Important global statistics have shown that the fathers overall presence

contributes positive for children and adolescents happiness (Dubowitz et al.,2001),

(Flouri & Buchanan, 2003a) (psychological adjustment (Veneziano, 2000). Harper
and Fine (2006) suggest that the fathers contribution to their childs development
is important, even when father doesnt reside with the child or adolescent. The
involvement of fathers benefits the life of adolescents in a positive way with less
behavior problem reviews adolescents differences in psychological adjustment
(self esteem and problem behavior), school performance (school achievement and
students grade point average), and relationship s (Dubowitz et al., 2001; Formoso,
Gonzales, Barrera, & Dumka, 2007), less psychological distress and leads to high
levels of self-reported happiness (Flouri, 2005). When adolescents experience less
parental monitoring they behave more aggressive (Hay, 2001, Loeber &
Stouthamer- Loeber, 1986).
Most of the studies on the role of fathers on the psychological well being and
school performance of adolescents have been carried out in Western societies
(Mischel, Shoda, & Peake, 1988) (Biller, 1993), (Mischel et al., 1988). Research
on the role of fatherhood concerning psychological well being was for decades
drawn from Western and East European societies (Schwartz & Finley, 2006),
(Veneziano, 2000), (Lamb, 2010). Research done on fatherhood is often combined
with topics such as fertility, marriage, step fathering, health, and paternity from a
cross-cultural perspective (Yuan & Hamilton, 2006) (Gray & Anderson, 2012).
Less is known about fatherhood in societies where adolescents are used to living in
a female-headed household, such as the situation in Aruba where several social,
economic and cultural problems and a politic and historical background influence
the life of the adolescents and children (Wal van der, 2011)(Unicef, 2013).
 Some researches on fatherhood have been often combined with topics as
fertility, marriage, step fathering, health, paternity, psychological well being, and
school performance from a cross-cultural perspective (Yuan & Hamilton, 2006;
Gray & Anderson, 2012). Some of the studies on fathers' influence on adolescents
psychological well being and school performance have shown that fathers' overall
presence contributes positively on adolescents' happiness (Dubowitz et al.,2001;
Flouri & Buchanan, 2003a; Veneziano, 2000). Harper and Fine (2006) suggest that
the fathers contribution to their childs development is important, even when he
does not reside in the same house. Other researchers have found that the
involvement of the father benefits the life of the adolescent in a positive way as it
has been found that adolescents present less behavior problems, differences in
psychological adjustment (self esteem and problem behavior), better school
performance (better school achievements, higher students grade point average,
improved peer relationships (Dubowitz et al., 2001; Formoso, Gonzales, Barrera,
& Dumka, 2007). Flouri (2005) also detected less psychological distress as well as
higher levels of self-reported happiness. Furthermore, some studies concluded that
when adolescents experience less parental monitoring they tend to behave more
aggressively (Hay, 2001; Loeber & Stouthamer- Loeber, 1986). However, most of
these researches have been carried out in Western and East European societies
(Mischel, Shoda, & Peake, 1988; Mischel et al., 1988; Biller, 1993; Schwartz &
Finley, 2006; Veneziano, 2000; Lamb, 2010). Less is known about fatherhood in
societies where adolescents are used to live in a female-headed household, such as
the situation in Aruba where several social, economic and cultural problems as
well as a political and historical background influence the life of adolescents and
children (Wal van der, 2011; Unicef, 2013).