The War on Terror: The Ineffective Use of Violence in Isolation as a Method

of Countering Terrorism

Esther Hoffman
Global Perspectives
Mr. Babcock
May 15, 2017
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Table of Contents

Preface----------------------------------------------------- 2
Summary of Research Methods------------------------ 5
Significance----------------------------------------------- 6
Background------------------------------------------------ 9
Expert----------------------------------------------------- 13
Role of Control------------------------------------------- 16
Logic of Evil---------------------------------------------- 18
Role of Politics------------------------------------------- 22
Case Studies----------------------------------------------- 27
Nigeria----------------------------------------- 27
Afghanistan------------------------------------ 33
Philippines------------------------------------- 38
International Organizations---------------------------- 42
Canadian Connection------------------------------------ 48
Solutions-------------------------------------------------- 52
Conclusion------------------------------------------------ 57
Appendix-------------------------------------------------- 59
Bibliography---------------------------------------------- 61
Work Cited------------------------------------------------ 71
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Preface

A person consists of his or her morals, beliefs and ideologies. When multiple people with
similar views band together, they form a community. When a community forces its fundamental
beliefs on others using illegal methods of violence in order to further its political aims, it
becomes a terrorist group. These groups create chaos within a country and across borders. They
cause harm to citizens and destroy nations in the battle to gain control and dominate. Throughout
history, governments have devised plans to eradicate terrorist groups, which usually involve
violence. It is often found that when governments attack terrorists, they cause a surge in terrorist
activity, damage the basic human rights of civilians, and use excessive safety measures that
violate the right to privacy. The current war on terror is ineffective and needs immediate revision
to eliminate terrorist groups around the world.

Terrorism is not just made up of the people who represent it, but rather of an ideology
that grows over years and becomes much harder to extinguish. To truly understand why using
violence to counter terror is unproductive, there are many factors that need to be taken into
account. The logic motivating terrorist groups is the deeper meaning that fuels their aggressive
actions. Understanding this logic will help in solving the issue with non-violent methods. The
current methods used in countries experiencing frequent terrorist attacks have been unsuccessful.
A review of some international organizations such as the United Nations and the European Union
will uncover their methods of fighting terrorism and allow for an evaluation of these methods.
They will show that there is no simple solution to the problem of terrorism.

Understanding ineffective methods of countering terror is very significant because if

terrorism is not dealt with, it will only increase. Many Islamist terrorist groups want to create one
Islamic state that abides by Sharia Law. This set of rules, as interpreted by fundamentalist
groups, is not in the best interest of everyone globally. Even though this paper focuses mainly on
Islamic terrorism, it is understood that terrorism is not linked to one religion or ideology.
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The War on Terror increased significantly in intensity after 9/11 when the President of the
United States, George W. Bush, announced a global attack on terror. However, the War on Terror
did not truly start on 9/11: there was a buildup of resentment between countries such as Iran and
the United States due to the trading of oil and over the United States foreign policy. Bush and
past presidents have used foreign policy ideologies like the Monroe and Truman doctrines to
involve themselves in other countries foreign policies. Over time, the fear of terrorism has
rapidly increased and currently it plays an important role in todays politics.

There are two types of terrorism: domestic and international. Domestic terrorism is when
an extremist group commits acts of terror in its own country against its fellow citizens. They
often do not have global political goals. On the other hand, international terrorism in when a
terrorist group commits acts of violence in a foreign country. They often have political goals that
extend globally. This paper will examine both domestic and international terrorism to achieve a
better understanding of the issue.

This paper will also consider the opinions of Robert Imre, a senior lecturer at the
University of Newcastle. His vast knowledge of politics has framed the way he looks at
terrorism, the use of violence to combat it, and some non-violent methods of countering it.

Three main groups are involved in the War on Terror; the first two being the terrorist
groups and the governments. In these situations, it is important that governments maintain
control over terrorists, without abusing their power, because there are dangerous consequences to
extremist actions. The third media also plays a large role in the war on terror since it can
spread awareness of issues to other countries.

The deeper meaning of terrorism, the logical reasons terrorists use political violence and,
in some cases, how religion acts as motivation and justification will be explored. Additionally, it
will look at the logical reasons behind the use of violence to counter terrorism and how fear and
the need for power plays an important role.
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Next, it will delve into the role politics plays in the War on Terror. Since this endeavour is
heavily based on political gains, politics plays an important role in many ways. There is a large
amount of government involvement because one of terrorists main goals is to control territory
and rule. The media is involved because they can define how society sees the issues. Human
rights are often violated during the war between terrorists and governments because many
terrorist groups do not adhere to basic rights. Governments may also violate their citizens right
to privacy because they are constantly worried about local terrorists. Terrorism and politics go
hand in hand; there is not one without the other.

This paper will then look at three different case studies. It will consider how Nigeria has
dealt with the Boko Haram and whether their attempts were successful. Next, it will look at
Afghanistan and whether the Afghan government, as well as foreign military forces have made a
beneficial impact in fighting the Taliban. Lastly, it will consider how the Philippines has used
negotiations more recently to combat a local terrorist group, the New Peoples Army and how it
has dealt with Abu Sayyaf Group.

The contributions of international organizations like the United Nations and the European
Union will be considered. This paper will explore how their counter-terrorism strategies are
favourable while there are some complications they both come across in the battle.

Serving as a fourth case study, Canadas contributions to the war on terror will be
examined. This paper will look at how in the past and the present Canada has made some
mistakes in the war on terror, but is now trying new methods that are more likely to result in a
positive outcome.

Finally, some non-violent solutions to the problem of terrorism will be proposed.

Changing the strategy, the way countries are operated, and counter-terrorism measures will be
considered in coming up with useful resolutions.
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Summary of Research Methods

This report uses a variety of sources combined to properly explain the ineffective use of
violence as a method of countering terrorism. Most of the research has been done through online
sources such as: international organization websites, government documents, PDF files, online
books and news articles. Many emails were exchanged with Robert Imre and John Horgan to get
a more personal view of the issue through expert opinions. Lastly, Responding to Terrorism:
Political Philosophical and Legal Perspectives by Robert Imre, T. Brian Mooney and Benjamin
Clarke provided a well-rounded and broad perspective of the different opinions about countering
terrorism. This book was used often in many sections of this report, especially in the Logic of
Evil and the Solutions.

Both quantitative and qualitative data was used to write this report. Data with specific
number was checked twice with two different sources to ensure accuracy. All dates used are the
most specific that were found through extensive research. Many quotes and personal stories were
used to develop and deeper connection between the reader and the issue being presented.
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Significance
Countering terrorism with violence is not only immoral, but there are serious
repercussions to it as well. It does not eradicate terror in the long run, acting with it is an
unquestionably ineffective and isolated method of countering terror; however, it is still used. This
issue is very important because if countries continue to use these unproductive methods of
combatting terrorism, terror rates will only increase, and that is not in the best interest of a
changing and diversified world. A goal this world is trying to achieve is acceptance of any race,
religion and orientation. We strive for world peace, individual rights and opportunity for
everyone. Terrorists do not share this same goal. Islamic extremists, and many other religious
extremists believe their religion should be the basis of rules and values, a view not held by
society at large. Left-wing extremists believe in complete equality, following the ideology of
Marxism-Leninism. These fundamental beliefs are not the same as every individuals values and
therefore should not be forced upon them. It is important that successful methods of fighting
terrorism should be used rather than an emphasis on political violence because terrorism cannot
increase. If it does, there could be global chaos.

Some Islamic extremists believe that there should be a global theocratic Islamic state.
Unfortunately, their authoritarian interpretation of Islam violates human rights, such as the rights
of women, the LGBTQ community, and religious minorities. Their beliefs follow Sharia Law,
which, interpreted literally, is the extremely strict and repressive law of Islam that derives from
the Quran and the words of Muhammad (also referred to as Sunnah). The law can be
interpreted in many ways; however, Islamic terrorist groups such as ISIS and Boko Haram view
it in manners that contradict widely acknowledged basic human rights. There are many different
rules to Sharia law, some of these being: theft is punishable by amputating the criminals right
hand; a grown man can marry an infant child and then consummate that marriage at the age of
nine; and to prove a woman was raped, a minimum of four testimonies from male witnesses are
required. These few examples of the law represent how brutal and harsh it can be. As a
progressing world, the goal is to push forward and remove laws that are cruel and oppressive to
women and others. While these religious beliefs may be what is considered right to the
extremists, not everyone shares the same ideas. For that reason, as the opposing force in the war
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on terror, it is important that the rights of those who do not want to be ruled by an Islamic state
are protected and they are not forced under a tyrannical rule of government. As Islamist
extremists attempt to fulfill their goals, governments must use effective methods to counter their
acts of violence. Using violence to fight them does not work in the long term because they are
not afraid of it. They support suicide missions; they are willing to die for their cause under the
impression that they are following the word of God. Using violence against them only
strengthens their resolve and inclines them to become more aggressive or in the very least,
continues their rule. For example, in August of 2016, American forces killed ISIS leading
propagandist and senior operational leader, Abu Mohammed al-Adnani. Though it affected ISIS
in the short term, a new leader - Abu Bakr al-Baghdidi has stepped up and ISIS is still causing
terror. Killing every new leader does not work because their ideology continues to live on and
someone is always willing to step up. The ineffective use of violence as a method of countering
terrorism must be recognized so other methods can substitute or add on to it; by realizing this
significance, many may not have to fall under the rule of totalitarian extremist views.

Left-wing extremists believe in Marxism-Leninism, which is a political ideology that

focuses on working for the sake of universal happiness rather than money. It forms the basis of
communism, which is taken up by many left-wing extremists around the world. Communism,
unlike capitalism, follows the idea that everyone deserves equality, no matter how hard one
person works compared to another. In theory, this is a good idea; however, in practice, it often
does not work and ends in government corruption. This is because communism removes the
incentive for the individual to work harder because they have other people to do the work for
them. It results in a lack of effort from most of the population, creating resentment of those who
dont work as hard. While some countries such as Cuba have a communist government, and
some are happy with it, many countries have had unsuccessful attempts at communism. Russia,
for example, was run by a communist government which entailed a dictatorship, and even though
complete equality was the goal, many were still oppressed. Left-wing extremists believe that
communism can work just as well in practice as it does in theory. They, like other extremists,
attempt to force their will on others using means of political violence. For example, in June of
2015, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) bombed the Colombian Oil pipeline
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to damage the countrys oil and electricity infrastructure. Though left-wing extremism is not as
prevalent as Islamic extremism, there is still the need to eliminate it to avoid the dangers that a
dictating communist government would likely bring. In 2012, the Colombian government took
violent action against FARC, killing thirty-six members and capturing three. In the short term,
this was a victory; however, the guerrilla group did not take well to the violence and continued
terrorizing Colombia. In 2016, the Colombian government signed a peace deal with FARC,
ending the fifty-year long conflict and proving that violence does not work in combatting a
terrorist group, but peace agreements do. It is important to understand that using violence to fight
terror does not work so that other methods such as peace deals can be implemented. If violent
methods continue to be used, terrorism will only increase or in the least, continue, and eventually
many places will be ruled by oppressive governments, which is an even larger issue.

The ineffective use of violence as a method of countering terrorism is very significant

because acting on a strategy that does not work is futile. If terrorism is not dealt with in a manner
that works, more countries will live under repressive governments as a result. If Sharia law is
more widely implemented, many more women will lose their rights, and if communist ideologies
and governments are enacted in countries that are against it, there will be corrupted governments
and oppression of classes. Ultimately, the end goal of terrorist organizations is not in the best
interest of everyone. It must be combatted in ways that will be productive rather than cause long-
term damage that can be used to foster and cultivate terrorism in the name of religion or other
aims. Violence is an unsuccessful strategy in the war on terror and must be revised to achieve a
progressive and free world.
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!

Background

Officially, the war on terror began after the 9/11 terrorist attack when the American
president, George W. Bush, declared a worldwide War on Terror. However, there was a buildup
of anger and resentment between countries that led up to 9/11 and therefore, led to the war on
terror. It began due to the need for oil. Countries such as Iran and Iraq had oil and the United
States did not, as such, the trading between these countries became troubled when foreign policy
was enacted and evidently led to terrorism. This is one of the many reasons that terrorism comes
to be: it is economically driven. The war on terror is a military-driven strategy that caused a great
deal of unnecessary damage and unjust deaths.

