MSc REM

Reservoir Evaluation and Management

Wellbore Storage,
Radial Derivatives and
Type Curve Analysis

1 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Well Test Analysis Summary

2 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Horner Pressure Buildup Graphs

LTR MTR ETR

Faults

Stimulated
Constant Pressure
Boundary Effect
or
Closed System Semilog Straight
Line of Ideal Slope
q
m = Wellbore
4k h
Storage and Skin

t p+ t
ln
t Fig 3.1.1a

3 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Well Test Analysis Algorithm
Data
Preparation
No Log-Log
Derivative
Diagnostic
Context
Input
Reasonable Specialist Flow period
? Plots Analysis

Yes
Nonlinear Model Best
Regression Match
STOP

Fig 3.1.1b

4 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Development of Methodology

High Resolution Gauges

Preprocessors with Filters

Derivative Computation Methods

"Flopetrol Algorithm"

Spectrum of Well Documented

Basic Model Responses

Stehfest Algorithm for Numerical Laplace

Transform Inversion
Advent of PC with Interactive Graphics
5 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
 Recent Improvements

New Time Functions and Derivatives

Deconvolution

Efficient Computation Methods

Combined Solution Forms

Multiwell Capability

Reservoir and Boundary Modelling

Horizontal Well Models

Variable Wellbore Storage

Handling of Multiphase Flow

6 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Future Needs

Better Multiphase Flow Capability

Clarify Effects of Spatial Heterogeneity

Possible Extension to Reservoir

Characterisation

Analysis of Production Data

Downhole Flow Measurement

Sophisticated Help Systems

in Software
7 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
 Limitations of Well Test Interpretation

Problem of nonuniqueness in model response and

parameter estimation

Inability to demonstrate the presence of layering

Calculated skin factor, S, cannot be decomposed

into a depth of damage, ra , and an altered
permeability, ka

Poor quality of rate measurement

Failure of error estimates in nonlinear regression

procedures

Testing time too short in tight reservoirs

8 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
 Early Time Pressure Response
And Wellbore Storage

9 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Physical Reasons for ETR

Radial Composite - Injection Well or Near Wellbore Region below

Saturation Pressure:
Bubble Point - Gas Block
Dew Point - Liquid Dropout

10 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Wellbore Storage Effect
qs

Well
t = 0 Flowing
Wellbore of Volume V at Surface
Filled with a Liquid of
Compressibility c t > 0

Pressure Transducer

Reservoir at
Pressure q sf
pi
pw s = pi pw f < pi
Fig 3.1.2

11 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Simplified Model of Liquid Wellbore Storage
Well is considered to be a tank of volume, V ,
filled with a fluid of compressibility, c

Capaci ty , C s = cV
Cs = Wellbore storage coefficient

qs
qs
F
L Wellbore
O qsf Capacity
W
Cs
Pressure
t pw

qs f
Surface Rate , q s , is assumed constant
and
the Wellbore Storage Coefficient, Cs , is also
assumed constant

12 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Wellbore Storage Coefficient, Cs = cV qs qs

qs
F
L Capacity
Cs
O q sf Pressure
W
pw
Well-
bore
0
t
PLT
q s f = Sandface Flow-Rate
q sf
qsf
q s = Surface Flow-Rate

Constant Surface Rate Drawdown Fig 3.1.3

13 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 WELLBORE
ANNULAR
FLOW PHASE

REDISTRIBUTION GAS
IN BUILDUP

* HIGH GOR
FROTH
FLOW * LOW WELLHEAD
PRESSURE

SLUG
FLOW

HIGHLY NONIDEAL

WELLBORE STORAGE
BUBBLE
FLOW SITUATION OIL

SINGLE
PHASE

WELL

Fig 3.1.4

14 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Wellbore Material Balance
Rate of
Input Output = Accumulation

d pw
q sf q s B = Cs
dt
where

2 rw kh p
q sf =
r r=r w

- Darcy Lawq sf
p w p wf = S = ps
2 kh
Hence

2 rw kh p p
q s B = Cs
r r=r w
t r=r w

Wellbore Storage Inner Boundary Condition

15 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Early Time Behaviour of a Well with Storage
At very early tim e the flow , q , f rom the
sf
f ormation is negligible and all the s urface
production is sust ained by the ex pansion
of the w ellbore f luid

