Volume No. 1 Issue No.

3 International Journal on ISSN: 2456-5695

Fundamentals of Science and Engineering Research

AN ASSESSMENT ON HUMANOID ROBOT

M. Lakshmi Prasad [1] S. Giridhar [2] Sk. Shahamil [3]
[1, 2, 3]
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, NBKRIST, Nellore, AP, India

jashuchintala@gmail.com,srinadh418@gmail.com,giridhar.reddy782@gmail.com,
shaikchotu333@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence is combination of a computer science, psychology, philosophy, which deals with
different fields from machine vision to expert system. This paper gives disciplined description about AI
techniques, which explores knowledge and further informs the history and process of development of AI
including HOLY GRAIL Turings test. It enlightens various theories on artificial neural networking, a
mimic of human brain including parallel computation and extends its emphasis on Expert systems, Common
sense and Fuzzy logic, which are the advanced developments of knowledge-based systems. Here, report
exemplifies various applications in fields such as Chess, Robotics, Defense and Revolution in hearing care
(Adapto ). Furthermore we tried to focus on various researches which are being carried out in different
laboratories around the world. This also debates on the existence of AI for future generations. Finally, we
have specified the consequences of AI with humanity and ended with an interesting conclusion.

I.INTRODUCTION TO AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on
behaviors that human considers intelligent. The dream of creating intelligent machine has intrigued humans
since ancient times and came into reality with the advent of computers and 50 years of research. These
smart machines can mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chess player and
countless other feats never before possible, equal or exceed human abilities, and became an important part
of most business and Government operations as well as daily activities having the near future with AI
impacting human lives.

WHAT IS AI?
AI is a combination of computer science, physiology, philosophy. AI is the study of the computations that
make the machine possible to perceive reason and act. AI helps in designing smart machines that can
think.In order to classify machines as thinking it is necessary to define as it embodies all off the
knowledge and feats, both conscious and unconscious, which is acquired through study and experience,
highly refined sight and sound perception, thought, imagination; the ability to converse, read, drive a car,
memorize and recall facts, express and fell emotions and much more just like remembering a face not seen
for thirty or more years, or to build and send rockets to the moon. It is those capabilities that set
homosapiens apart from other forms of living things. Hence, researches in the fields to satisfy the conditions
and requirements have aided scientists in building intelligent machines which is one of the most challenging
approaches facing experts in building systems that mimic the behavior of human brain, made up of billions
of neurons and arguably the most complex matter is in the universe.

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Volume No. 1 Issue No. 3 International Journal on ISSN: 2456-5695
Fundamentals of Science and Engineering Research

HISTORY OF AI
Evidence of artificial intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development of
the electronic computer in 1941, the technology finally became available to create machine intelligence with
the invention of an electronic means of processing data, which made AI possible. It is found that one of the
most certified tests for intelligent behavior is the ability to communicate effectively. Indeed this was the
purpose of the test consisting of a person asking questions via keyboard to both a person and an intelligent
machine. This test has become the HOLY GRAIL of the AI community.

Fig 1.History of AI

NEWELL and SIMON developed the logic theory, considered by many to be the first AI program
representing each problem as a tree model. In 1956 John McCarthy regarded as the father of AI organized a
conference named The Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, which brought
together the founders in AI and served to lay the ground work for the future of AI research. From the
researches made for the development of AI it is found that neural networks in AI act as a mimic to that of
the networking in human brain.

II.NEURAL NETWORKING
In the quest to create intelligent machines the field of AI has split into several different approaches based on
the opinions about the most promising methods and theories with two approaches; bottom-up and top-down.
Bottom-up theorists believe the best way to achieve AI is to build electronic replicas of the human brains
complex network of resources, while the top-down approaches attempts to mimic the brains behavior with
computer programs.

