RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Chapter Contents Part 9

PART 1 REGULATIONS

PART 1A GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFICATION USING RISK ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES TO

DETERMINE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

PART 2 MANUFACTURE, TESTING AND CERTIFICATION OF MATERIALS

PART 3 FUNCTIONAL UNIT TYPES AND SPECIAL FEATURES

PART 4 STEEL UNIT STRUCTURES

PART 5 MAIN AND AUXILIARY MACHINERY

PART 6 CONTROL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PART 7 SAFETY SYSTEMS, HAZARDOUS AREAS AND FIRE

PART 8 CORROSION CONTROL

PART 9 CONCRETE UNIT STRUCTURES

Chapter 1 General Requirements and Design Principles

2 Loads and Load Combinations

3 Structural Design

4 Materials and Durability

© Lloyd's Register, 2007. All rights reserved.

Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted,
broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be
addressed to Lloyd's Register, 71 Fenchurch Street, London, EC3M 4BS.

LLOYD’S REGISTER 1
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Contents Part 9

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Section 1 General
1.1 Application
1.2 Recognized Codes and Standards
1.3 Class notations
1.4 Plans and data submission

Section 2 Design principles

2.1 Semi-probabilistic approach
2.2 Limit state design

Section 3 Limit states of design

3.1 Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
3.2 Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
3.3 Fatigue Limit State (FLS)
3.4 Accidental (ALS) and Progressive Collapse Limit State (PLS)

CHAPTER 2 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

Section 1 General
1.1 Application

Section 2 Definitions
2.1 Permanent loads
2.2 Live loads
2.3 Environmental loads
2.4 Deformation loads
2.5 Accidental and abnormal loads
2.6 Characteristic value of loads

Section 3 Load Combinations

3.1 Load factors and load combinations

CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Section 1 General
1.1 Structural design
1.2 Symbols

Section 2 Design requirements

2.1 Codes and Standards
2.1 Design loads and design strength of materials

Section 3 Analysis
3.1 General
3.2 Analysis of structure
3.3 Analysis of sections

Section 4 Requirements for section analyses

4.1 General
4.2 Analysis of sections for ULS
4.3 Analysis of sections for SLS
4.4 Analysis of sections for FLS
4.5 Analysis of sections for PLS

Section 5 Other considerations

5.1 Installation layout and safety
5.2 Fire resistance
5.3 Corrosion protection
5.4 Watertight/weathertight integrity
5.5 Survey

2 LLOYD’S REGISTER
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Contents Part 9

CHAPTER 4 MATERIALS AND DURABILITY

Section 1 Materials
1.1 General
1.2 Cement
1.3 Cement replacements
1.4 Tricalcium aluminate
1.5 Aggregates
1.6 Alkali-silica reaction
1.7 Lightweight aggregate
1.8 Water
1.9 Admixtures
1.10 Reinforcing steel
1.11 Prestressing tendons
1.12 Prestressing ducts
1.13 Grout (for prestressing tendons)

Section 2 Durability
2.1 Zones of exposure
2.2 Cement content
2.3 Water/cement ratio
2.4 Minimum concrete strength
2.5 Temperature
2.6 Freezing and thawing
2.7 Concrete cover reinforcement
2.8 Concrete protection against chemical attack