Thus q s f 0
Wellbore Storage (WBS) Dominated Flow Regime
qs

d p wf qs B Capacity
= Cs
dt Cs Pressure
p wf

Plot of pw f versus time is linear with a slope

-qsB/Cs

Hence actual wellbore storage coefficient , Cs ,

may be determined

16 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Wellbore Storage (WBS) Dominated Flow

qs
Flow-
Rate qs f q sf negligible
WBS Dominated

0 Time, t

pi H igh Sampling R at e
Gauge oft en N ec es sary
to See t his Regim e

q sB
pw f slope =
Cs

WBS Affected
WBS Dom.

Cartesian
Time, t
Graph

17 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Determination of Cs from a Log-Log Plot
of pi - pw f versus t

2
WBS Ch o o s e a n y
dom.
Log p match point on
u n i t- sl o p e l i n e
1
p
M

Line of unit slope

0
0 1 2
tM Log t

In field units q s ... STB/D

qs B pM ... psi
pM = t
24 C s M t M ... hr
Cs ... bbl/psi
Hence compute C s

5.6146 Cs
and CD =
2 h c t rw2
18 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
 In Terms of Dimensionless Variables
d pD tD
= 1 i. e. pD =
d tD CD CD
. . . since pD = 0 when t D = 0

Cs
Here CD =
2 h c t rw2
Alternatively

log pD = log t D - log C D

2 3 4 5
10
C D = 10 10 10 10

pD
1

Log-Log
D iagnost ic
0.1
2 3 4
10 10 10
tD
19 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
 Straight Lines of Unit Slope on a Dimensionless Log-Log Plot
2 3 4 5

10
C D = 10 10 10 10

pD
tD
pD =
1 CD

Lines of
Unit Slope
0.1 3 4 5
10 10 10
tD
Fig 3.1.6

20 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Determination of Cs from a Log-Log Plot of p versus t

2
WBS
d om .
p

1 Line of Unit Slope

[ p] M
Match Point
0
-1 0 1 2

[t]M Log t
Fig 3.1.7

21 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Ramey Log-Log Type Curve

112 log cycles S

CD = 0 20
10
5
10 0

p
D
2

1 10
=
3

5
4
CD
0

10
=1

10

=
=
D
C

D
C

C
0.1 4 6 8
2
10 10 10
10
tD
Fig 3.1.8

22 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 0.01 0.1
t (hr) 1.0 10
100
Log-Log Data Plot

S
CD = 0 10 20
10
5
10 0

p 1.0
D
2

10 p (psi)
1 =
3

C
4
D
0
=1

10 0.1
Ramey Log-Log
=
D
C

Type Curve
D
C

0.1 4 6 8
10
2
10 10 10
tD
Type Curve Matching Process
Fig 3.2.1b

23 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Ideal Wellbore Storage Log-Log Type Curve
100
CRD

pD

2S
Parameter = C De
4
0.1 10 tD 10

Earlougher-Gringarten Form CD Fig 3.2.3

24 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Measured Data on a Log - Log Plot

Compatible
Scale to
Type Curve
10

p
(psi)
1

p = pi pwf(t)
0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10
CRD t (hr) Fig 3.2.4a

25 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 100
Fig
3.2.4b
100
CRD
10

p
pD (psi)
1 Parameter
2S
C De
Log - Log Plot of
Measured Data Gringarten
Type
0.01 0.1 1 10
t (hr) Curve
4
0.1 10 10
Type Curve Matching by Overlay of Measured Data