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Volume No. 1 Issue No. 3 International Journal on ISSN: 2456-5695
Fundamentals of Science and Engineering Research

NEURAL NETWORKS AND PARALLEL COMPUTATION

Fig 2.Neural Networks

The human brain is made up of a web of billions of cells called neurons and understanding its complexities
is seen as one of the last frontiers in scientific research. It is the aim of AI research that prefers this bottom-
up approach the construct electronic circuits that act as neurons do in the human brain. Although much of
the working of the brain remains unknown, the complex networks of neurons are what give human
intelligent characteristics. The average human brains weighs about 3.3 pounds and contains an estimated no
1012 neurons. The neurons and their inter connection capabilities provide about 1014 bits of potential storage
capacity.

But it self-neurons is not intelligent but when grouped together neurons are able to pass electronic signals
together networks. The neurons firing pass a signal to the next in the chain. Research has shown that a
signal received by a neuron travels through the dendrite region and down the axon separating nerve cells is a
gap called the synapse in order for the signal to be transferred to the next neuron the signal must be
converted from electrical energy. The signal can then be received by the next neuron and processed.An
important back of mathematics logic binary numbers were also the basis of the AI this is the basis of
computer simulated neural networks also know as parallel computing.

McCulloch and Pitts, using Booles principles wrote a paper on neural network theory. It state that one of
the level of single neuron the release of failure to release an impulse was the basis by which the brain makes
true/false decisions using the idea of feedback theory. Their theory showed how the firing of signals
between connected neurons cause the brain to make decisions. McCulloch and Pitts theory is the basis of the
artificial neural network theory.

With new top-down methods becoming popular parallel computing up put on hold. Now rural network are
making a return and same researches believe that with new computer architectures parallel computing and
the bottom theory will be a during factor in creating AI. These theories touched on some of the main
methods used to create intelligence. These approaches have been applied to different systems using variety
of programs, which are based on knowledge.

III.KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS

Knowledge is defined as the body of facts and principles accumulated by human kind or the act. Generally
the limited usage of laws and axioms were less effective in solving problems of any complexity. These
realizations eventually led to the design known as knowledge based systems. Knowledge based systems get
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Volume No. 1 Issue No. 3 International Journal on ISSN: 2456-5695
Fundamentals of Science and Engineering Research

their power from the expert knowledge that has been coded into fact rules, heuristics and procedures... The
knowledge based systems were real world problem solvers, tackling tasks such as determining complex
chemical structures of atomic constituents and mass spectra data from samples of the compounds and later
performing diagnosis of infectious blood diseases.

Further researches on the knowledge based systems inferences the fields such as
1. Experts systems
2. Common sense
3. Fuzzy logic

IV.EXPERT SYSTEMS
Expert systems, one of the developments of knowledge based systems; solve problems that are normally
solved by human experts which require a kind of intelligence and reasoning mechanism. To solve expert
level problems, expert systems need access to a substantial domain knowledge base, which was built as
efficiently as possible.

The most widely used way of representing knowledge in expert systems is as a set of production rules. For
example, say the situation was birthday party. A system could call on its birthday frame and use the
information contained in the frame to apply the situation. The system knows that there is usually cake and
presents because of the information contained in the knowledge frame. The use of frames also allows the
system to add knowledge. Experts systems are even applicable in forecasting weather

Because of the large storage capacity computers ranging in 1012, expert systems had the potential to
interpret statistics in order to solve the problem like a detective solves a mystery. For example, charts like
these represent the logic of Expert systems.

Fig 3.Expert Systems

Expert systems have the power and range to aid to benefit and some cases replace humans and human
experts, if used with discretion will benefit human kind.

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Volume No. 1 Issue No. 3 International Journal on ISSN: 2456-5695
Fundamentals of Science and Engineering Research

V.COMMON SENSE
Computers have entirely deserved reputation for lacking common sense. A number of techniques can be
used to enable an AI program to represent and reason with common sense knowledge. Non atomic logics
can support default reasoning, an important aspect of common sense. As of yet, no program can match the
common sense reasoning powers. This is due, impart to the large amount of knowledge required for
common sense. Memory is another key aspect to common sense.