LLOYD’S REGISTER 3
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007
General Requirements and Design Principles
Section
1 General
2 Design principles
3 Limit states of design
■ Section 1
General
1.1 Application
1.1.1 The Chapters in this Part outline the structural
design requirements of ship and barge-type units, built in
reinforced and/or pre-stressed concrete. The design for other
types of floating concrete units will be specially considered,
although the general principles given in this Part are
applicable. The general requirements for structural unit types
in Pt 4, Ch 4 are to be complied with as applicable.
1.1.2 This Part only considers the design requirements for
the concrete structure of the unit. The requirements of this
Part are considered to be supplementary to the requirements
in the relevant Parts of the Rules.
1.1.3 These Rules are intended primarily for units
engaged in production and/or crude oil storage as defined in
Pt 3, Ch 3 to which reference should be made. Special
consideration will be given to units required for the storage of
liquefied gas or liquid chemicals in bulk.
1.2 Recognized Codes and Standards
1.2.1 These Rules give requirements for detailed design.
Recognized Codes and Standards which give an equivalent
level of safety will be considered but must be agreed by
Lloyd’s Register (hereinafter referred to as ‘LR’) in each case.
1.3 Class notations
1.3.1 The Regulations for classification and the
assignment of class notations are given in Pt 1, Ch 2, to
which reference should be made.
1.3.2 In addition to the normal class notations which
may be assigned to an installation, for concrete units a
suitable descriptive note will be included in the Offshore
Register, e.g. concrete hull.
1.4 Plans and data submission
1.4.1 Plans, calculations, data and specifications are to
be submitted in accordance with Pt 4, Ch 1,4 as per steel
structures, as applicable.
1.4.2 For units with process plant or drilling plant the
additional plans and information required by Pt 3, Chapters 7
LLOYD’S REGISTER
Part 9, Chapter 1
Sections 1, 2 & 3
and 8, as applicable, are also to be submitted.
1.4.3 In addition to the above requirements, plans are to
contain reinforcement and prestressing details for the whole
concrete structure.
1.4.4 Calculations are also to be submitted for the
serviceability and progressive collapse limit states in addition
to the ultimate strength and fatigue calculations required in
Pt 4, Ch 1, 4.3.1.
■ Section 2
Design principles
2.1 Semi-probabilistic approach
2.1.1 These Rules for concrete structures assume the use
of a semi-probabilistic analysis with characteristic values of
loads and strengths of materials in association with partial
safety factors. Departure from the partial safety factors or
other design criteria given in these Rules is to be agreed with
LR.
2.1.2 Other design approaches can be accepted, subject
to approval.
2.2 Limit state design
2.2.1 The aim of this design method is the achievement
of an acceptable probability that the structure or part of a
structure being designed will not reach a particular state,
called a limit state, in which it infringes one of the criteria
governing its strength, durability or use.
2.2.2 The limit state categories are outlined in Section 3.
The required loads and load combinations are given in
Chapter 2 and structural design in Chapter 3.
■ Section 3
Limit states of design
3.1 Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
3.1.1 The strength of the structure is to be sufficient to
ensure that under the worst combination of wave loads, still
water loads and mooring loads, the structure will not
collapse, buckle or implode, see also Ch 3,4.2.
3.1.2 Individual sections are to be checked for rupture.
Consideration is also to be given to the mode of failure. In
general, the initiation of failure of primary members by
compression or shear is to be avoided.
3.2 Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
3.2.1 The serviceability limit is selected to ensure that the
1
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

General Requirements and Design Principles Part 9, Chapter 1

Section 3

structure will meet the requirements for deflection, durability,

liquid tightness and cracking under service conditions, see
also Ch 3,4.3.

3.2.2 The deflection of the structure or any part of the

structure is to be limited such that it does not adversely affect
the efficiency of the structure. Deflections are to be
compatible with the degree of movement acceptable for the
operation of services, etc. Any particular requirements should
be specified by the Owner.

3.2.3 The durability of the structure is dependent upon

the mix design, the concrete cover, control of cracking by the
reinforcement, and exposure conditions. Requirements for
concrete mix and cover are given in Chapter 4.

3.3 Fatigue Limit State (FLS)

3.3.1 The designer is to demonstrate that the structure is

not susceptible to fatigue failure. Agreement is to be reached
with LR on the areas of the structure which are potentially
vulnerable to fatigue. In particular, the oil storage tank area
and the turret area shall be specially considered.

3.3.2 A fatigue analysis of critical areas is to be carried

out based on the principle of cumulative damage, or fracture
mechanics, see also Ch 3,4.4

3.3.3 The dynamic behaviour of the unit is to be

investigated to determine whether the increase in load effects
due to dynamic amplification are significant.

3.4 Accidental (ALS) and Progressive Collapse

Limit State (PLS)

3.4.1 The layout of the structure and the interaction

between the structural members are to be such as to ensure a
robust and stable design.

3.4.2 Consideration is to be given to redundancy and the

possibility of progressive collapse. The designer must ensure
that there is sufficient strength or redundancy to prevent this
occurring. This requirement relates particularly to accidental
or exceptional loads. Consideration is to be given to both the
intact and post damaged condition.

3.4.3 Environmental return periods for use in post

damaged conditions are given in Table 2.2.1.

2 LLOYD’S REGISTER
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Loads and Load Combinations Part 9, Chapter 2

Sections 1 & 2

Section 2.2 Live loads

1 General 2.2.1 Live loads are related to the operation of the unit
and can vary in magnitude. The following can be considered
2 Definitions as examples:
• Pressure of liquid cargo and variable ballast.
3 Load Combinations • Mooring loads for the still water condition.
• Weight of stored materials and equipment.
• Loads associated with process operation.
• Crane and helicopter operations.
• Buoyancy to support live loads.
■ Section 1
General
2.3 Environmental loads
1.1 Application
2.3.1 The assessment of environmental loads may be
1.1.1 For definitions of applied structural loads, methods based on the results of model tests or by suitable direct
of load calculation and load combinations, see Pt 4, Ch 3, 4. calculation of the actual loads on the hull at the specific
The additional requirements for structural unit types defined location taking into account the following service related
in Pt 4, Ch 4 as applicable and the requirements of this factors:
Chapter are to be complied with. (a) Site specific environmental conditions.
(b) Mooring loads due to the environment.
(c) Weather vaning with wave loadings predominantly
from one direction.
(d) Long term service effects at a fixed location.
(e) Range of tank loading conditions.
■ Section 2
2.3.2 The characteristic value of the environmental load
Definitions
for a given limit state is to be the most unfavourable value
2.1 Permanent loads calculated for the specified environmental return period, see
Table 2.2.1.
2.1.1 The following can be considered permanent loads:
• Weight of structure. 2.3.3 In assessing the values for wave, wind and current
• Weight of permanent ballast and equipment. in a given environmental return period event, allowance can
• Buoyancy to support permanent loads. be made for joint probability, provided this can be
documented.
2.1.2 Any long term reduction in buoyancy due to water
absorption into the concrete should be considered. Similarly, 2.3.4 All external water pressures due to waves above
any long term increase in weight due to absorption of the unit’s maximum operating draught are to be considered
internal fluids such as oil or ballast water should also be as environmental loads.
considered.