26 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Type Curve Match Evaluation
Pressure Match . . . Field Units

2 k h [p]M
[p D ]M =
8871. q
887.2 q [p D ]M
kh = md. ft
2 [p]M
Time Match

[ ]
tD
CD M
=
0.000295 k h [t]M
Cs

0.00295 k h [t ]M 5.6146 Cs
Cs = CD =
[ ]
bbl / psi
t 2 h c t rw2
D
CD M
Parameter Match

1 [C D e 2S ]M
[C D e 2S
]M S = ln
2 CD

27 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
 Classification of Wellbore Response

Wellbore Semilog
Storage Straight
Line
p
Slope
Late Time
Boundary
Effects
0 Log t
Fig 3.3.1

28 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 d(p)
p = . . . Local slope of
d(ln t) semilog graph

Tangents to Curve
(Obtained by Numerical
Differentiation)

Ln t

Ln p

Plateau

Ln t
Fig 3.3.2

29 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Derivative Plateau Match

10 Equivalent to Fitting Semilog Straight Line Slope

100
pD p
1
10
0.5

0.1 1
1 100
t

0.01
0.01 1 t D /C D 100
Fig 3.3.9

30 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Id e a l We llb o re Sto ra g e a nd Skin
100
2S
Parameter = CDe

10
pD
pD
1
0.5

0.1
3 4
0.1 1 10 tD 100 10 10
CD
After Bourdet Fig 3.3.10

31 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Fig 3.3.11
Pressure and Logarithmic Derivative
Time Record
on TC Compatible Scale

p
p 10

(psi)

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

t (hr)

32 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 100
2S
Parameter = CDe

10
pD 100

pD p
p
1
0.5 10

0.1
10 t D C D 100
3 4
0.1 1 10 10
1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t (hr) Fig 3.3.12

33 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 t e ex

x
pw f ( t )
p p BU
x

x t
x Desuperposition
Time Scale Functioning

t
Build-up Analysis Fig 3.4.8

34 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Log-Log Plot Based on Agarwal Equivalent Drawdown Time

10
pBU
(psi)
1 tpt
t e =
t p + t

0.1
0.001 0.1 t e (hr) 10
Fig 3.4.2

35 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Match of Buildup to Drawdown Type Curve
Using Agarwal Equivalent Time, t e
100

10
10
pB U
2S
CD e
pD
(psi) Match
1
1.0 P oint

+
0.1
3
0.1 1 10 tD/C D 100 10

0.01 3
0.1 1 10 100 10
t e
(hr)
Fig 3.4.3

36 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Limit of Agarwal Equivalent Time,
te
tp t tp
te = =
tp + t tp
1+
t
Hence

as t te tp

Dra wdown respon se can only be

defined u p to tp

Must be ca refu l to use correct tp

37 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
 Improper Selection of tp

t p = T3
Short Shut-in t p T3 T2
to Run Gauge

q Flow Period
to Re-establish
pw Conditions

Final
Buildup

0 T1 T2 T3

Time, t
Fig 3.4.7

38 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 1000 Log - Log Diagnostic Plot p
C s = 0.015 bbl/psi
p
p
100

(psi)
Unit Slope Line Nonideal Wellbore Storage

10
0.01 0.1 1.0
t e (hr)
Equivalent Drawdown Time Fig 3.5.1a

39 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Type Curve Overlay
1000 (log - Log)
Ideal
p T. C.

p
100 Decreasing
DP
WBS
(psi)
C D = 3 87 3 Nonideal Wellbore Storage
10
0.1 1 10
t e (hr)
t p = 4.0415 hr Fig 3.5.1b

40 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Cartesian Plot of Build-up
2730

pw s
(psia)