Terrorist groups had been harvesting anger and frustration, specifically in the Middle
East, where oil is found. In 1901, William K. DArcy, a British investor, was granted a sixty-year
concession to extract oil in Iran. Later, in 1928, investors adopted the redline agreement
distributing Iraqs oil to countries such United States, Britain, the Netherlands and France.
Throughout many years to follow, Iran voted to nationalize its oil under the lead of Mohammed
Mosaddeq. However, the United Kingdom and the United States, unhappy that they had lost
control of Irans oil fields, helped orchestrate a plan to remove Mosaddeq from power and
reinstate the Shah of Iran. The intelligence agencies werent the ones getting the oil the
countries were as a whole. In these same following years, The United Nations partitioned
Palestine into separate proposed Arab and Jewish states. In 1948, the newly-formed Israel
declared its independence, and a hatred began to form between Israel and neighboring Arab
nations. In 1967, the Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian militaries gathered at the Israeli border,
prompting Israel to launch an air strike which began the Six-Day War, and resulted in Israel
taking control of the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights. In retaliation, in
1973, Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on Yom Kippur, which damaged the Israeli army. The
United States provided tanks and planes to help Israel rebuild its military. The Arab nations then
banned all oil sales to the United States because of their support for Israel during the Yom Kippur
attack. In 1979, Iranian students stormed the American Embassy in Tehran, taking 66 hostages.
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One year later, President Carter ordered a military operation known as Operation Eagle Claw
to rescue the American hostages. It was a failed mission and resulted in the death of servicemen.
These events and others, helped lead up to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, fueled by the anger within
Islamic extremists in the Middle East towards the United States, the country which had taken
their oil and showed mercy to their enemy.

On September 11, 2001, four American airliners were hijacked by nineteen activists
associated with Al-Qaeda. Two planes were flown into the Twin Towers at the World Trade
Center in New York City. The third plane crashed into the Pentagon outside of Washington, DC
and the last plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. The attacks resulted in the death of over
3000 civilians and about 400 firefighters and police officers. Soon after, president Bush declared
the war on terror, beginning by bombing Afghanistan to destroy the Taliban even though most of
the terrorists involved in 9/11 were from Saudi Arabia. Their goal was to capture Osama bin
Laden, who they believed was being hidden by the Taliban, and stop the use of Afghanistan as a
training ground for terrorists. The Taliban was weakened; however, United Nations official, Tom
Koenigs, stated, "The Taliban fighters reservoir is practically limitless. The movement will not
be overcome by high casualty figures," (Koenigs) confirming that terrorist organizations cannot
be eradicated by killing. 9/11 is to this day, the most brutal terrorist attack in the United States
and it is the spark that ignited the global war on terror.

After the war on terror began, many attacks were carried out in an attempt to eliminate
terrorist activity. As mentioned previously, in 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan,
which caused a thirteen-year-long war. Another instance of foreign intervention led by the United
States, one from which the country still has not recovered, was in 2003, when the U.S. invaded
Iraq on the assumption that Iraq in possession of weapons of mass destruction. They did not have
solid proof of this, but invaded nonetheless, later to find that there were no such weapons. The
American government issued a National Counter Terror plan in 2003, which outlined the
justification to invade Iraq with little evidence. The document stated that in order to combat
terrorism, measures of war and violence must be taken: The more frequently and relentlessly we
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strike the terrorists across all fronts, using all the tools of statecraft, the more effective we will
be (National Strategy for Combatting Terrorism, p. 2). Adhering to this principle, the United
States invaded Iraq with little evidence and destroyed the country. At the time, Iraqs United
Nations ambassador, Mohammed al Douri, acknowledged that the Republic of Iraq ceased to
exist. The United States rash decisions caused Iraq to hold a strong bitterness towards America
and caused a rise in terrorism within Iraq. In fact, in the first twelve months after the American
invasion, there were 78 terrorist attacks, and in the second twelve months, this number rose to
302. Bushs militaristic methods of countering terrorism were unnecessary and they were one of
the leading causes of the rise of terrorist activity in the Middle East. Terrorist activity remains
today.

As what is said to be the final American-led act in the war on terror, the U.S. military
found and killed Osama bin Laden, the mastermind behind the 9/11 terrorist attack. The secret
raid was carried out under the Obama administration on May 2, 2011, with only a few people
having knowledge of it. U.S Navy Seals flew to Abbottabad, Pakistan where bin Laden was
hiding, killing three men and women as they made their way through the compound. When bin
Laden was found, his wife was shot in the leg and he was killed. Since this was an operation of
revenge, it was said to be a success, even though Al-Qaeda remains and ISIS has emerged. In a
speech made by Barack Obama after the death of bin Laden, he claimed, We must define our
effort not as a boundless global war on terror, but rather as a series of persistent targeted efforts
to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America (Obama) In this
speech, he rewords Bushs war on terror to not be as violent: rather than a war on terror, he wants
to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists. Obamas goal was to end terror without
using warlike methods; however, the new arrival of President Donald Trump suggests that the
U.S. government is willing to take up violent methods of combatting terrorism. His proposed
Muslim ban along with his desire for more nuclear weapons will evidently lead to many
complications. History shows that oppressing a group, like Trump is currently doing to Muslims,
leads to an up-rise of terrorist activity because the groups members grow frustrated with the way
they are treated. As a result, the war on terror is not over, and possibly never will end. If terrorist
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groups still exist, there will always be a government to respond through oppressive, violent, and
invasive ways, which will only continue the cycle of terror.

Terrorism has been a prominent issue for many decades and history has shown that
countering it with violence has been unsuccessful in the past. The word terrorism was invented in
1793 following the French Revolution. In France, 1894, a bomber named Emile Henry
committed many acts of terror, one being the bombing of an orchestra on February 12. He was
executed a year later, which resulted in a series of anarchist revenge bombings throughout
France. In the 1920s, anarchist movements began to decrease and stopped altogether in the
1930s. This is because countries stopped oppressive measures toward the groups and improved
civil liberties while undermining the anarchist groups. Johann Hari, a journalist, explains that
the countries that had the harshest crackdowns ended up with the largest anarchist movements
of all, while those that reacted calmly and kept their freedoms open saw the movements implode
much faster (Hari). In the 1970s and 1980s, the Red Army Faction in Germany and the Red
Brigades in Italy were both successfully defeated by illegalizing terrorist organizations and
attacking the terrorists with minimal human rights violations. Most terrorists belonging to these
organizations were imprisoned and questioned rather than killed at first chance. History has
proven that using violence against terrorist groups in ineffective and only causes a greater surge
in terrorist activity.
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Expert

The war on terror is a very controversial topic. Many believe that using violence is the
most effective way of fighting terrorism and many others view it as the worst method possible.
Robert Imre, a senior lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of
Newcastle in Australia, believes that violence is an ineffective method of fighting terrorism. Imre
completed his Bachelors, with honours, in Political Studies at Queens University in Canada. He
also received his PhD at the University of Queensland, Australia. Imre is fluent in Hungarian and
has accepted a total of four grants. In 2008, he was given two grants of $6 700 allowing him to
study the shift in the fascist and neo-fascist movements in Hungary. In 2010, he was granted $13
967 to examine the mainstream political discourse and the devaluation of political culture.
Lastly, in 2012, he won a research excellence award, which earned him $4000. Overall, Imre has
been funded with $24 667 dollars during his career. Imre is currently in Finland, working with a
research group that deals with the problems involving political violence. Robert Imres studies of
terrorism, especially the use of violence, has allowed him to conclude that violence is an
ineffective way of countering terror.

Imre has been contributing a great deal to this issue. His most significant efforts are to
inform the world of the inevitable repercussions of using violence to combat terrorism. As a
professor, he teaches students about political violence and gives them the information to allow
them to make a properly informed decision on whether extreme methods are effective. He passes
on his ideals by informing people instead of telling them how to think. Imre also has published
many books and articles in order to share his views with everyone, rather than just his students.
One book he wrote, along with two other professors, is called Responding to Terrorism. This
book details the causes and cures to terrorism, whether torture is an effective response, whether
terrorism is an inevitable consequence of globalization, and the different methods of countering
terror such as public and social policies, social engineering and war. Imre also participates in
many research groups around the world to find new plans and solutions to countering terrorism.
He uncovers research allowing him as well as many others to change or sometimes continue with
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current methods. Lastly, Imres research helps unmask the deeper meanings behind terrorism,
thereby giving him better insight into political violence. Imre often leads and participates in
public discussions. He gives media interviews, writes newspaper articles and advises policy-
makers, all in an attempt to inform and teach the world about political violence. Robert Imre
contributes to the war on terror by using his knowledge to help inform the rest of the world to be
able to make decisions that will be productive.

Robert Imre believes that the use of torture and political violence, especially by
authorities, will only increase terrorism. His view is that using violence against people who use
violence as a way of stopping them is hypocritical and ineffective. Since combatting terrorism is
so complicated, Imre instead explains the best ways to continue it, which are often the very
counter-terrorism methods that governments use today:

A sure way to keep terrorist organizations alive is to: torture people, keep people mired in
poverty, lock those same people inside the borders of a defined territory, demonize those
people when they manage to get out of said territory, make those people seem to be
inferior in many respects such as culture, religion, language, or even how people might
dress. (Imre)

Terrorists are filled with anger and hatred for those around them because of oppression. They are
so devoted to their causes that they are willing to attach bombs to themselves and blow
themselves up in public places. With that knowledge, killing terrorists will not scare them into
stopping their political acts, but rather make them even angrier than they already are. Terrorists
see themselves from a political and economic standpoint as victims. They grow from areas that
are in poverty and have oppressive governments where they cannot express their own ideas and
slowly become angry and in need of guidance. As a result, in their perspective, they are the
victims and the government is the villain. The more the government fights terrorism with anger,
the more the terrorists will feel the need to retaliate to protect themselves. Imres extensive
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research has shown him that terrorism should not be fought using violence because it only makes
matters worse.

According to Robert Imre, the best way to fight terrorism is to fight fear with
cooperation. He believes that since responding to terror with fear is exactly what the terrorist
wants, that doing the opposite cooperation would work best. The purpose of an act of
terrorism is to create fear in society, so responding by denouncing the terrorists as evil and
declaring that they must be stopped, gives them the attention that they crave. We must stop
allowing the idea of torture and brutality to become a commonplace and an accepted mode of
conduct (Imre). Currently, using methods of war to destroy another group has become a normal
and customary way of fighting terror; this makes it very hard to change policies because
everyone is so used to the status quo. The problem is that the status quo does not work as well as
most people believe it does. Imre says that we must stop justifying the use of force for political
aims, stop treating war and violence as acceptable modes of social action, and finally, stop being
so afraid of terrorists.
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Role of Control

There are three major power holders when it comes to terrorism, two being the terrorists
and the government. The terrorists want more power because they want to control a government
according to their own beliefs. The government wants to maintain power and in the end,
demolish the terrorist groups so they are unable to grow any further. This is something that needs
to happen; however, the government cannot use their power to kill, which is what they have been
doing up till now. Social media plays a role in spreading the word of violence and terror. The
constant battle between government and terrorism is ongoing and likely to never end, though the
outcome is ultimately in the hands of the side with the most influence.

Governments constantly try to gain and maintain power over the terrorists. They attempt
to stay one step ahead at all times. They do this by trying to stop terrorist attacks before they
happen, for example, by spying on the phone calls and emails of citizens in hopes of finding a
terrorist before they attack. They collect metadata surrounding emails and phone calls and they
spy on the sender, recipient, the time of messages, and the length of phone calls, but not the
actual content of the communications. The government is in control of how they combat the
terrorists and they often use violence. However, there are other methods of countering terrorism
as well. There are military methods, technological methods and, soft power measures. The
military methods include using drone strikes and covert operations while technological methods
include electronic eavesdropping and surveillance. Finally, the soft power measures involve
using propaganda to undermine terrorists as well as paint a positive image of the governments
experiencing the terrorism. These methods of countering terrorism often have the best results
when used all together. Violent methods should be more of a last resort because they usually
worsen the situation in the long term. These decisions are all in the hands of the government and
the government controls the initial response.