Table 2.2.1 Basis for selection of return periods for environmental loads

Limit State ULS SLS FLS PLS

Intact Damage(4)
Load Accidental Abnormal(5)

Environmental (E) 100 S(1) Exp(2) 10,000(3) 10,000 10

Accidental (A) – – – 10,000(3) – –

NOTES
1. For SLS two conditions are required to be assessed, see Ch 3,4.3.
(a) Normal serviceability - this is selected such that the environmental loads will not be exceeded more than 100 times in the design life of the
structure. In the absence of a more detailed assessment, for a typical 25-year design life, actions may be assumed to be 60% of the
characteristic load for a 100 year return period event.
(b) Modified serviceability - 100 year return period event.
2. Exp = Expected Load History.
3. The combined return period of occurrence for the environmental and accidental loads is not to be greater than 10,000 years. In practice
dropped objects and collision loads against the hull will normally only cause local damage and hence need not be combined with
environmental loads.
4. Where the PLS intact analysis shows little or no damage, the PLS damage condition need not be investigated.
5. The abnormal event is not a requirement for class but may be required to be assessed by some national or coastal state authorities.

LLOYD’S REGISTER 1
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Loads and Load Combinations Part 9, Chapter 2

Sections 2 & 3

2.3.5 Pressure heads due to wave impact loading at the 2.6 Characteristic value of loads
fore end of concrete structures will be specially considered. In
harsh environments a site specific assessment is to be carried 2.6.1 For the loads defined in this section the
out to determine equivalent design pressure heads on the characteristic value of the individual loads are as follows:
shell envelope. Where model tests are carried out, Permanent – calculated value.
arrangements should be made to measure bow impact wave Live – calculated or specified value.
pressures, see also Pt 4, Ch 3,4.1.5. Environmental – most unfavourable value for
specified return period, see
2.3.6 Loads from green seas on the deck and fore Table 2.3.1.
structure are to be considered as an environmental load. It is Deformation – specified value unless controlled
not necessary to include these loads in the overall bending and Accidental by environmental considerations.
moment for the hull strength, but they should be considered
as a local ULS load on deck panels with the appropriate load
factors. Minimum design deck pressures for this condition
can be obtained from Pt 4, Ch 6, except where model tests
indicate higher loadings, see also Pt 4, Ch 3,4.1.5 and ■ Section 3
Ch 4,4. Load Combinations
2.3.7 All hydrostatic pressures due to waves and internal
sloshing forces are to be considered as environmental loads. 3.1 Load factors and load combinations

3.1.1 The general principles for load combinations for

2.4 Deformation loads marine service are given in Pt 4, Ch 3, 4.3.1. Details of all load
combinations for use with concrete structures, with the
2.4.1 Deformation loads on the structure shall be appropriate load factors, are given in Table 2.3.1 for the
considered. These can result from the following sources various limit states.
amongst others:
• Temperature. 3.1.2 The design load is usually taken as the
• Creep. characteristic load multiplied by the appropriate load factor.
• Shrinkage. However, for floating structures it is necessary for the load
• Prestressing. factors to be such that, each load combination considered, is
in equilibrium with regards to applied loads and buoyancy
2.4.2 For concrete structures the effects of cargo
temperatures relative to seasonal ambient temperatures are 3.1.3 In addition to in-service load combinations, the
to be considered for both sea and air temperatures design is to take into account loading conditions on the
appropriate for the section being assessed. complete or partially complete structure during construction
on a slipway or in a dock, launching, completion afloat,
towing to site and anchoring to final position. Local
2.5 Accidental and abnormal loads environmental loads, appropriate to the season where
applicable, are to be considered. The design for these
2.5.1 Accidental loads are defined in Pt 4,Ch 3,4.2.4 and conditions is to be such that the interim and subsequent
4.16. In addition the failure of an oil cooling system, if fitted, compliance of the structure with the permanent design
is to be considered. requirements is not impaired.