1200
25
Elapsed time , t (hr)
Nonideal WBS Fig 3.5.1c

41 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Log-Log Diagnostic Plot

ETR LTR
Liquid Solution based on WBSD
Wellbore Storage Coefficient
(US Construction)

p
Derivative Data

WBS WBS
Area of Zero or Low Weighting
D A
in Sum of Squares

t
Weighting of Data Points in Objective Function Fig 3.5.2

42 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Fig Drift Flux Model
3.5.7
Gas
Cushion

Bubble
Slip
Velocity
vs Liquid
Column

Steady-State Segregated
Flowing Condition Phases

43 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Gas Phase Redistribution or "Humping"

p - ve Cartesian Plot

pB U

d p
p = BU

pH d t

pB U = pw s - pw f(tp)
0
0
t
Fig 3.5.8

44 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Nonideal WBS Having Appearence of Dual Porosity

Apparent Parallel
Straight Lines
q
slope =
pw s 4 kh

Derivative
Fingerprint
p
US DP
MTR
te
t p + t
ln t Fig 3.5.9

45 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Compressibility of Dry Gas as a Function of
Pressure
25
Compressibility

20
(1/psi*104)

Gamma = 0.65
15
T = 200 deg F
10

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Pressure (psia) Fig 3.5.10

46 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 H u mp d u e t o
C
Ideal
Behaviour
C
p US
C

Ideal Increasing Storage

Behaviour
Cs C > 0

t e

Ideal Log -Log Plot

Behaviour
Cs
p
Ideal
Behaviour
C

US
Decreasing Storage
C C < 0

t e
Fig 3.5.11

47 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Annular Communication or
Leaking Gas Lift Mandrels

Without Down-hole Shut-in

Pressure (psia)
1400

1200

1000

800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)

With Down-hole Shut-in

1600
Pressure (psia)

1400

1200

1000

800
0 5 10 15 20
Time (hours)

Fig 3.5.19

48 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Phase Redistribution Comb ined
with Annular Comm unica tion

Without Down-hole Shut-in

Pressure (psia)
1200

1000

800

600
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (hours)

With Down-hole Shut-in

1400
Pressure (psia)

1200

1000

800

600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (hours)
Fig 3.5.20

49 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Liquid Fall-back Causing Humping

Without Down-hole Shut-in

1400

Pressure (psia)
1200

1000

800

600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (hours)

With Down-hole Shut-in

1400
Pressure (psia)

1200

1000

800

600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (hours)

50 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Test Sequence for Well A Fig 3.6.1
2
After Larsen et al
Gas Rate

Q
1

(sm3/d*10-6)

0
20 30 40 50
Time, t (hr)
50000
After Larsen et al
BHP
45000
pw 2nd DD 2nd BU
40000
(kPa)
35000
10 20 30 t 40 50

51 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Hyperbolic Function for Skin Behaviour During First Drawdown in Well A

120
After Larsen et al
a = 10
b = 0.16
c = 67.0
100
Skin
Factor
S
80

60
2 4 6 8 10
Flowing Time, t (hr) Fig 3.6.3

52 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Hyperbolic Function for Skin Behaviour
During Second Drawdown in Well A
85

a = 6.5
Skin b = 0.55
Factor c = 76.0

S
80

After Larsen et al
75
2 4 6 8 10

Flowing Time, t (hr) Fig 3.6.4

53 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Test Sequence for Well B Fig 3.6.5
1000
Oil
Rate
qs
500

3
(sm /d)

0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Time, t (hr)
40500
BHP
pw
40000

(kPa)

39500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
t

54 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Hyperbolic Function for Skin Behaviour During First Drawdown of Well B

a = 32.0
b = 1.90
c = 25.5
40
Skin
Factor
S
35

30

After Larsen et al
25
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flowing Time, t (hr) Fig 3.6.7

55 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

 Hyperbolic Function for Skin Behaviour in Second Drawdown of Well B
22
a = 6.0
b = 2.40
c = 19.5

21
Skin
Factor
S
20

After Larsen et al

0 2 4 6 8 10
Flowing Time, t (hr) Fig 3.6.8

56 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