The media holds a lot of power in the war on terror. To understand that social media can
be used to affect political conditions on the ground, one needs only to examine the Arab
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Spring. The Arab Spring had an uprising of revolutions because of social media, particularly
Facebook and Twitter. Tunisia and Egypt began the movement to oust their leaders using social
media. They created fake accounts and spread the word through tweets, hashtags and videos.
Over a dozen countries and territories were involved in the Arab Spring, and it galvanized
movements as far apart as Morocco and the UAE. The revolutionary uprising was in the hands of
social media, which shows how quickly and easily social media can be used. It showed that it is
possible to stop a repressive regime in power by constant protests and that eventually the leader
will give in. Violence is not always the answer and social media is a great way of proving that to
the world.
Hoffman !22
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Logic of Evil

On the surface of terrorism is the evil nature of the extremists and the simplistic reasons
as to why many choose violence to combat it. Many people view terrorism as heinous acts of
violence but do not understand the underlying reasons that cause these extremist groups to form.
Terrorist groups grow because of years of growing frustration towards those in power, making
them resent the government and protest using war measures. They also form based on religious
beliefs, particularly fundamentalist terrorists who interpret their religion in the most literal way.
Though terrorism is undoubtedly immoral and very cruel, there still are justifications that must
be considered, especially when coming up with viable ways to counter it. Violence is the most
commonly used method of countering terrorism. This is a very controversial topic because many
believe that the only way to fight such violent people would be to kill them. On the other hand, it
is also viewed as an unjust, hypocritical way of countering it and will not work. The main reason
politicians use violence to fight terrorism is that they fear the terrorists and it appears as a simple
way of ridding them from society, but that is just temporary. That helps them stay in power
because the public is under the impression they are being protected. They are under the pressure
of combatting them and sending weapons and soldiers to kill the terrorists seems like it would be
the best method seeing as it instills so much fear in our nation. Terrorism is an extremely
complex and layered topic; because of this, it is necessary to acknowledge and understand the
deeper reasons behind acts of violence from both sides of the war.

Ultimately, terrorist groups form because of frustration. In countries such as Iraq and
Syria, many citizens grew up under oppressive governments, with few opportunities and a lack
of motivation. They are full of anger and hatred towards their governments (domestic terrorism)
and often foreign governments (international terrorism) because of their terrible quality of life.
They cannot voice their opinions in public meetings or talk to embassy officials because that is
not an option in some countries. Over time, they assume that there is no negotiation which causes
them to turn to violence and form terrorist groups. Acts of violence grab the attention from not
only their government, but many other countries around the world. Jesse Morton, who is also
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known as Younus Abdullah Muhammad, a former member of Al Qaeda admitted, It gave me an

outlet to have meaning, to have purpose, but it also gave me an outlet to express my rage and my
frustration (Morton). Morton grew up in an abusive household and his childhood caused him to
seek acceptance which Al-Qaeda provided. He, like many others, willingly joined a terrorist
group as a form of expression, even if he did not support their goals and ideals. Once a person
has joined a terrorist group, two things can take place. They either realize they do not like the
ideals the group shares but are unable to leave because it is likely that they will be killed. Nadia
Oweidat, a Fellow at think tank New America, explained, When an extremist defects, they risk
being completely targeted by their community - it's like saying you're gay publicly. There are
life-altering consequences and you don't approach it lightly (Oweidat). Even if a person who is
part of a terrorist group does not want to be an extremist anymore, they cannot leave or they will
die; often by being tortured by their own group. On the other hand, many who join terrorist
groups find themselves enjoying that feeling of solidarity and give them the social aspect that
they desire. They agree to many missions that often involve killing or harming people because
they want to show that they are part of the group and be accepted because they usually have
never experienced that in the past. Once they have joined, the sense of family also becomes a
mob mentality and they eventually adapt to the extremist beliefs if they did not before. These
ideas involve their frustration for governments and others in power who oppress them. They feel
that their only way of enacting some sort of change is through violence. This is because it is the
only way that they can get attention. Governments only care about these minorities when people
are dying because that is when they are forced to listen to them. Oppressive governments force
people who have been rejected from society to form groups so they can have that personal
justification and be heard. Their main goal is political change and to enforce their ideas, which
they believe are right. In their opinion, they are doing what they think is more proper than the
government, or sometimes lack of one, is doing. The acts of violence enact fear which works to
their advantage because the more people are scared, the more attention the media will give them
which grows the amount of hatred for them; however, it also creates more knowledge for those
who do want to join. Frustration caused by oppressive governments is a major contributor to the
formation of terrorism. They rebel for attention to their cause so they can promote fear and
 Hoffman !25

eventually govern and force their ideals and laws on everyone. In their minds, this is the best
way of life.

Furthermore, terrorist groups form because of religious reasons. From a political

standpoint, Islamic extremists want to enforce their religious laws as means of governing a
country. As mentioned before, they want to enforce the Sharia Law upon one large Islamic state
because their religion tells them that that is the best way to live. They believe that the Islamic
religion is the only way of life and those who disagree with that belief are sinners and should be
punished by death. Religious terrorist groups such as ISIS and the Taliban interpret the Quran in
the most severe or most literal sense to them. The Quran states: Those who believe, and have
left their homes and striven with their wealth and their lives in Allah's way are of much greater
worth in Allah's sight. These are they who are triumphant (Quran 9:20). Orthodox Muslims who
have a strong connection to their God do whatever they can to be righteous in his eyes. They
interpret this literally, thinking that those who believe in God are better than those who do not.
This sentiment forces a divide between Muslims and other cultures, causing many Muslims to
see their religion as superior. The Quran also says: I will cast terror into the hearts of those who
disbelieve. Therefore, strike off their heads and strike off every fingertip of them (Quran 8:12).
Here, extremists view this as a justification for using violent methods to scare and eventually
rule. They believe that those who do not have the same views as them should be killed because
they are unworthy and will not contribute to their values. The Islamic religion provides
justification for terrorists to use acts of violence in order to express their beliefs and achieve their
goals. Religion also inspires others to join terrorist groups. People with similar views have that
outlet to express their religious ideas, especially if they want a combination of mosque and state.
The world sees terrorism as cruel and wrong but extremists think that they are doing what is
right. Everyone has a different idea of morals and what is good and to religious fundamentalists,
their religion is in the best interest of everyone. Their morals and ideas stem from religion, it is
the basis of their values and justifies their violent actions.
 Hoffman !26

Lastly, there are many reasons behind why governments choose to use violence when
countering terrorism. There is a debate of whether violence is a viable method of countering
terrorism. There is a lot of examples of violence being an ineffective way; however, governments
still chose to use war, such as sending troops and weapons to terror ruled countries, to counter it.
Terror enacts fear into the governments which causes them to think less rationally and choose the
method that is most often done in the past violence. In the short term, violence damages
terrorist groups. For example, killing Osama bin Laden worked at first because he was the main
operation leader for Al-Qaeda and it damaged their structure. Many people only see the short
term and believe that continuing to kill will eventually cause so much damage that groups will be
eradicated. For politicians, using violence gives them the appearance that they are powerful and
are doing something to combat terror and keep society safe. John Horgan, a professor at the
Global Studies Institute and Department of Psychology, at Georgia State University, explained,
Using military action is something that politicians tend to support quite a bit. It sounds like a
quick solution, and it helps the politician to remain popular (Horgan). The population likes to
see fast action and sending in troops puts a dent in terrorist operations, momentarily stopping
their violent protest. For political reasons, they often use violence to get popular support and
seem powerful. However, in the long run, it often does not work and creates more anger. Horgan
also stated, One thing we know is that killing terrorists doesnt really solve the problem - it just
seems that way (Horgan). There is a stigma around violence being that it is the best option
because it is so quick and well known. It is hard to change the way that terrorism has been dealt
with in the past and many people do not like change. It is easy to continue with the well-known
policies and methods rather than coming up with policies that work better in the long-run.
Behind using violence to combat terrorism lies fear, the political need to stay popular and lastly
the simplicity of not changing the current methods.

The underlying reasons behind why terrorist groups exist and why politicians choose to
use violence to counter it are extremely important when dealing with terrorism. Terrorists are
often rejected from society and need validation which is provided when they join terrorist
groups. Their religion provides them with a justification to their violence and gives them
 Hoffman !27

incentive to use such harsh methods. Governments are faced with the fear that terrorism causes
and the need to do something that is effective yet also pleases society. Terrorism is not a simple
act of evil and combating it cannot be done with one simple method. Its complexity makes it a
very different situation to handle because there are so many factors that contribute to it;
especially because oppressive governments cause the groups to form and then fight them when
they attempt to express themselves. Often these reasons get ignored because it is hard to look at
something as horrible as terrorism and justify it. It is just as difficult to consider why politicians
would use the same war methods to combat it while at the same time, criticizing it. It is very
important that these reasons are well known because they make up terrorism, and somewhere
within them is the solution.

Role of Politics

Politics and the war on terror go hand in hand. Since terrorists commit acts of violence
for political gain, terrorism often crosses the path of politics. In the war on terror, the government
is up against the terrorists. They often need to come up with new policies in order to come up
with different ways to combat terrorism. The United Nations came up with a Global Counter-
Terrorism Strategy in 2006, which is reviewed every two years. The media also plays a large role
in terrorism due to his heavy bias towards terrorism in developed countries while ignoring
terrorism in third world countries. Often people in Western countries do not know very much
about the terror in other countries and therefore the governments do not feel obliged to help
them. Also in developing countries, there is a lack of education and therefore they do not
understand basic human rights. This causes many issues within the country because there is a
lack of respect for the locals rights during the war and they do not care who governs them; either
way, they are not treated well. Lastly, terrorism causes many economic issues from terrorist
attacks and the cost of combating terrorism using violence. Politics in a major contributor in the
war on terror since it is at the core of the issue.

In the most common situation involving terrorism, there is a terrorist group trying to
discredit the government, who is trying to put a stop to the terrorists. This is a constant battle,
 Hoffman !28

especially because terrorists could attack at any moment and the results can range from minor to
drastic very easily. With this in mind, governments often find themselves needing to revise and
change their methods of combatting terrorism since terrorists are constantly changing and
innovating their ways of protesting. In the past, they had bombs hidden in their bags to carry
suicide bombings. Now they are so small that they can hide them in their belt buckles which are
extremely hard to find. As terrorism changes, so must the policies that govern how to counter it.
The United Nations has a four-pillar strategy that was put into play in 2006. The first pillar is to
address the conditions conductive to the spread of terrorism (United Nations). This is when the
government looks at the what may cause terrorism to spread. By doing this, they can understand
how to work with the second pillar: measures to prevent and combat terrorism (United
Nations). These include methods of violence, peacekeeping, surveillance and financial aid. There
are also what is referred to as soft measures, for example, creating a positive image of those
the terrorists hate and undermining the idea the terrorists are trying to put out. These soft
measures are often viewed as propaganda. Next is the third pillar, Measures to build states
capacity to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen the role of the United Nations system
in that regard (United Nations). This pillar is about building up other nations to be able to
combat terrorism and improving the overall structure of countering terrorism; it is for
improvement purposes. The last pillar considers human rights, to ensure that they will not be
violated during the war on terror. Often human rights get ignored because governments only
focus on succeeding and the terrorists often do not understand what human rights are. This pillar
states, Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the
fundamental basis for the fight against terrorism (United Nations). These main pillars are the
guidelines to combatting terrorism; however, they often are neglected or not carried out very
well. For example, Donald Trump, the President of the United States, is currently attempting to
prevent terrorist acts in the United States by creating a Muslim ban. Following pillar twos
guidelines, he is violated pillar four by discriminating against the Islamic religion. Section one,
of the fourteenth amendment of the American Constitution states:

No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities
of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or
 Hoffman !29

property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws. (Washington, Adams, Hamilton, Jefferson)

Trump has deprived Muslims of their liberty and property by attempting to force them out of the
United States. This is currently in the courts being examined since a Judge from Hawaii blocked
the ban. These four pillars, even though they are reviewed every two years, they are still often
not followed and these issues must be addressed so that everyone treated properly while
terrorism is being combatted. President Trump has permanently tried this two times but has been
stopped by the courts. The government is at constant uphill battle against the terrorists: they must
revise and change policies to keep up with the extremists.

In the war on terror, the media can alter, emphasize and hide acts of terrorism. In the
United States, terrorism sits at forty-third on the most important issue; however, it is still a
controversial topic often taken up by the media. The entire world knows what Donald Trump is
doing in regards to combatting terror because it makes every headline. On the other hand, the
terrorism going on in places such as Afghanistan and Nigeria are rarely documented in
comparison to the United States. As a result, the attention that Afghanistan and Nigeria need is
not given to them if the United States do not get something in return. In the end, United States
has an increased level of fear towards terrorists. This lead to Donald Trump creating the Muslim
ban and a rise of islamophobia and hate crimes around the United States. Heidi Beirich, director
of the Intelligence Project at the Southern Poverty Law Center, explained in an interview,

Its [number of hate crimes] over 1,000, up to maybe 1,100 incidents in a short span of
time, maybe 10 weeks after the election. Its an astoundingly high number. In that time,
you might [normally] get 50, right? In a six-month period, you wouldnt even get that
number of hate incidents that surfaced. (Beirich)

In turn, the hate crimes become well known because of the media and result in terrorism. It
creates a cycle of terror: the media exaggerates the threat to western countries such as the United
 Hoffman !30

States, a hostility towards Muslims festers, and the oppression of these groups and being rejected
from society leads to more terrorist activity which the media reports on which restarts the cycle.
It also contributes the hate in general. When the government promotes hate towards one group,
they allow hate towards other ones as well. These include minorities such as the LGBTQ
community, Jewish people. In the end, these minor terrorist threats towards the United States
pulls the attention away from the terrorist activity being experienced in third world countries.
From 1999 to 2014, western countries have only experienced about three percent of terrorist
related deaths compared to the rest of the world and eighty-two percent of deaths from terrorism
in 2013 were in Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria. (see graph I) in appendix) Even
with the majority of terrorist activity happening in these third world countries, most of the
attention is on the United States since they have so much power, and that is because of the large
role the media plays in the war on terror.