Table 2.3.1 Load factors and combinations for use with characteristic loads

ULS SLS FLS PLS Intact PLS

Post
Load Type (a) (b) Accidental Abnormal(5) Damage(4)

Permanent (P) 1.3(1) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Live (L) 1.3(1) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Deformation (D) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Prestressing (D) 1.1/0.9(3) 1.1/0.9(3) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Environmental (E) (2) 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Accidental (A) – – – – 1.0 – –

NOTES
1. These load factors are the minimum allowed and are to be consistent with the selected recognized Concrete Structural Code or Standard.
Some Codes or Standards allow reduced factors for well defined hydrostatic loads. Both of these factors are to be 1.0 where this leads to
more onerous conditions.
2. Return periods for environmental loads are to satisfy Table 2.2.1.
3. Both coefficients are to be used in the analysis.

2 LLOYD’S REGISTER
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Structural Design Part 9, Chapter 3

Sections 1 & 2

Section ■ Section 2
1 General Design requirements
2 Design requirements 2.1 Codes and Standards
3 Analysis
2.1.1 Compliance with the various limit states given in
4 Requirements for section analyses Ch 1,3 is to be based on analyses for the load combinations
given in Ch 2, 3. The resulting concrete section checks are to
5 Other considerations meet the requirements of a recognised National or
International Code or Standard for structural concrete, see Pt
3, Appendix A for recognised Codes and Standards.

■ Section 1 2.1.2 Not all recognised Codes and Standards adequately

address all of the following:
General • Shell and panel members typical of offshore structures.
• Panels subjected to both in-plane and out of plane
1.1 Structural design loads (transverse shear).
• Assessment of transverse shear and resistance in direc-
1.1.1 The hull structure is to be capable throughout its tions non-orthogonal to the main axes.
design life, including construction and transit conditions, of • Multi axial stress in concrete.
withstanding all anticipated loads and deformations, both • Crack control and liquid tightness.
static and dynamic with an adequate level of safety. • The effects of water pressure in cracks and pores on the
applied loads and resistance.
1.1.2 All relevant loads as defined in Chapter 2 and • Fatigue of concrete, reinforcement and shear steel.
Pt 4, Ch 3 and Ch 4 are to be considered and the effects of • Second order effects including panel buckling.
partial and/or non homogeneous loading in oil bulk storage • Discontinuity regions, including complex nodes.
tanks are to be considered. Where the selected Code or Standard does not adequately
address all the above areas of design; then it should be
supplemented by suitable alternatives as agreed by Lloyd’s
1.2 Symbols Register (hereinafter referred to as ‘LR’).