Memory Organization Memory is central to common sense behavior. Memory is also the basis for
learning. A system that cannot learn cannot, in practice, posse common sense. Psychology and AI seek to
address these issues. It is difficult to know which script is retrieve. It is hard to modify a script. More recent
work reduces script individual scenes, which can be made shade across multiple structures.

Case Based Reasoning Computer systems that solve new problems by analogy with old ones are often
called as case based reasoning (CBR). A CBR system draws its power from a large case library, rather
than from a set of basic principles. A general CBR system must be able to learn a proper set of indices from
experience. The idea is to starts solving problems with a heuristic search engine.

VI. FUZZY LOGIC

Fuzzy logic acts as an alternative for representing some kinds of uncertain knowledge. It is possible to
define a reasoning system based on techniques for combining distributions. Such reasonings have been
applied in control systems as Simplified control of Robots
(a) Software design for industrial projects
(b) Prediction for early recognition of earth quakes.

VII.APPLICATIONS
The study of issue of AI for quite some time now made to know all the terms and facts related to it. But
what is really needed to know is what can be done to get human hand on some AI today. AI with its learning
capabilities can accomplish these tasks. The advanced applications of AI are

ROBOTICS The applications of automatic machines to perform tasks are traditionally done by humans.
Many are now capable of simple decision making without the intervention of operator using AI
techniques. Some of the latest and advanced robots that can be seen are : Frog bout Robot, Jumping
Robot
CHESS AI based game playing programs combine intelligence with entertainment. On game with
strong AI ties is chess. World chess champion playing programs can see ahead twenty plus moves in
advance for each move they make. In three minutes, Deep thought considers 126 million moves, while
human chess master on average considers less than 2 moves.
AI IN DEFENSE The military put AI based hardware to the test of war during desert storm. AI based
technologies in missile systems, heads up displays and other advancements.

AI REACHING THE EAR According to press reports on October 20th 2001 in New Zealand, Oticon
had launched the first AI hearing aid that works like a human ear. Adpoto is a hearing aid that
understands peoples, containing a host of cutting edge software including voice activation. It may sound
quite simple. It not only recognizes but priorities human speech signals over others sounds in the
environment.

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Volume No. 1 Issue No. 3 International Journal on ISSN: 2456-5695
Fundamentals of Science and Engineering Research

VIII.ADVANCE RESEARCHES

Many famous research institutes around the world are undertaking the important advanced researches
related to AI. Some of those researches are:

A. Robotics Coco Is A Small Ape Like Robot, To Explore Humanoid Intelligence. It Requires Large
Amount Of Parallel Computation In Order To Support Rich Real Time And Multi Model Sensory Input
And Complex Behavioral Output.
Current Researches on Coco at Present:
Brain Infra Structure For Coco
A Mobile Coco For Social Interaction
Medial Axis Representation for the Analysis of Human Shaping Image.
Some Other Famous Robots Are Cog, Kismet, And Macaco.

B. Medical Vision Group: Its Goal Is To Develop New Algorithms For Medical Images Analysis And
Visualization Of Medical Imaginary As Well As To Build Vision Based System For Surgical Navigation
And Surgical Planning. In This Project Image Guided System, Medical Image Analysis And
Visualization Are The Main Three Categories.

C. Project Aries: Todays parallel machines suffer from unvarying degrees from poor programmability,
inadequate network performance and limited scalability. The Aries research group is exploring novel
processor, network and software constructs to overcome these limitations.

IX.CONCLUSION
In the coming decades one should not expect that human race will become extinct and be replaced by AI.
One can expect that classical AI will go on producing more and more sophisticated applications in restricted
domains. But any time one can expect common sense will continue to be disappointed may even in the past.
At vulnerable points these will continue to be exposed as blind automata. In conclusion, we wont see full
AI in human lives, but should live to get a good feel for whether are not it is possible and how it could be
achieved by our descendants. At last it can be said, AI is possiblebut it wont happen.

REFERENCES
[1]. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
[2]. Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks: Steps towards Principle IntegrationVasant Hanover & Leonard
Chr.
[3]. Introduction to knowledge systems
[4]. http://www.google.com/

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