In relation to human rights, the war on terror frequently neglects them. Firstly, acts of
violence more than often kill innocent people rather than the terrorists. Also, due to the violation
of citizens right to privacy and because it often happens in third world countries, basic human
rights, such as access to health care and freedom of religion, are an unknown concept to some.
Often, when the military conducts a war tactic to weaken the terrorist forces, many innocent
people are killed as a result. In 2016, the United States directed an airstrike in Syria to attempt to
gain control of the city Manbij. However, a coalition aircraft hit as many houses in Tokkhar,
killing at least seventy-three civilians and many others. There is a lack of respect for human
rights during these wars which leads to these innocent lives being killed. After the attack, a tweet
by Raqqa_SL, who controls the twitter page Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently,
stated, Congratulations to the Coalition u have a new 160 #ISIS new fighters who will join the
fight against u after u kill 160 civilian ##Manbij (Raqqa_SL). In the end, killing so many
innocent people because of these violent retaliations may only cause more terrorism.

The war on terror also leads to violations of privacy, starting with the USA Patriot Act
after the 9/11 attacks. The Patriot Act gives more permission for federal agents to investigate
 Hoffman !31

possible terrorist activity. Over the years, many have become more interesting in invading
citizens privacy. For example, in 2015, Senator Mitch McConnell introduced Bill S 1035 which
endorses the invasive status quo with no end to bulk collection, no accountability, and no
reforms to prevent future secret mass surveillance programs under the Patriot Act. The proposed
law would affirm the NSAs violation of millions of peoples privacy (Wong). Terrorism enables
a fear that makes the government believe it is okay to violate the privacy of those who often did
nothing wrong. In third world countries, many do not know about human rights because they are
uneducated. They do not know they have rights to privacy and to water and food because they
grow up in a country that hides that from them. When a terrorist group forms because of an
oppressive government rule, they then turn around and ignore the rights of the people as well
because it is all they know. Ignoring the rights of the people causes cases such as in Syria with
the refugees. Syrians are forced to leave their country because the terrorists ignore human rights,
torture and kidnap people and kill for the sake of religion. In return, the rebels often ignore
human rights because they believe anything should be done to stop terrorism. The biggest human
rights issue faced with terrorism in third world countries is the lack of education surrounding it
causing a cycle of violations. The terrorists one goal is domination and unpredictability; they do
not care who gets hurt, as long as they get there. Governments must also combat these terrorists
without violating human rights, though that has not been the most unsuccessful in the past.

Economically, terrorism is expensive. Not only does the after effects of the attack have to
be paid for, but the operation to combat terrorism costs money as well. The 9/11 attacks alone
cost a total of about three trillion dollars while it only cost Al Qaeda half a million dollars to put
the plan into action. Terrorism is expensive but it costs the recipient of the attack a lot more than
it does for the terrorists. On the other hand, combatting terror is an extremely expensive task;
fighting the terrorist group ISIS from the air is coming at a high price for US taxpayers about
$11 million per day (Engel) in the United States, so for about one year, it costs four billion and
fifty million dollars to combat terror just from the air. To compare, the approved budget for UN
Peacekeeping operations for the fiscal year 1 July 2016-30 June 2017 is $7.87
billion (Financing Peacekeeping). Therefore, it costs about three billion, nine hundred eighty-
 Hoffman !32

five million dollars per year to fight terrorism through military methods rather than
peacekeeping. Terrorism has an extremely negative effect on the economy and fighting it using
violence is not only ineffective but extremely expensive.

When dealing with the war on terror, politics plays the biggest role. The government is
the main opposition when dealing with terrorism, the media continues the cycle of terror, the
complete lack of and disregard for human rights and the major toll terrorism takes on the
economy are all extremely important when dealing with the war on terror. Considering the
destruction of innocent lives along with a corrupt media and the effect on the economy, fighting
terrorism with violence is extremely unproductive.
 Hoffman !33

Case Studies
Nigeria

Nigeria is a country residing in the west of Africa with Niger, Cameroon, Chad and Benin
at its borders. It is the most populated country in all of Africa, housing over one hundred and
sixty million people. The south of Nigeria is rich with oil, which made it an appealing country
for the western powers looking to colonize. In 1884, the British colonized Nigeria, bringing a
more Western way of living and countering their anti-slavery attempts by forcing Nigerians to
work in their palm oil ports. In 1901, Nigeria became a British Protectorate and in 1914, still
remained divided in northern Nigeria, southern Nigeria and the Lagos Colony. As a result of this
invasion of the British, in 1945, a teenager named Mohammed Marwa began to propagate anti-
western culture which sparked the lead up to the founding of Boko Haram. The implication of
western culture as well as the separation of state and religion in 1999 lead to their rising. The
poverty of the country was also a major player in Boko Haram. The government did not favor
Islam which caused Islamic extremists to taken action, with the poor state of the country to help
the growth. In Boko Haram and the Nigerian State: A Different Perspective, Osaretin Idahosa
writes:

In many of the studies carried out on the activities of Boko Haram in Nigeria, there is an
implicit assumption that the rise of the group (like others before it) was as a result of
state-neglect; a relative deprivation of a large percentage of the citizens by government.
Central to this argument is that increasing poverty in Nigeria is accentuated by increasing
unemployment. The resultant cost is that it creates the necessary condition for radical
Islam to thrive. (Idahosa)

The state that Nigeria was in allowed Boko Haram to thrive. The group has made it much harder
for the country to progress and until Boko Haram is officially defeated, Nigeria has a long way to
go.
 Hoffman !34

Boko Haram is a domestic terrorist organization in the northern area of Nigeria. It is

loosely translated to Western Education is Forbidden, which is what the group believes in.
They want one Islamic state governed by Sharia Law and are very against Western culture,
specifically education for girls. The evolution of Boko Haram is a response to the socio-
economic flux borne out of a combination of decades-long mismanagement and pervasive
corruption in Nigeria (Idahosa). They were founded in 2002 by Mohammed Yusuf who lead
their first attack in December of 2003 at multiple police stations in Yobe, a state in the northeast
of Nigeria. In 2009, Boko Haram experienced a five day uprising which a series of violent
attacks on police stations and gun battles in the streets that lasted for five days. It then was
followed by a crackdown from the Nigerian military. The militant group killed many police
officers who retaliated by killing over seven hundred Boko Haram members. The uprise was cut
short after Yusuf was killed in custody; Boko Haram claims it was an extrajudicial execution,
though police say he attempted to escape. During the up rise, Abu-Bakr Shekau, Yusufs deputy,
was thought to be killed. Boko Haram went into hiding with minimal terrorist activity for one
year. In July 2010, Boko Haram released a video showing that Shekau was not only alive, but
had stepped up to become the new leader of Boko Haram. Killing Yusuf worked in the short
term; however, Shekau came back with more resentment and more violence, proving that such
strong military action is ineffective. Mike Smith, an author, stated in his book Boko Haram:
Inside Nigerias Unholy War, Boko Haram, once a Salafist sect based in Nigerias north-east,
has morphed into something far more deadly and ruthless: a hydra-headed monster further
complicated by imitators and criminal gangs who commit violence under the guise of the
group (Smith 5). As mentioned in other sections of this paper, killing a terrorist groups leader
has proven time and time again to be extremely ineffective as it enables more violence within the
group. Smith mentions that not only did the group become far more deadly and ruthless but
there was also a rise in copycats, further complicating the situation.

Later in 2014, Boko Haram committed one of their most heinous act of terror and
captured international attention as a result and evidently becoming the most violent terrorist
organization. On April 14, 2014 members of Boko Haram attacked a government secondary
 Hoffman !35

boarding school in Chibok where girls from surrounding areas went to take exams. It was one of
the only schools left open since Boko Haram had attacked other ones in Nigeria, forcing them to
close. Boko Haram raided the dormitory late at night and kidnapped two hundred and seventy-
six girls from ages sixteen to eighteen. During the kidnapping, some girls managed to escape
however two hundred and nineteen were taken. Since then, most of the girls still have not been
found; however, there have been instances throughout the last three years where girls have been
discovered and others proving many are still alive. The month following their abduction, Boko
Haram released a video showing one hundred and thirty of the girls reciting the Quran. In April
of 2016, CNN broadcasted a video showing that many of the girls were still alive and then in
August, Boko Haram released a tape that showed around fifty girls, in which the group
demanded the release of Boko Haram prisoners in exchange for the girls. In May 2016, the
military rescued one Chibok girl from the Sambisa Forest, which is Boko Harams camp zero.
On October 13, 2016, Boko Haram released twenty-one girls in exchange for four prisoners after
negotiations with Swiss officials. That has been the only mass release of the Chibok girls and
over one hundred are still missing. It is believed that many of the girls have been forced into
marriages, have children and/or have been killed. The government has stated that Boko Haram
cannot officially be defeated without finding every Chibok girl. The capturing of these girls is
one of the most well-known acts of terror since their location is still unknown as well as their
condition.

Since the Chibok girls kidnapping, Boko Haram has continued to terrorize Nigeria as
well as surrounding countries. Though they have had many ties to Al-Qaeda, they pledged formal
allegiance to ISIS on March 7, 2015. Though, two months prior, Boko Haram carried out their
deadliest attack from January third to January seventh. They arrived in Baga, a city in the North-
East of Nigeria in waves. The first wave was manageable as locals attempted to defend the town
using homemade weapons. Boko Haram retreated, only to return with more members, fired their
guns and chased locals down with their vehicles. There were so many victims that there has
never been an official body count, though it is estimated that up to two thousand people were
killed. This is known as the Baga massacre. 2015 was Boko Harams most active year with two
 Hoffman !36

hundred and seventy attacks killing about six thousand and six people. However, in 2016, they
were much less active, only carrying out thirty-six attacks killing about four hundred and twenty-
two people. (Washington Post)

On March 28, 2015 Nigeria held an election in which the opposition took the lead and
Muhammadu Buhari was elected. The former president, Goodluck Jonathon of the Peoples
Democratic Party was in power for sixteen years before this last election. He had not done well
in combating Boko Haram. Jonathon was from the South of Nigeria where the wealthier,
Christians resided. He lacked experience dealing with insurgencies that attacked mainly Muslim
areas in the North and was unequipped to battle Boko Haram. Due to his Southern background,
he had ties with the south terrorist groups and could stop them. He does not have such
connections in the North and therefore, does not know another way. This led to Buhari being
elected. He had a military background as general and military head of state from 1983 to 1985,
and is from the North. He is the opposite of Jonathon, which gave the impression that Buhari
would be more capable due to his military experience and background in the North. The higher
population of Muslims in Nigeria also helped Buharis win since he himself is Muslim. He has
done a lot in the quest to defeat Boko Haram and Nigeria is making some progress.

The military and Nigerian government has begun to take more action in battling Boko
Haram since the election of their new president, Muhammadu Buhari. During Boko Harams
insurgency, many have accused the government and military of doing an ineffective job of
fighting them. Max Siollun, a journalist for New African magazine writes, The Nigerian army
has been accused of mishandling the insurgency, and any or all of: the indiscriminate use of
force, torturing innocent civilians, and being reluctant to confront Boko Haram
fighters (Siollun). Since Buharis presidency, he has acted to prove that statement wrong. In his
campaign, he promised to be rid of Boko Haram once and for all; however, they are still
terrorizing the north-east of Nigeria. Though, Buhari has made many attempts in combatting this
group, including: moving military operations further north, implementing more Red Cross
volunteers, combining efforts with Chad and Cameroon, asking for help from the United nations
 Hoffman !37

to help find the Chibok girls, and raiding camp zero, the Sambisa forest. The Nigerian military
dropped bombs on the Sambisa forest in December of 2016, causing Boko Haram members to
flee the forest. Buhari considered this a victory, possibly ending the terrorist group, though the
Chibok girls were not found after the raid and their locations remain unknown. This military
action worked in the short term however Boko Haram has a history of defeat, only to come back
stronger than before. It is very likely that Boko Haram has gathered in another location and is
planning another surprise attack as a result of losing their territory. Since the Chibok girls were
not found in camp zero, it is also likely that Boko Haram has another territory the government
and military are unaware of that the girls have been sent to. Since the attack, there have been
many suicide bombing around the Northern area of Nigeria, though most were unsuccessful.
These smaller attacks are less common with this terrorist group. It either means that they are
struggling due to Buharis new methods or could be preparing for a larger retaliation. Former
minister of the federal capital territory, Nasir El-Ruffian backs this up,

Tell me where in the world military action alone has solved an insurgency. You can never
solve any of these problems with military solutionsIt is a political issue; it is a social
issue; it is an economic issue; and until these issues are addressed, the military can never
give you a solution. (Rufai)

Storming the Sambisa forest wounded Boko Haram; however, the strong militarist method of
fighting them will not work in the long run.