1.2.1 The symbols used in the various formulae in this

Chapter are defined as follows: 2.2 Design loads and design strength of materials
Ac = area of concrete section 2.2.1 The design loads for a given limit state are
As = area of tension reinforcement obtained by multiplying the characteristic loads defined
b = width of member in Chapter 2 with the appropriate partial load factors given in
bt = width of the section at the centroid of the Table 2.3.1 in Ch 2, 3.
tension steel
2.2.2 The characteristic strength of materials used in
d = effective depth
design is normally based on the compressive strength of the
de = effective tension zone (1.5 x cover + 10 bar concrete, the yield or proof stress of the reinforcement or the
diameters) ultimate strength of a prestressing tendon, below which not
Ec = short term elastic modulus of concrete more than five per cent of all test results are expected to fall.
Es = modulus of elasticity for steel The characteristic fatigue strength is normally based on the
fcu = characteristic compression strength of value below which not more than 2,5 per cent lie.
concrete, based on cube tests
2.2.3 For analysis of sections, the design strength of steel
fpu = characteristic strength of pre-stressing tendon for a given limit state is derived from the characteristic
ftk = characteristic tensile strength of the concrete strength divided by the appropriate partial safety factor, γm.
ftm = mean tensile strength of the concrete The factor (γm) is introduced to take account of differences
fy = characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement between actual and laboratory values, local variations, and
steel inaccuracies in assessment of the resistance of sections. It also
h = overall depth of the member takes account of the importance of the limit state being
w = water pressure in cracks considered.
x = depth of neutral axis
2.2.4 For analysis of sections, the design strength of
γ = partial safety factor for load
f concrete for a given limit state is derived from the in-situ
γ = partial safety factor for strength of materials strength divided by the appropriate partial safety factor, γm.
m
ει = strain at the level considered, calculated The in-situ strength of the concrete is a function of the
ignoring the stiffening effect of the concrete characteristic strength and is defined in the selected concrete
in structural Code or Standard.
the tension zone
εm = average strain at the level where cracking is
being considered.
LLOYD’S REGISTER 1
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007
Structural Design
2.2.5 It is vital that the material factor, γm, used in the
design is consistent with the requirements of the selected
concrete structural Code or Standard, for all materials and
limit states.
■ Section 3
Analysis
3.1 General
3.1.1 The methods of analysis used in assessing
compliance with the requirements of the various limit states
are to be based on as accurate a representation of
the behaviour of the structure as is practicable. The analysis
that is carried out to justify a design can be broken into
two primary stages; analysis of the structure and analysis of
the sections.
3.1.2 For analysis of the whole or part of the structure,
and to determine force distributions within the structure, the
properties of materials may be assumed to be those
associated with their characteristic strengths, irrespective
of which limit state is being considered. For section analysis
of elements, the properties of the materials are to be
those associated with their design strengths to the limit state
being considered.
3.2 Analysis of structure
3.2.1 The analytical model may be based on non-linear
or linear elastic theory. Where linear elastic analysis is used,
the relative stiffnesses of members may be based on any of
the following:
• The concrete cross-section: is the entire plain concrete
cross-section, ignoring the reinforcement.
• The homogenous or gross section: is the entire concrete
cross-section, including the reinforcement on the basis
of modular ratio.
A consistent approach is to be used for all elements of the
structure.
3.2.2 When cracking, creep or other causes lead to
significant redistribution of loads, then this should be
considered. Alternatively plastic methods of analysis such as
yield line analysis may be used.
3.2.3 Values for elastic moduli, Poissons ratio, coefficient
of temperature expansion, etc. used in the analysis may be
based on the selected Code or Standard or knowledge of
similar concretes. The values used in the analysis should be
confirmed with tests on the concrete mixes used on site.
3.3 Analysis of sections
3.3.1 The element section analysis should consider the
requirements of 2.1.2.
3.3.2 The following are to be addressed for the section
analysis:
• Appropriate stress strain relationship for materials.
2 LLOYD’S REGISTER
Part 9, Chapter 3
Sections 2, 3 & 4
• Allowable compressive and tensile concrete strength
limits.
• Material factors.
• Crack width formulae.
• Watertightness criteria.
• Fatigue strength relationships.
Detailed requirements for these items are to be covered in the
recognised Codes or Standards, but further requirements are
given in Section 4 for each of the limit states under
consideration.
■ Section 4
Requirements for section analyses
4.1 General
4.1.1 Although recognising that the selected concrete
Code or Standard will have requirements for acceptance of
design and detailing for the various limit states, the additional
items outlined in this Section should also be complied with.
4.2 Analysis of sections for ULS
4.2.1 The material partial factor, γm, for reinforcement
and prestressing strand should not be less than 1.15
irrespective of the Code or Standard selected.
4.2.2 In assessing panel members for buckling, adequate
allowance is to be made for local and global geometric
tolerances. Panels shall be assessed for a hydrostatic head
based on the maximum still water draught together with the
maximum wave pressures.
4.2.3 When considering shear close to supports,
favourable arch effects are to be ignored when fluid pressure
is acting in the cracks.
4.2.4 Where the shear failure mechanism is not well
defined, then the design is to be based on principal tensile
stresses.
4.2.5 It is acceptable to include the positive effects of
both compressive axial load and prestress when calculating
shear resistance. However, it is considered that shear
cracking prior to the ULS should be avoided and the
appropriate method of calculation is to be adopted.
4.2.6 Where in-plane deformation forces (excluding
prestressing) enhance the transverse shear capacity,
they should be neglected. This may necessitate performing
shear checks both with and without certain deformation
loads, e.g. temperature.
4.2.7 Where temperature effects are significant and/or
where lightweight concrete is used the coefficient of
temperature expansion, ∝, should be obtained by testing.
4.2.8 If the loading pattern of the cargo can result
in significant torsion, these effects should be considered in
the design.
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Structural Design Part 9, Chapter 3

Section 4

4.3 Analysis of sections for SLS
4.3.1 Particular attention is to be given to design,
detailing and construction of the large concrete areas in the
splash zone.
4.3.2 The following crack width limits assume a formula
similar to CEB/FIP recommendations. Equivalence should be
demonstrated where the method of calculating crack widths
is significantly different to that assumed.
4.3.3 Based on the normal serviceability condition (as
defined in Table 2.3.1 in Chapter 2) the calculated crack
widths should satisfy the requirements in Table 3.4.1.
External to the hull, the splash zone should be considered to
extend from 3,0 m below the lightship draught up to the
deck level. For units, subject to green seas on deck and
frequent sea spray, the top deck surface should also be
considered as the splash zone. The interior of ballast tanks
are also to be designed on the same basis as the splash zone.
4.3.8 A ‘modified’ serviceability condition shall be
analyzed for the extreme environmental condition as detailed
in Table 2.2.1 note 1(b) in Chapter 2. This is to ensure that:
(a) the hull in contact with either sea-water and/or oil is
to be designed so that under any combination of
loading there occur no tensile membrane stresses of
a magnitude sufficient to cause cracking across
the full thickness of the section. Some flexural tensile
stresses, however, may be unavoidable, but these are
acceptable providing a compression zone of at least 200
mm is maintained;
(b) for the extreme environmental condition, the stress in
the reinforcement is to be restricted to 0,85fy and the
compressive stress in the concrete to 0,5fcu.
4.3.9 Details of minimum cover requirements are given in
Ch 4, 2.7.
4.4 Analysis of sections for FLS

