 40 15 = 25

6. BOD 2
Suppose you are to measure the BOD removal rate for a primary wastewater treatment
plant. You take a sample of raw sewage on its way into the plant and a sample of the
effluent leaving the plant. Standard 5-day BOD tests are run on the two samples,
producing the following data

Sample Source Dilution DOi (mg/L) DOf (mg/L)

1 Raw 1:30 9.2 2.2
2 Treated 1:20 9.0 2.0

Find the BOD5 for the raw and treated sewage, and the percent removal of BOD in the
treatment plant

9.2 2.2 2
5 = = = 210
1
30
9.0 2.0 2
5 = = = 140
1
20
210 140
% = = 33.3%
210

7. Risk, Carcinogen
Assume that a chemical of concern has a concentration of 10 mg/L in drinking water and
that adults drinking 2L of water per day. Assume that an adult male weighs 70kg.

a) What is the dose of the contaminant for the adults?

10 2

= = = 0.29
70

b) What is the risk associated with this exposure? Assume the dose is applied over a 70
year lifetime and the chemical found in the water is benzene, a known carcinogen.
The oral slope factor for benzene is 0.055 (mg/kg-day)-1 for oral ingestion of benzene.

= = 0.29 . .


: 1


= 0.29 0.055 = 0.0157

What does this answer mean?

If 100 individuals were exposed to benzene at this concentration over their lifetime,
1.57 individuals would develop cancer.
If extrapolated to a population of 1 million, we would expect 15,700 individuals to
develop cancer. This is much higher than risk limit of 10-4 or 10-6.

c) What is an acceptable concentration for benzene for an acceptable risk of 1 cancer

occurrence in 1 million people? Assume ingestion rate is 2 L/day, exposure factor is
350 days/year, exposure duration is 30 years, and averaging time is a life time length
of 70 years.

365
106 70 70

=
2
0.055 350 30


= 0.00154 1.54 = 1.54

8. Risk, Non-Carcinogen
See examples 6.7 and 6.8 in the book (page 282)

Key equations:

= =

Remember your unit conversions!

If the hazard quotient is less than 1, we can assume there is no appreciable risk from the
compound for the individual drinking in the water