Boko Harams insurgency has caused a lot of issues for Nigeria other than the many
killings. Since their ideology is based off the banning of Western education, many schools
throughout northern Nigeria have closed. In areas where schools remain open, families are
reluctant to send their children to school in fear of them being killed or kidnapped. Many girls,
lacking education and safety, are getting married in their teens under the impression that having a
husband will provide them with protection. Young boys continue to become terrorists themselves
because they are not being educated and are easily recruited. This education crisis is the biggest
 Hoffman !38

issue Nigeria faces in relation to Boko Haram. Second to that is the economy. Since Nigerias
economy lies in the hands of their oil exports, it is not undergoing any severe damage since the
oil reserves are mainly in the south. However, in the north, there is a higher cost of living as a
result of the government implicating anti-Boko Haram security measures. These two factors are
the main effects that Nigeria is facing, though they are living in constant fear. Many are losing
their homes from bombings and fleeing to camps; however, with such a violent terrorist
organization, they live in constant fear for their lives and their country. Not only has Boko
Haram impacted society but the government has as well. To fight the group, the military has been
using many violent methods which have proven unproductive. For example, a Nigerian jet
accidentally bombed a refugee camp on January 17, 2017, killing over fifty-two civilians. Such
abrupt military decisions often lead to more harm towards the Nigerian people rather than Boko
Haram.

Nigeria is facing an extremely dangerous terrorist organization. Throughout their

attempts at combatting Boko Haram, they have used many ineffective methods of violence such
as killing the leader and abrupt bombings. Nigeria is a prime example of how military methods
do not work to counter terrorism, especially in the long run. Boko Haram is still a threat to
Nigeria and will remain that way until the government takes more action regarding soft measures
and non-violent solutions. Sending in Red Cross volunteers as humanitarian aid and joining
together with the surrounding countries is a good start because it provides a stronger, united
front; however, it will take time.
 Hoffman !39

 Hoffman !40

Afghanistan

Afghanistan is located in the greater Middle East in Asia and is ranked second on the
Global Terrorism Index 2016. For a great period of time, Afghanistan has experienced civil
unrest. In 1978, the Peoples Party came into power which led to violence throughout
Afghanistan because they were communists. Later, in 1979, Hafizullah Amin became Prime
Minister of Afghanistan but the revolts were still occuring. The Soviet Union provided financial
and military aid as well as killing Amin and later pulled out in 1989. Babrak Karmal became the
new Prime Minister; he favouring the Soviet Union. The mujahideen, who were a resistance
group fighting against the Soviet Union, countered Karmal and eventually lead to a civil war in
Afghanistan. After years of war and government corruption, one faction of mujahideen appeared
with the intention of stopping crime and ending the civil war. This group is known as the Taliban.

The Taliban is an international terrorist group in Afghanistan that controlled about ninety
percent of the country from 1996 to 2001. In 1994, Pakistan chose a well-trained group of
Taliban (religious students) to protect a convoy trying to open a trade route from Central Asia to
Pakistan. They fought the mujahideen and eventually the Taliban began to rise until they
officially captured Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan in September 1996. This was not uncommon
in the mujahideen as factions had a reputation for fighting each other more than they did the
Soviets. Throughout their battle against the mujahideen, the United States and Pakistan provided
military and financial support to help the Taliban fight the mujahideen, which in the long run was
not the best plan. These two countries helped the development of a terrorist group that has been
causing chaos in Afghanistan for about twenty-one years. The Talibans time in power involved
many arrests and a constant gain in territory. In 1998, they took over the city of Bamian,
Afghanistan. In 1999, they arrest and execute thousands of Shiites. Later that year the United
Nations imposes an embargo and freezes the Talibans assets. After 9/11, the United States
invaded in search for Osama bin Laden which began the fourteen-yearlong foreign intervention.
Hamid Karzai was elected in 2004 but faced many challenges such as government corruption,
drug-trafficking and the Taliban insurgency. He was unable to defeat the Taliban during his time
 Hoffman !41

in power until he was defeated in 2014. In 2006, the military realized they could not defeat the
Taliban through violence so they signed a peace agreement with them to stop the Taliban from
continuing to fight the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). However, the government
started to worry when a group of people discussing implementing the Sharia Law formed in a
mosque. They attacked the mosque, killing around one hundred people and causing the Taliban
to break the agreement by retaliating with a series of violent attacks. Since 2014, the situation In
Afghanistan with the Taliban has become increasing worse; Nagieb Khaja, a journalist stated in
an interview, The situation in Afghanistan has gotten worse, the Afghan security forces are
bleeding. They lose a lot of people, and it is really difficult for the Afghan National Army at the
moment (Khaja). The Taliban has been increasing their attacks over the recent years and
Afghanistan is struggling. In fact, more Afghans have been killed in 2015 than any other year
since 2001. This is because President Obama decided to expand America's involvement with
more airstrikes against insurgents, giving the U.S. military wider latitude to support Afghan
forces, both in the air and on the ground (ODonnell). As the Taliban began a resurgence, the
United States increased their military in June of 2016, even after they began to decline their
involvement in Afghanistan since 2014. The Taliban now holds more ground in Afghanistan
than any point since 2001 (ODonnell) (see III in appendix).

Leading up to the Talibans insurgency were many cultural influences that brought them
to be the group they are today. The state of the country was what caused them to emerge in the
first place. The civil war between the Afghan government and the mujahideen had destroyed the
country. The corrupted government led to a collapse and eventually chaos. In desperate need of
leadership, the Taliban emerged, claiming they could stop the crime and the war: In southern
Afghanistan, there was a law and order crisis. There was rampant warlordism, and the Taliban
came in as a cleansing force to establish law and order and wipe out the warlords and impose
Islam, which they did (Poolos). Most people followed because they preached exactly what the
country needed; however, it was not clear yet that their ideology of Islam was violent. The last
influence in the Taliban is the lack of education in Afghanistan. During the civil war from 1992
to 1996, there was very little schooling and most members of the Taliban are uneducated. This
 Hoffman !42

lack of learning also affects the way they interpret the Quran. It is often seen that the Taliban
does not understand the true values of Islam. Laila Al-Marayati, a writer for the Muslim
Womens League, explains the views of many people in regards to the Talibans religious ideals:
Indeed, the extreme position taken by the Taliban hardly deserves to be considered an
"interpretation" of Islam. That implies the position has some degree of validity, when it is really
an aberration in violation of the most basic tenets of the faith (Al-Marayati). The Taliban began
as a faction of a resistance group; however, time in power and the culture they are immersed in
led them to be the violent extremist group they are today.

The main goals of the Taliban are to govern Afghanistan without war as a radical Islamic
state and force their view of Sharia Law. They use extremely violent methods to reach this goal
such as civilian massacres, suicide bombings and the torture and capture of anyone thought to
have ties to their enemy. In order to keep their supporters loyal and limit propaganda against
them, the Taliban forbids music, television, the internet and harmless activities such as flying
kites. If men are seen in public without a beard, they will be beaten. However, their most
oppressive ideas pertain to women specifically. Women are not allowed to work, must be covered
from head to toe at all times and must have a male accompanying them. According to the strictest
form of Taliban Law, if these women do not obey the laws, they will be beaten and sometimes
killed. These ideologies that the Taliban enforces have been a part of Afghanistan since their rise
to power and the use of violence to stop them has proven to be extremely ineffective. Since the
United States involvement with the war in Afghanistan, they have yet to be defeated. Christine
Fair, a journalist for the Herald stated, it [the United States] built an unwieldy and unsustainable
state in Afghanistan whose leadership continued to be corrupt and unresponsive to Afghan
needs (Fair). As a result, not only was the militaristic methods of fighting the Taliban
unsuccessful, it left the Afghan military incapable to fend for themselves. Once the United States
military removed their forces from Afghanistan, the Taliban began to gain more territory because
the Afghan military was left unequipped. Since 2003, NATO has been trying to provide training
and aid to the soldiers in Afghanistan but they help train them while they are in combat. They
wanted to ensure that Afghanistan would no longer be a harvesting ground for terrorists. In 2011,
 Hoffman !43

there were 140 000 NATO troops in Afghanistan. These countries included Georgia, Germany,
Turkey, Romania and many others. Over the years this decreased as countries handed over power
to local security forces.

Similar to countering many other terrorist groups, the United States tried the commonly
used, kill-the-leader-tactic. Governments feel that it will create instability in the group as they
struggle to find a new leader though that is usually not what happens. Like many terrorist groups
before them, the Taliban responded by putting a new member in power and continuing to cause
terror in the country. In May of 2016, the United States government issued drone attacks to hit
the car that Mullah Mansour and another senior Taliban member was riding in. The attack
temporarily affected the group but it did not defeat the group in the long run. There was not a
power struggle because four days after Mansours death, the Taliban announced Mawlawi
Haibatullah Akhundzada, a former deputy to Mansour, as the new leader. Felbab-Brown, author
of Aspiration and Ambivalence: Strategies and Realities of Counterinsurgency and State
Building in Afghanistan, stated, By killing Mansour, the more vicious factions of the Taliban
were strengthened. They are even less likely to negotiate and they will have a greater proclivity
toward unrestrained violence (Brown). Mansour was more interested in peace and negotiations
than Akhundzada is. Akhundzada planned to avenge the death of Mansour. Taliban activity has
increased since the new leadership. For example, they have been carrying out attacks during
winter, which is new for them since they usually hide out until the spring when it is easier to
complete operations. Killing Mansour proves once again that taking out the leader of an
extremist group is asking for trouble. A journalist for the Herlad explained the impact and
reasoning behind killing a groups leader:

In the absence of a strategy, the United States opts to take out the Taliban leadership in
hopes of bringing the rest of them to the table. Yet there is no evidence that such
leadership decapitation degrades the organization or makes it more amenable to
negotiation. In fact, it likely encourages greater infighting and defections to the Islamic
State. (Fair)
 Hoffman !44

The goal was to force them to negotiate, yet they managed to kill the person that would benefit
them most being the Taliban leader. Killing the leader almost always results in the same
situation, which Fair highlights; it only encourages further violence.

Since the Taliban does not respond well to violence, other methods must be used to
combat that. The Afghan government has been trying to negotiate with them. Since in 2006, they
did succumb to a compromise, it is possible that they would be willing to do that again. If the
government as well as NATO was to stop jeopardizing these negotiations by killing their leader
or breaking previous negotiations, maybe it would be easier to discuss negotiations with them.
The Taliban are not entirely a religious group. They want to govern the country, making their
ideology political too no separation of church and state. The group cannot be destroyed;
however, they could be changed into an opposition party rather than a violent radicalistic group.
Completely cutting off their way of expressing their beliefs would lead to more violence
throughout the country since oppression has never worked well. They must always be heard and
given opportunities without violence or it will never stop. Recently, at an attempt to limit the
violence within the country, NATO created the Resolute Support International Coalition. They
sent 12 500 mostly American soldiers to Afghanistan on January 1, 2015 to train, advise, and
assist the Afghan security forces. This method is to avoid the violence and hopefully help with
peace operations. It will take longer than simply bombing the Taliban territory but it is the long
term that must be dealt with to truly get rid of a terrorist group. The Resolute Support
International Coalition is a good start to ending the war in Afghanistan, though it will take a lot
of effort and time from Afghanistan as well as NATO to work, as long as they do not fallback to
violence like they did when they withdrew from the war.

The Taliban has, and always will be, a threat to Afghanistan. Recently, the ineffective war
methods of combating them have led to a resurgence in their group; however, some new methods
such as the coalition and negotiations have begun the long-desired quest to peace for
Afghanistan. The environment that helps develop terrorism must be demolished to remove
 Hoffman !45

terrorists from power, and their beliefs must be heard. Violence has not worked and will never
work in fighting groups like the Taliban.
 Hoffman !46

The Philippines

The Philippines is a country in the southeast of Asia, in the Pacific Ocean made up of
7107 islands. According to the 2016 Global Terrorism Index, the Philippines is ranked at number
twelve. This is because there are many active terrorist groups within the country. There are two
major terrorist groups: the Abu Sayyaf Group and The New Peoples Army. The New Peoples
Army was found to be the largest group behind terrorist activity in the Philippines in 2014 (see
appendix, II). This terrorist group, which was deemed one in 2002 by the United, is unlike the
many others discussed in this paper. Rather than an Islamic extremist group, they are left-wing
extremists. Following the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, this communist terrorist organizations
goal is to overthrow the Philippine government in order to implicate a state led by the working
class. They would also like to remove all United States and other Western influence in the
country, give more land to those who are poor or landless, and move most of the people to the
rural areas of the country. They are a very violent group, operating for almost half a century,
making them the longest-lasting communist rebel group in Philippine history.