Table 3.4.1 Zonal crack width limits 4.4.1 All stress variations imposed on the structure
during its design life are to be considered in the fatigue
Crack width evaluation. Account should be taken of the range of
operating draughts and cargo filling/emptying cycles if
Submerged zone 0,4 mm
Splash zone 0,2 mm
significant.
Atmospheric zone 0,4 mm
4.4.2 A fatigue evaluation is to be carried out for the
critical areas of the structure. It is expected this will be based
4.3.4 Allowance is to be made in the crack width on linear cumulative damage (Palmgren – Miner’s Rule). The
calculations for deformation strains (temperature) to be material partial factors and characteristic fatigue strength
concentrated at the cracked face of sections and increase the relationships (S-N curves) shall be appropriate for the selected
concrete crack width. The practice of using a strain twice the Code or Standard, and should account for air and water
elastically calculated strain is acceptable. locations, stress state and reinforcement diameter.

4.3.5 For construction, transportation and installation the 4.4.3 The dynamic behaviour of the unit is to be
crack widths shall not exceed 0,6 mm. investigated to determine whether the increase in load effects
due to dynamic amplification are important. If dynamic
4.3.6 The minimum reinforcement quantities required to effects are considered significant then a response analysis is
control cracking should be as given below irrespective of the to be carried out.
requirements of the selected Code or Standard. The
calculations are for the area of reinforcement to be provided 4.4.4 The fatigue life factors of safety required are given
in each face and each direction: in Table 5.5.1 in Pt 4,Ch 5 and range from 1 to 10 depending
(a) for concrete sections required to be watertight or on location in the unit, the ability to inspect or repair and the
oiltight: consequences of failure. The factors chosen are to be agreed
for areas assessed.
ftm + W
As = bde
fy 4.4.5 Where large compression or compression/tension
f tm, f y, w, b and de as defined in Section 1.2. stress ranges occur (e.g. hull bottom), consideration is to be
given to appropriate design and detailing. Confinement
0,2 < de < 0,5 (h – x) reinforcement is to be provided to ensure ductile behaviour.
(b) for other sections: As far as practicably possible, cycling into the tension range
kAc should be avoided.
As = fy (ftk + w)
4.4.6 It should be demonstrated that the design and
k = 0,4 for h ≤ 0,3 m detailing of penetrations, openings and access ways consider
k = 0,25 for h ≥ 0,8 m the increased cyclic nature of loading on floating concrete
linear interpolation for 0,3 m < h < 0,8 m units compared to fixed offshore structures.

4.3.7 In areas of the structure adjacent to the sea which

are intended to be watertight/oiltight, through thickness
cracks are to be avoided under normal serviceability
conditions. In general, this is to be achieved by strictly
maintaining a ‘no tension’ criteria for in plane membrane
forces for this condition.
4.5 Analysis of sections for PLS
4.5.1 In general for accidental or abnormal loads, it
should be documented that the strength or the ductility of
the structure is sufficient for the applied loads.

LLOYD’S REGISTER 3
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Structural Design Part 9, Chapter 3

Sections 4 & 5

4.5.2 For impact and explosive loads, account can be 5.4.2 Any proposals to deviate from the general
taken of increased material strength and modulus in requirements for steel units will be subject to special
accordance with the selected Code or Standard. consideration.

5.5 Survey

■ Section 5 5.5.1 The general requirements for surveys are to comply

Other considerations with Pt 1, Ch 2,3 and Chapter 3.

5.1 Installation layout and safety
5.1.1 In general, production units with crude oil bulk
storage tanks are to be designed so that the separation of
living quarters, storage tanks, machinery rooms, etc. are
arranged in accordance with the requirements of Pt 3, Ch 3.
5.5.2 The Owner’s planned procedure for the inspection
of oil storage tanks and other enclosed spaces will be
specially considered. Due account may be taken of the good
performance to date of the use of concrete structures for the
storage of hydrocarbons.

5.1.2 Special consideration may be given to concrete oil

storage tanks fitted with suitable partial tank linings to
prevent the risk of the escape of gas into adjacent spaces.

5.1.3 Concrete storage tanks used for the storage of

liquefied gases, with or without insulation, are to be specially
considered.

5.1.4 The general requirements for fire safety, hazardous

areas and ventilation are to comply with Part 7. Safety and
communication systems are to comply with the requirements
of Pt 7, Ch 1.

5.2 Fire resistance

5.2.1 The required minimum period of fire-resistance is to

be stated in the design brief so that adequate protective
measures may be taken by the selection of appropriate
aggregates, reinforcement and cover. The selected Codes or
Standards or specialist literature should be referred to for
guidance.