The New Peoples Army was formed on March 29, 1969 by Jose Maria Sison who was a
student activist. He joined Bernab Buscayno, who once commanded a Communist group in the
1950s called the Huk Rebellion; together they set up the New Peoples Army. The rebel group
was most active during president Ferdinand Marcos time in power from 1966 to 1986 because of
his anti-communist sentiment. Marcos would preach this by saying, I am fighting communism
because it does not believe in God. It believes that everything that happens is brought about by man
alone. It believes in the theory of dialectic materialism. I believe in God (Marcos). In 1971, the
New Peoples Army released four grenades in Manilas Plaza Miranda which led to a rise of
disdain for Marcos. On September 21, 1972, he imposed martial law. It was a law under
Proclamation 1081 that suspended the civil rights and allowed much more military authority in
the Philippines. He claimed there was a rise of violence that he believed was caused by the
communists; however, this law caused a lot more violence from communist rebel groups in the
country than before. Hundreds of students joined the New Peoples Army as a result. This is
 Hoffman !47

because oppressing a group of people only causes more hatred and resentment from the
oppressed group to the oppressor. Creating an unsafe environment for a group to properly
express their beliefs will lead them to go to extreme measures to get attention. The Historical
Dictionary of the Philippines states, Despite his large army, Marcos was unsuccessful in
containing the NPA, and the task of dealing with the NPA was left to Corazon
Aquino (Guillermo 112). The book explains that even though Marcos built up a big army and
unleashed the military on the communists, he was unsuccessful. Using war methods against a
terrorist group can and only has ever done more harm than good.

The New Peoples Army is a very violent group, killing around forty thousand people
since 1969 from all the wars with the Philippine government, though more recently the
Philippines has done well in keeping the group relatively under control. After Marcos stepped
down as president, Corazon Aquino, who was the first female president in Asia, became the new
president. She managed to take the Philippines that was ruled by a dictatorship and turn it into
democracy. By offering a program of land reform and amnesty, she was able to coax the major
NPA leaders to come to peace talks, which lead to ceasefire agreements (Guillermo 112). By
creating land reform programs, she gave more land to those who were landless and poor. By
doing this, she compromised with the New Peoples Army in order to show them that they are
heard and being considered. The amnesty program forgave the group for their political crimes,
giving them a restart with a new president and more incentive to negotiate. Aquino began
ceasefire agreements and negotiations which lessened the amount of terror the group caused. In
August 2016, a ceasefire agreement was accepted by both the Philippine government as well as
the New Peoples Army. However, in February 2017, Duterte ended the ceasefire as mentioned
above. In April, new talks about negotiations are going to take place, hopefully with a more
stable ceasefire agreement.

More recently, in 2017, the New Peoples Army was part of a ceasefire agreement with
the Philippine government. However, during the third round of negotiations between the group
and the government, the New Peoples Army began to get worried about the actions of the
 Hoffman !48

military. The government deployed Philippine troops into the rural areas of the country, which
were areas the New Peoples Army occupied. Since they had been oppressed and tricked in the
past, the lack of fulfillment of the government promises during the ceasefire lead the New
Peoples Army to break it. By doing so, the group abducted six Philippine soldiers and four
civilians, one being the Barangay (a village) chairman. The purpose of these kidnappings was to
gain ground in negotiations, so the government would keep their promises. In retaliation, the
Philippine military overran two rebel camps, which lead the rebel group to use arson as a terror
strategy. Terrorist groups are violent and uneasy. These negotiations must be met with honesty
rather than tricking the groups or more violence will ensue. The current president of the
Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte, has said that he is willing to enact an all-out-war. "An all-out war
means the government will use all available assets of the Armed Forces to accomplish its
mission" (Arevalo). They are willing to use similar methods that the Marcos government used in
the late 1970s even though it did not work then and it will not work now.

The Abu Sayyaf Group is another terrorist group that has been operating in the
Philippines since 1991. Abu Sayyaf means barrier of the sword and is one of the smallest Jihad
groups in the southern Philippines. It was founded by Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, a former
Filipino scholar who battled the Soviets in Afghanistan in the 1980s. The group is fighting for an
independent Islamic nation in the south of the Philippines where a large Muslim population
resides. It often takes hostages for ransom, demanding money in return for the hostage. If the
payments are not made, the group kills the hostages. In 2016, the group killed two Canadians:
Robert Hall and John Ridsdel after the Canadian government did not meet the ransom demands.
It formed as a split off from the Moro National Liberation Front, which is a mainstream Islamic
political organization.

The Abu Sayyaf Group carried out its first attack in 1991 when it killed two American
evangelists. Throughout the 1990s, the group became more violent as their death count rose in
Mindanao (an island in the Philippines). In 1994, Abu Sayyaf killed seventy-one citizens in the
city of Zamboanga with series of bombings. In 1995, it raided the town of Ipil, killing fifty-three.
 Hoffman !49

Then in 1998, it attacked a department store and injured sixty people. That same year, Janjalani
was killed in a gun battle with the police and the militant group changed their method of
terrorizing by focusing on kidnapping rather than bombing. In 2000, the group kidnapped
nineteen foreigners, fifty students and teachers, and fifteen journalists. In 2002, Janjalanis
brother took control of the group and began bombing once again. In 2004, Abu Sayyaf conducted
the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of the Philippines. They bombed a ferry in Manila Bay,
killing 116 people.

In 2006, Abu Sayyaf began to lose ground after the Philippine army launched an
offensive that damaged the structure of the group. Though the military methods damaged Abu
Sayyaf, they remain a prominent group in the Philippines as they resorted back to ransom
kidnapping. The group continues to terrorize the country through these ransom kidnappings. Just
recently, in April of 2017, Abu Sayyaf killed a Philippine soldier they had kidnapped after the
government killed three members of Abu Sayyaf. Though the crackdown in 2006 damaged the
group, they have yet to stop attacking the Philippines. These short-term methods of fighting them
will continue to work the way is has been. The group will be damaged, then retaliate like they in
April. The Philippines is beginning to attempt peace negotiations with the group as Duterte said,
"we don't go to war with our own people" (Duterte). The Philippines attempt at negotiations is
likely to prove successful as it has been with the New Peoples Army.

The Philippines, though experiencing quite a lot of terrorism, especially from the New
Peoples Army, is doing well in dealing with the situation without too much violence. Unlike
Afghanistan with the Taliban or Nigeria and Boko Haram, negotiations and talks with the
terrorists are being made priorities because they recognize how violence is not the best way of
creating peace. The Philippines has seen what has happened in the past when the group has been
oppressed and the guerrilla warfare that the group is capable of. Rather than using violence, they
are taking steps towards solving this issue of terrorism and ending the acts of political violence.
Hoffman !50
 Hoffman !51

International Organizations

The war on terror has drawn the attention of countries all around the world. Many places
felt the need to do something to help in countering it, causing them to take it to international
organizations such as the United Nations and the European Union. Each organization has been
faced with the challenge of fighting terrorism and the many issues that arise with any solution.
Despite the many difficulties with such a broad task, each organization has had successes
accompanied by failures. Countering terror is an ever-developing challenge; as terrorism evolves,
the methods of combatting it must be changed and re-evaluated too. For that reason, having more
than one organization that are comprised of many countries, is a great way of coming up with
universal and proper resolutions.

The United Nations is an international organization that was founded in 1945, after the
Second World War. It is comprised of one hundred and ninety-three countries, each having a state
member representing their country in the General Assembly. The United Nations was formed as a
new League of Nations, which failed because they were unsuccessful in preventing the second
world war. The first meeting of the United Nations was before it was technically formed. During
the second world war, twenty-six nations gathered to create the declaration of the United Nations
where they pledged to continue in fighting the axis powers. On April 25, 1945, fifty countries
met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to create
the United Nations Charter. It was later signed by the fifty countries (and Poland later) on June
26, 1945 and it officially came into existence on October 24, 1945 when the Charter had been
approved by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The
Charter dictates the values and purposes that the United Nations is based off. These purposes are
explained in article one, chapter one of the Charter and state:

To maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations
based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to
take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; to achieve international co-
 Hoffman !52

operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian

character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental
freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; to be a centre for
harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends. (United Nations
Charter, article one chapter one)

The United Nations looks to secure and provide peace to every country. With these goals shaping
the organization, it has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize eleven times since it came to be. Its
current leader, known as the Security-General who symbolizes the organizations ideals, is
Antnio Guterres of Portugal and he has held this position since January 1, 2017.

The United Nations has dealt with many global issues since 1945, one of these being the
universal war on terror. Specifically, since the attacks on the United States on September 11,
2001, the United Nations has put more effort into counterterror resolutions. In 2006, they created
the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy which follows a four-pillar system, mentioned previously
in this paper. To summarize it briefly, the first pillar states: address the conditions conductive to
the spread of terrorism (United Nations). The second pillar says: measures to prevent and
combat terrorism (United Nations). Next is the third pillar, Measures to build states capacity
to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen the role of the United Nations system in that
regard (United Nations). The last pillar states, measures to ensure respect for human rights for
all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis for the fight against terrorism (United Nations).
The Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy is revised every two years to keep up with the constantly
changing terrorist groups and terror strategies. They also send peacekeeping soldiers to countries
experiencing war rather than military soldiers. The United Nations recognizes the futility in
battling a violent group with violence and focuses more on promoting human rights and
providing humanitarian aid such as food and basic supplies. Since 9/11, the United Nations has
created three multilateral resolutions pertaining to combating terrorism; however, they also
created nine before then. The first resolution pertained to the Tokyo convention of 1963, which
involved the destruction of illegal seizure of aircrafts. After 9/11, the United Nations was not
 Hoffman !53

fully equipped knowledge wise in dealing with countering terrorism. The United Nations
encouraged states to focus on refugee applicants as potential terrorists, which created an anti-
immigration sentiment which still lingers today. For example, currently, countries such as the
United States and Poland are reluctant to take in refugees. Another issue with the United Nations
counter-terror plans is that the state representatives cannot agree on one solid definition of
terrorism, leading each nation to create their own. Some of these definitions can cause more
terrorism issues, especially pertaining to human rights. For example, Syrias definition of
terrorism is so broad that it stated that expressing an opinion could be terrorism, yet freedom
fighting was not if it was not directed toward an Arab state. With such a large number of
countries belonging to this organization, it is difficult to achieve full cooperation with every anti-
terror resolution. Often some states do not implement the laws and ideas, which takes away the
unity of the group and in the end, will not help with the trial and error of new resolutions.

However, the United Nations has also done well in their attempts at countering terrorism.
They created Council Resolution 1373, which is a counter-terrorism measure put into place just
after 9/11 and they have a counter-terrorism committee. They also focus on preventing terrorism,
rather than letting it happen and battling it. Section II of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
states, We resolve to undertake the following measures to prevent and combat terrorism, in
particular by denying terrorists access to the means to carry out their attacks, to their targets, and
to the desired impact of their attacks (United Nations). David Cortright, a professor of Peace
Studies and Nonviolent Social Change at the University of Notre Dame agreed, through
unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral law enforcement efforts in dozens of countries, more than
4,000 terrorist suspects, including many senior Al Qaeda operatives, have been taken into
custody (Cortright). The United Nations seeks to detain those who are involved with terrorism,
rather than kill the leaders like many countries do as mentioned before. The other way the United
Nations works to prevent terrorism is by challenging the source of the problem. They have been
addressing the world poverty issue because it is a leading factor that contributes the creation of
terrorist organizations. The United Nations looks towards the future of terrorism prevention by
considering the long-term resolutions and putting them into action.
 Hoffman !54

The European Union has also contributed to the war on terror. The European Union was
created by the Maastricht Treaty on November 1, 1993. It was created with the goal of ending the
frequent and horrific war between the countries in Europe after the Second World War. The six
founding countries were Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands but
now consists of twenty-eight countries. Creating the European Union was a lengthy task; it was a
gradual integration that started in 1945. On April 18, 1951, the Treaty of Paris was signed to
create free trade for many important resources including coal, steel and iron. It led to the
European Coal and Steel community on July 23, 1952 which involved Germany, Belgium,
France, Holland, Italy and Luxembourg and ended on July 23, 2002. The European Coal and
Steel Community had a Supranational, which managed them. It is a level of governing that is
above the nation state and consisted of a Council of Ministers, a Common Assembly, a High
Authority and a Court of Justice, all to legislate, develop ideas and resolve disputes. The
Supranational later became the European Union, which today is a political and economic union
between European countries that creates policies concerning the members economies, societies,
laws and security. Just recently, the first member left the European Union. The Brexit in 2016
was Britain leaving the union with a fifty-one-point nine percent to forty-eight-point one percent
majority.