5.1.2 Care should be exercised with certain lightweight

aggregates. Where necessary the fire resistance of
lightweight concretes shall be documented.

5.3 Corrosion protection

5.3.1 The requirements for the corrosion protection in

Part 8 applicable to steel structures is also to apply to the
exposed steel components of concrete units.

5.3.2 Reinforcement steel and prestressing tendons

should either be actually isolated from the protected external
steel, or the cathodic protection system designed to allow for
current drain into the reinforcement as if it was electrically
linked. In view of the practical problems of electrically
isolating exposed and embedded steel, it is often preferable
to consider them linked and make the necessary allowances
in the cathodic protection.
5.4 Watertight/weathertight integrity

5.4.1 The general requirements for watertight

and weathertight integrity given in Pt 4, Ch 7 are to be
complied with.

4 LLOYD’S REGISTER
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Materials and Durability Part 9, Chapter 4

Section 1

Section 1.4 Tricalcium aluminate

1 Materials 1.4.1 In order to limit potential sulphate attack, the

tricalcium aluminate (C 3 A) content of the cement is, in
2 Durability general, to be limited to 8 per cent, but in no case is it to
exceed 10 per cent. The minimum C3A content is to be
5 per cent.

■ Section 1 1.5 Aggregates

Materials 1.5.1 Coarse and fine aggregates may be uncrushed
1.1 General and/or crushed natural and/or artificial mineral substances
with particle sizes, shapes and other properties which have
1.1.1 Tests are to be made on all proposed materials been accepted for use by testing and experience.
prior to construction. The tests are to be carried out by an
independent laboratory which is acceptable to Lloyd’s Register 1.5.2 Marine aggregates are acceptable provided that
(hereinafter referred to as ‘LR’). Appropriate trials on the chloride salt content is at an acceptable level and
proposed concrete and grout mixes will also be required. The the aggregate has a sufficiently low shell content. The total
testing shall generally be carried out in accordance with chloride content of the concrete mix arising from the
aggregate together with that from any admixtures and from
recognized National Codes or Standards, and is to be agreed
any other source shall not exceed 0.1 expressed as a
with LR.
percentage relationship between chloride ion and mass of
cement in the mix.
1.1.2 Certificates are to be submitted for all materials
before work commences on site.
1.6 Alkali-silica reaction
1.2 Cement
1.6.1 Some aggregates may be susceptible to deleterious
reaction with alkalis normally present in the cement or from
1.2.1 The following types of cement are acceptable:
other sources including sea water; this produces an expansive
• Ordinary Portland Cement.
reaction which can cause cracking and disruption of the
• Rapid Hardening Portland Cement. concrete.
• Sulphate Resisting Cement.
• Low Heat Portland Cement. 1.6.2 It is recommended that in order to minimize the
• Portland Blast Furnace Cement. risk of alkali-silica reaction an aggregate of good performance
• Portland Pozzalana Cement. record is used. Where this is not possible all aggregates are to
• Portland Pulverized Fuel Ash Cement. be tested for potential reaction. The choice of aggregate is to
be approved by LR and highly reactive aggregates will not be
1.2.2 The cement is to comply with the requirements of acceptable for use in sea water. In some cases the aggregate
these Rules and with recognized National Codes or will be acceptable if the following course of action is taken:
Standards. High-alumina cement is not to be used. (a) Use of a low alkali (less than 0,6 per cent equivalent
Na2O) Portland Cement.
(b) Limit the alkali content of the concrete mix to 3 kg/m3
1.3 Cement replacements of Na2O equivalent.
(c) The use of g.g.b.f.s and p.f.a is recommended in some
1.3.1 Cement replacements, such as ground granulated National Codes or Standards for reducing the alkali
blast furnace slag (g.g.b.f.s), pulverized fuel content of the mix. Agreement on their use will be
ash (p.f.a) or silica fume may be combined with Ordinary subject to special consideration by LR and also depend
Portland Cement. on the results of current test programmes.

1.3.2 The proportions of the blend and the blended

product itself is to comply with recognized National Codes or 1.7 Lightweight aggregate
Standards. In particular circumstances blended proportions
outside the range of normal code requirements may be 1.7.1 Lightweight aggregates may be used, but the
agreed with LR. suitability of the aggregate selected for use is to be
demonstrated.
1.3.3 The percentage of silica fume in a blend shall be
limited to 10 per cent by weight of cement.
1.8 Water

1.8.1 Water is to be clean and free from harmful matter,

and is also to comply with National Codes or Standards. Sea-
water is not to be used as mixing or curing water for any
concrete containing reinforcement or pre-stressing tendons.