In dealing with the war on terror, they European Union has created the EU Counter-
Terror Strategy which is revised every presidency to keep up with the evolution of terrorism.
They focus on the human rights involved in countering terror and are not known for excessive
uses of violence to combat it. Stated many times in the Counter-Terror Strategy is the strategic
commitment. It states, to combat terrorism globally while respecting human rights, and make
Europe safer, allowing its citizens to live in an area of freedom, security and justice (European
Union). They would like to successfully fight terrorism; however, with the understanding of
human rights and the clear intention of not violating these rights. This counter-terror strategy,
like the United Nations one, has a basic four-pillar structure. These are the prevention of terror,
the protection of citizens and countries, the pursuit of terrorists and responding to attacks
 Hoffman !55

effectively. The first pillar, prevention, states, to prevent people turning to terrorism by tackling
the factors or root causes which can lead to radicalism and recruitment (European Union). They
focus on the causes of terrorism, and try to eliminate it before it rises. The second pillar for
protection states, to protect citizens and infrastructure and reduce our vulnerability to attack,
including through improved security of borders, transport and critical infrastructure (European
Union). If prevention is not completely successful, they try to protect the countries and people by
limiting the likelihood of an attack and building a foundation that could stay together if attacked.
The next pillar is pursuing the terrorists, stating, to pursue and investigate terrorists across our
borders and globally; to impede planning, travel and communications; to disrupt support
networks; to cut off funding and access to attack materials, and bring terrorists to
justice (European Union). This is how they attack the terrorist groups without violence, but
rather to limit the groups activities by cutting off their resources. The final pillar is responding
and it states, to prepare ourselves, in the spirit of solidarity, to manage and minimize the
consequences of a terrorist attack, by improving capabilities to deal with: the aftermath; the co-
ordination of the response; and the needs of the victims (European Union). This pillar is to
create an effective way of dealing with an attack in an organized manner. These four pillars
create a basis that the union can build off in order to deal with terrorists globally and locally.
However, to create a resolution, every state member must unanimously agree on it, which is
difficult when every country experiences a unique terrorist threat. Rather than creating one
umbrella solution, they should consider many different ones that pertain to different places. If
they only have one plan, some states will not carry out the solution if they feel it will be
unsuccessful. Though there have been times when the European Union has enacted a working
strategy.

On March 28, 2008, the European Union, under a mandate from the United Nations,
enacted the European Union Operation in Eastern Chad and North Eastern Central African
Republic (EUFOR Tchad/RCA). It was a military bridging operation to tackle the crisis in
Darfur, which was a series of rebel attacks by the Justice and Equality Movement and the
Sudanese Liberation Army against the government that began in 2003. They wanted to protect
 Hoffman !56

the citizens with a focus on refugees and deliver humanitarian aid as well as humanitarian
workers to help improve security. While the EUFOR Tchad/RCA was in action, three hundred
and fifty unexploded bombs were deactivated, over three thousand medical consultations were
conducted, around sixty-five surgical operations were done and about ten thousand refugees
returned to twenty-two villages. It also prepared Chad and the Central African Republic for
MINUCRAT, which was a peacekeeping operation. On March 15, 2009, the EUFOR Tchad/RCA
left and MINUCRAT was implemented. Georgette Gagnon, the executive director of the Africa
Division said,

The peacekeepers appear to have prevented a resumption of large-scale violence and

mass killings. Local authorities and displaced communities have reported to humanitarian
organizations that the UN forces have improved the security situation in recent months,
and many are concerned that without the peacekeepers, insecurity will increase again.
(Gagnon)

The help of the United Nations as well as the European Union were large contributors in creating
a safe environment for Chad and the Central African Republic. The European Union is successful
in managing terrorist activity and it is clear they respond well, without violence or violating
human rights.

The United Nations and the European Union are two major groups involved with
countering terrorism. They have a lot of power in the world which gives them the ability to make
some good and effective change in the way terrorism is dealt with. Both groups choose to avoid
using violence as a means of fighting terrorism. They focus on the causes of terrorism and
preventing it from happening and always make sure that human rights are the top priority when
dealing with extremists. Even though both groups have their flaws, such as umbrella resolutions
and uncooperative members of states, they learn from their past mistakes, revise and are creating
a humane and effective method of countering terrorism.
 Hoffman !57

Canadian Connection

Canada is a country with very little terrorist activity as it ranked sixty-six on the 2016
Global Terrorism Index. Canadas main participation with the war on terror has been outside the
borders of its country, particularly in Afghanistan. They supported the United States after 9/11 in
their war on terror against Afghanistan and Iraq, participating in the war from early 2002 to
2014. However, Canada has experienced some terrorism themselves, leading to the creation of
bill C-51, also known as the Anti-Terrorism Act. There have been some major concerns with both
Canadas involvement with the war in Afghanistan as well as the necessity of bill C-51. This
section of the paper will consider why Canadas role in Afghanistan was not as successful as it
has been made out to be. It will also consider the changes bill C-51 has brought to Canada and if
it was a good decision overall.

Canada joined NATO and the United States in battling the Taliban insurgency in
Afghanistan in 2002. They sent around two thousand troops over to fight the war, using violence
 Hoffman !58

and military methods to combat the extremists. The goal was to rebuild the country while getting
rid of the Taliban; however, while their use of violence did temporarily minimize the Talibans
presence, they came back with more force than before. On top of that, the Afghan government
and military became increasingly fragile because foreign aid was fighting the Taliban rather than
the Afghan government. The war damaged the infrastructure as well as the economy of
Afghanistan, leaving them in a state of devastation and without the means to fix it. Afghanistan
has advanced, in part thanks to Canada. But those advances are so fragile and brittle that the
latest assessment from the U.S. military forecasts that any gains could be lost by 2017 (The
Globe and Mail). Since military methods were used, there were only short term achievements,
leaving the country virtually useless. There was a lot put into the war, and there were some
successes. They did remove the Taliban from power and they have yet to fully control the
country again. There were some advantages to Canadas use of military violence along with the
United States, but they are outweighed by the ultimate failure to stabilize and develop
Afghanistan. Canada paid a heavy price for its Afghan mission. One hundred and fifty-eight
soldiers, two civilians, a diplomat and a journalist were killed. More than 1,800 Canadians were
wounded. The war cost Ottawa at least $18-billion (Globe and Mail). With so much put into this
war, it would be wrong to say it was a complete failure because in the short term, there was
success. The overall goals that Canada had going into Afghanistan were not completed because
of the unsuccessful counter-terror strategy used. Some more small successes are: improvement in
numbers of students attending schools, more womens rights and better access to healthcare and
reparations done to the Dahla Dam. The Dahla Dam is the largest dam in Kandahar Province and
is Canadas greatest contribution to Afghanistan. It was built in the early 1950s but was
crumbled over time. With the support of Canadian troops, the dam is now repaired and it is
hoped that it will double the amount of irrigated land in the Arghandab River basin as well as
improve the standard of living for Afghani people. However, it is important to recognize these
achievements were solely based on the foreign aid and once Canada, the United States and
Britain pull out, it is likely these achievements will crumble. Another short-term success was
operation Medusa. Operation Medusa was a Canadian-led offensive during the second Battle of
 Hoffman !59

Panjwaii. Roland Paris, an Associate Professor of Public and International Affairs from the
University of Ottawa explains its effect:

Operation Medusa was undoubtedly a victory for the Canadian Forces, but the gains
were only tactical. What Lieutenant-Colonel Hope did not know at the time, however,
was that Operation Medusa was also a critical learning experience for the Taliban, which
thereafter shifted its strategy to small-group guerrilla-type attacks and subterfuge. The
Taliban would return to the same territory soon after the Canadians left. (Paris)

The operation caused the Taliban to retreat and lengthened the time of their next attack. In the
end, they learned from their mistakes and came back with a new and stronger strategy, once
again, proving violence does not work in countering terrorism.

When Canada exited Afghanistan in 2014, the situation there became increasingly worse
than before. This is because Canada had provided temporary help. They had time and time again
fought off the Taliban and every war damaged Afghanistan even more. When Canada left,
Afghanistan was unequipped in battling the Taliban which caused a rise of terrorism once again
in the country. Violence is a temporary solution. When Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada
came into power, he had different ideas in helping Afghanistan. In a completely different
approach than the United States and former Canadian Prime Minister, Stephan Harper, he put
efforts into helping the development of the country. He decided to put one hundred and fifty
million dollars a year, until 2020 into aid projects and continues in helping build Afghanistans
security forces. He is putting more emphasis on the countries development and ability to stand by
themselves rather than into the military. This new approach is more likely to work in the long run
and it is cheaper. Afghanistan will need $4 billion annually to arm, supply and train its army
and police as compared to $3 billion for aid projects (Berthiaume) explains Lee Berthiaume,
from the Canadian Press. This new method of countering terrorism is focused on Afghanistans
independent abilities, is cheaper, and in long run, will do more than violence will do and has
done.
 Hoffman !60

Canada has not put all their efforts into Afghanistan. It currently has troops station in
Iraq, training the Kurds and helping battle ISIS by building up their military through training,
advising, assisting and equipping them. This has been considered successful thus far, even
though the time in Iraq has been lengthened by three months. They would like to get a better idea
of the situation and to assess the changes that need to be made as the war continues. Canadian
Defense Minister Harjit Sajjan stated, It is clear that coalition efforts are having a real impact on
the ground (Sajjan) The mission in Iraq focuses less on a short-term, militaristic method, but
rather on improving the state of the Iraqi military thereby allowing them to cope themselves
against ISIS and other future threats that may arise. Canadas involvement in Iraq is the better
approach to the war on terror, using soft measure and non-violent methods to combat ISIS.

Focusing more within the borders of Canadas war on terror is Bill C-51. Bill C-51 is an
Anti-Terrorism Act that is vague and broad in what it permits and does not permit. The Bill
allows many human rights violations under suspicion, that is undefined and many are not in
favour of this Bill. It was enacted by the Harper government in 2015 and opposed by the NDP
and Green Party. It adds a section to the criminal code that allows a warrant to be issued if a
judge suspects terrorist propaganda. However, the Bill does not specify what is considered
terrorist propaganda. The vagueness of this can lead to wrongful use of the law and can violate
the right to freedom of speech. It also allows police to arrest anyone without a warrant if they
suspect they may carry out terrorist attacks. This again, does not specify what is considered
suspicion of possibly carrying out a terrorist attack and leaves it up to interpretation. Private
information of anyone can be shared among departments and the RCMP can collect data from
Health Canada without a warrant. This violates a persons right to privacy, and many are
concerned as to why access to private health information needs to be publicized. The Canadian
Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), which is a spy agency created to collect information, now
can interfere with travel and banking transactions and can ask judges for approval in cases where
their actions would violate rights or freedoms that are protected by the law. The CSIS now has
more power than they should or need and can completely dismiss human rights and freedoms if
 Hoffman !61

they feel the need to. This Bill has criminalized free expression, which is a direct violation of
freedom of speech. Peaceful protesters can be arrested for suspected terrorist activity if the police
or CSIS believe they could be involved in terrorist activities. From late 2015 to early 2016, the
CSIS has made two dozen arrests under Bill C-51. The RCMP also arrested Kevin Omar
Mohamed for fear or terrorism. In the end, he was not charged for terrorism, but for possession
of a knife. He was denied bail and given a peace bond. A peace bond is given to someone who is
suspected to commit a terrorist offence and are put under strict conditions. The new fear of
terrorism law and easier access to peace bonds are both from Bill C-51. The RCMP has made
other arrests in the past as well under this Bill. The Trudeau government declared their support
for Bill C-51 at a NATO summit in Poland, though they want to make changes that will limit the
human rights violations and clear up some of the broad definitions. He also said that the Bill will
be reviewed every three years to make sure it is up to date and working well. Trudeau stated,
"We will repeal the problematic elements of Bill C-51, and introduce new legislation that better
balances our collective security with our rights and freedoms" (Trudeau). Currently, no changes
have been made. Bill C-51 is very controversial, though, it needs more revising so it does not
violate so many human rights and freedoms if it is to stay a law.

Canada has played a large role in the war on terror. It provided some help in Afghanistan
in the past and its new attempt at helping in the development is expected to create a positive
impact in the country. Bill C-51 in under advisement of the Trudeau government and is also
expected to make some positive changes. Canada is in the process of becoming a bigger help in
the war on terror and will change the way terrorism is dealt with.
 Hoffman !62

Solutions

Terrorism is an extremely multifaceted issue and there is yet to be a definition that fully
encompasses its complexity. It is constantly progressing and changing at a rapid rate as the war
on terror continues. With such a complicated topic at hand, a completely fool-proof method of
countering it has not been found. As this paper highlights, throughout the past as well as the
present, the use of military violence as a means of countering terrorism has proven to be an
ineffective method. This raises the question: how can you beat a group that only knows violence
without using it ourselves? Terrorists want to achieve a goal politically and in their opinion, what
they want is in the best interest for everyone. These ideas come from lack of education, societal
rejection, oppression and many other causes. Using force against them only makes them angrier
and more resentful, may lead them to become stronger and attack again. The cycle of violence
has been going on for years and the only way to put an end to it is to counter these extremists
without violence. Violence acts as a short-term solution. Short-term solutions should not be
prioritized, while the long term should be. That is not to say that violence can never be used in
these situations, as long as it is not in isolation. Next, ideally, terrorism needs to be stopped
before it starts. Focusing on the causes of terrorism and fixing these problems could eventually
end the rise of new terrorist groups globally. Finally, instead of fighting a battle, meanwhile
destroying the country that is already in havoc, countries experiencing terrorism should rebuild
and work on development with the help of stronger countries. Countering terrorism without
violence is a much more difficult challenge than using it as many have done in the past; however,
in the end, it is the best way of eradicating these extremist groups.

During the war on terror, governments all around the world have been looking at what to
do right away and how to make the problem go away immediately. While these are good
intentions, this is short-term thinking and is only temporary. Using violence will get rid of a
terrorist group for a little while, maybe even a few years, but they will resurface and will be more
powerful. These solutions provide momentary satisfaction and please the general population, but
it does not last forever. When the terrorist groups return, angrier than before, the government will
 Hoffman !63

have to face the same issue they did previously. Again, short-term solutions are focused on
because they worked before; however, this will go on forever until terrorists learn how to not be
affected by the short-term. What must be considered is a successful long-term solution. These
will take much longer than military intervention and no one will be happy with it at first, but it
will work eventually. You can kill a person, but it will take ages to kill an Ideology (Dustin V).
Killing the leader of the group, or even every member of an organization will not get rid of the
ideology behind it. There will always be someone who supported the group that is willing to step
up and continue the fight and they will be furious that everyone before them was killed for trying
to make a change. The dangerous ideas these extremists have must be killed, not the people who
believe in them. It will take time and effort, but it will keep the ideology from resurfacing again.

Killing an ideology is a simple idea yet hard to carry out. There are many things that can
be done to get rid of an ideology. It is best to develop a country that is ruled by terror, instead of
focusing strictly on the military and weapons. Developing a country will help it stand on its own,
so it is capable of getting rid of terrorist groups themselves as well as preventing them from
starting in the first place. The development of a country can be done through promoting
education, aid projects and humanitarian aid, focusing on human rights, access to health care and
ending government corruption. Education is a major cause of terrorists because those without it
do not understand that violence is not the best way to get what they want. It teaches a country
safety, rights and how to contribute to a society in a healthy way. A country without education is
a harvesting ground for terrorist organizations because they are so vulnerable to attacks. For
example, in India, when NGOs (non-government organizations) provided education to the
children in terrorist-ruled countries, many terrorist groups surrendered because their families
were being supported by the government. Other countries should not be sending in military
troops to fight the terror battle for the countries, but rather peacekeepers to carry out aid projects
and supply them with food, drinking water and other basic needs. When other countries use their
short-term military methods, the terrorists will be defeated temporarily but when the countries
leave, terrorists will return to the country that is left incapable of dealing with them alone. A
terror-struck country needs to rebuild themselves so they can take care of themselves. The
 Hoffman !64

country needs to become one that is not a land that terrorists can thrive in; their resources must
be killed, not the terrorists. Terrorists do not know human rights, and often the countries that
harbor them do not understand them either. If human rights were to become a larger priority in
these countries prior to the growth of a terrorist organization, there would be less resentment
between the extremists and the government in the first place, thereby preventing the possible
rise. There must be good access to health care in destroyed countries to limit the number of
civilian deaths caused by both the terrorists and the opposing military. Many terrorists choose to
kill as a way of achieving attention. Lastly, attempting to negotiate with terrorists can help limit
their violent attacks. In some situations, terrorists are not willing to negotiate, however this is not
the same for every group. Since they want to enact political change, giving them some of what
they want in exchange for stopping the violence can work. Considering Aquinos negotiations
with the New Peoples Army, terrorists want support in their issue and often giving them a little
bit is better than complete destruction to a society which will eventually lead to terrorists
governing. These are all methods of countering already existing terrorist groups but the best way
to counter terrorism is to stop it before it starts.

There are many reasons people become terrorists, as mentioned in previous sections of
this paper. Some include poverty, societal rejection, oppression and government corruption.
Turning attention to these other issues, which inevitably lead to terrorism will help limit the
amount of radical organizations in the future. If countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq were to
focus more on their economy, and the citizens living in poverty, it would help prevent people in
poverty from becoming terrorists. Rather than countries investing in foreign intervention, they
could put those resources towards building a vibrant economy in a developing country. There
also needs to be fewer people rejected from society. It must be easier for people who grow up in
a troubled home to tell someone about it and more must be done for it. Societal rejection leads to
terrorism because that group gives them the community they long for. If there were fewer people
in need of a community, there would be less terrorism. There are also many people being
constantly oppressed, which leads to anger. Different religions, different ideologies and different
races are constantly being oppressed by governments. For example, Trump oppresses Muslims
 Hoffman !65

which will build up resentment and what was supposed to counter terror ends up making things
worse. Oppression leads to anger, and people are unable to express that when the government is
constantly keeping them quiet, so they turn to violence because it catches the attention of
everyone. Finally, often in countries experiencing terrorism, there is a corrupt government. They
cause terrorist groups to surge and only know of violence when countering them. If corrupt
governments are dealt with immediately and taken from power through economic sanctions and
protests, there would be less reason for terrorism to start in the first place. The issue of terrorism
would not be such an issue if it did not exist to the extent it does today. After all,

Terrorism is like a tree. You keep cutting its branches, but it will continue to grow, but if
you want to eradicate it completely, you have to see the roots of the tree. By enlightening
people with good beliefs, thoughts and education we can change their mind set. Power of
word is much greater than using weapons. (Dustin V)

Removing the use of violence will make the long-term solutions more difficult to enact.
Depending on the situation, since all terrorist groups respond differently, short-term solutions
followed immediately by long-term ones will result in effective change. Governments tend to use
militaristic violence as the only solution and once a terrorist organization is eradicated, they
leave it at that. However, the group will return as shown with the Boko Haram. After the
government used violence they disappeared for a year, only to come back stronger. Once a group
has been weakened through strategic uses of violence, then the long-term solutions that build up
the country can be put into place. Schools and hospitals can be built and the economy can be
strengthened. These long-term methods will prevent the resurgence of a terrorist as well as
improve the condition of the country. The use of violence specifically in isolation is not a
productive method of countering terror. A combination of the short and long-term is most likely
to result in the eradication of a terrorist organization.

An example of short and long-term solutions combined to eradicate a terrorist group

without the use of violence is Canada in the 1970s as they dealt with the Front de Libration du
 Hoffman !66

Qubec (FLQ). The FLQ was a parliamentary group who were very left wing. They believed in
socialism, nationalism and wanted to be separated from Canada and considered an independent
nation. They were responsible for 160 violent attacks on civilians with its most destructive
attack being the October Crisis that led to the eradication of the group. The October Crisis
occurred after a chain reactions that led to the kidnapping of two politicians: James Cross and
Pierre Laporte. The short-term usage was the war measures act, which Pierre Trudeau, former
Prime Minister of Canada, enacted. Though the act increased the abilities of police forces, they
were not abused and many FLQ members were arrested and later released due to lack of charges.
There was no torturing or killing during the process and the FLQ was dismantled. Today, forty-
seven years later, the Parti Quebecois exists with similar values as the FLQ. The result of a non-
violent method of dealing with this terrorist organization was successful and ended in a political
party that voices the opinions of those who supported the FLQ. Though the party previously
existed before the October Crisis, they hold the support of those who believed in the FLQ in a
non-violent way, prevented further terrorist activity. It is important to recognize the benefits of
short-term solutions if they are not extreme, such as a lawful use of the war measures act
followed by a peaceful political party as the long-term solution.

These non-violent methods of countering-terrorism will not only lessen the amount of
terror globally, but it will help developing countries grow in the process. It is important to
understand that all these solutions must be used to counter terror because such a complicated
issue cannot be solved in one attempt. All groups are different and every country is different, so
changes should be made to best suit how each group operates. In general, it is best not to
overreact to terrorist attacks and make rash decisions on combatting them because that is feeding
the fire. By thinking about the long-term, working towards developing countries and looking at
the root terrorism, it is very possible to eventually eradicate extremist groups around the world.
 Hoffman !67

Conclusion

The war on terror is far from simple. The mere fact that a definition of terrorism has yet
be perfected explains how complex of an issue it truly is. The effect both Islamic fundamentalists
and left-wing extremists have in a society that is not in favour of their goals and ideologies is
significant as they should not be put under the control of such groups. The long lead up between
countries fighting over oil and the festering hatred between different countries evidently led to
the spark of terrorism globally. The violent take on fighting terrorism has continued since the
September 11 attacks and caused a surge in Islamophobia around the world. Though this report
focuses mainly on Islamic terrorist organizations, it is important to recognize it is not the only
type of terrorism and should not be seen as such.

As Robert Imre explains, terrorism is caused by the society it harvests in. The behind-the-
scenes life of a terrorist must be considered when countering it to find the best ways in which is
can be fought. The religion and social situation of a terrorist is a direct contributor to terrorism
which must be recognized. As governments fight terrorism, need to take into consideration new
methods to address the underlying issues rather than focus on the short-term solutions and ways
to quickly fix the issue while remaining in power. As the government, terrorists and media all
play such a strong role in terrorism, each must be examined in detail before any decisions are
made to avoid mistakes and the ripple effect that could lead to more violence.

The three countries that experience terrorism Nigeria, Afghanistan and the Philippines
have each used methods of violence in countering terrorism that proved to be unsuccessful.
Nigerias strong military crackdown led to a surge in terrorist activity from Boko Haram the
following year. However, a change in government is likely to show an improvement in the fight
as the new president is considering new ways of combatting the militant group. Afghanistans
fight against the Taliban has been long and ongoing. The foreign intervention has shown to be
both beneficial and detrimental as their presence in the country is a temporary fix the problem.
Finally, the Philippines attempts at negotiating with both the New Peoples Army and the Abu
 Hoffman !68

Sayyaf group is a non-violent and effective way of countering terrorism. Their efforts are
proving to be more successful than Nigeria and Boko Haram and Afghanistan with the Taliban as
they are places lower on the terrorism index and experience fewer and less deadly attacks from
both terrorist organizations.

International organizations role and Canadas role in the war on terror both have seen
useful and some ineffective ways of countering terrorism. As both the United Nations and the
European Union use less violent strategies in combatting terrorism, both have issues such as
umbrella resolutions and lack of full participation from every country involved. Similarly,
Canadas involvement has helped in some ways such as the dam and operation Medusa;
however, they struggle to rebuild communities in Afghanistan and Iraq allowing them to stand on
their own.

Finding one perfect solution to such a complicated issue is impossible. The best method
of combatting these extreme groups is the combination of short and long-term solutions. Using
violence, or a temporary change in the civil rights of a country to weaken a terrorist organization
provides the time for a government to rebuild the country. It is important to understand these
short-term solutions must be used cautiously and only in preparation for long-term solutions. The
short-term solutions must also be adjusted to the terrorist group as to not cause a surge of
aggression from the terrorists. Once the short-term solutions have successfully damaged a group,
long-term solutions must be quickly implemented to prevent further terrorist activity. The
country that holds the terrorists must be rebuilt, with or without the help of other countries, so it
is no longer an easy territory for terrorists to grow. These long-term solutions are most important
because they shape the future of the country and hold control over whether terror will continue in
the country. Countering terrorism is a challenging process; it must be well thought-out and
specific to each terrorist organization.
Hoffman !69
 Hoffman !70

Appendix

I)

II)
Hoffman !71
 Hoffman !72

III)
 Hoffman !73

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Raqqa is being Slaughtered Silently (Raqqa_SL). Congratulations to the Coalition u have a

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