LLOYD’S REGISTER 1
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Materials and Durability Part 9, Chapter 4

Sections 1 & 2

1.9 Admixtures ■ Section 2

1.9.1 Air-entraining agents, workability agents and Durability
retarding agents may be used. The effects of over and under
2.1 Zones of exposure
dosage should be established. Calcium chloride is not to be
used or any admixtures containing more than 0,1 per cent 2.1.1 For durability, three zones of exposure are to be
chloride ion. considered for concrete structures.
(a) Submerged zone: that part of the structure below the
splash zone defined in item (b).
1.10 Reinforcing steel (b) Splash zone: all areas subject to wave action or sea
spray, and is to be considered to extend 3,0 m below
1.10.1 Reinforcement is to comply with an appropriate lightship draught and up to upper deck level, see also
recognized National Code or Standard. Storage, bending and Ch 3, 4.3.3.
acceptable welding practices are also to be in accordance (c) Atmospheric zone: that part of the structure above the
with an approved standard agreed with LR. splash zone.

1.11 Prestressing tendons 2.2 Cement content

1.11.1 Pre-stressing tendons are to comply with
appropriate recognized National Codes or Standards.
Handling and tensioning procedures are also to be agreed.
The time periods between installing strands, tensioning and
grouting are to be agreed.
2.2.1 A minimum content of 400 kg/m3 is to be used for
the splash zone. In the submerged and atmospheric zones
the minimum cement content is to be 320 kg/m3 where the
maximum size of aggregate is 40 mm, or 360 kg/m3 where
the maximum size of aggregate is 20 mm.

2.2.2 Cement contents in excess of 500 kg/m3 should

1.12 Prestressing ducts generally not be used.

1.12.1 Rigid or semi rigid watertight ducting may be used.

Suitable procedures are to be developed and approved by LR 2.3 Water/cement ratio
for ensuring that the ducts are placed correctly, are
watertight and kept free of debris and concrete during 2.3.1 The water cement ratio is to be below 0,45 in the
construction. submerged zone and below 0,4 for the splash zone (defined
in Ch 3,4.3.4) and in the boundaries of oil storage tanks.

1.13 Grout (for prestressing tendons)

2.4 Minimum concrete strength
1.13.1 Ordinary Portland Cement is preferred. Sea-water is
not to be used. Admixtures should be free from products 2.4.1 The minimum acceptable concrete strengths are
liable to damage the steel or grout itself, such as chlorides, indicated in Table 4.2.1.
nitrates or sulphides. Expanding agents based on aluminium
may be used provided it has been demonstrated to LR’s
satisfaction that the particular dose rate does not lead to
stress corrosion. Table 4.2.1 Minimum acceptable concrete
strengths
1.13.2 The mix is to have appropriate fluidity and bleed
properties. These should be verified by trials. For high Concrete strength
Zone Exposure conditions
strength concrete (>65 MPa) consideration should be given to N/mm2
increasing grout strength above the 40 MPa normally
Submerged Directly exposed to salt water 40
achieved.
Directly exposed to crude oil
or subject to severe abrasion 50
1.13.3 Grouting procedures are to be developed and
approved by LR. For long tendons and ‘U’ tendons, etc., Splash Directly exposed to salt water
procedures are to be verified with a prototype trial. or salt water spray 40

Atmospheric Directly exposed to marine

atmosphere 40
Protected from direct exposure
to marine atmosphere 30

NOTES
1. Concrete strength refers to the characteristic concrete strength
obtained from testing standard 150 mm cubes of concrete at
an age of 28 days.
2. The use of age factors is to be justified by testing.

2 LLOYD’S REGISTER
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF A FLOATING OFFSHORE INSTALLATION AT A FIXED LOCATION, December 2007

Materials and Durability Part 9, Chapter 4

Section 2

2.4.2 Concrete tensile strength is also to be measured 2.7.2 For the concrete given in this Section, the
where required by the design Codes or Standards. For high permeability is to be less than 10-12 m/sec.
performance concrete, direct tensile tests should be adopted.
2.7.3 For certain types of structural configuration
additional cover may be required to prevent deterioration due
2.5 Temperature to acidic water or hydrogen sulphide gas.

2.5.1 Consideration is to be given to the heat of

hydration and shrinkage that may cause cracking. 2.8 Concrete protection against chemical attack

2.5.2 In cold weather, precautions should be taken to 2.8.1 For oil storage tanks, the possible attack by hydro-
prevent frost damage to the concrete. gen sulphide, organic acids, etc., is to be considered.

2.5.3 Procedures are to be developed and agreed for hot 2.8.2 Where flue gases are used as the inerting medium
weather concreting (ambient temperature >30°C) and cold in tanks, consideration is to be given to the concrete being
weather concreting (ambient temperature <5°C) where attacked by CO2 and/or SO2 in hot, high humidity conditions.
applicable. This will need to be addressed on a case-by-case basis.

2.8.3 Where sufficiently high concentrations of

2.6 Freezing and thawing chemicals may occur which could result in chemical attack,
consideration is to be given to providing a suitable chemical
2.6.1 Parts of the structure that are subjected to freezing resistant liner or partial liner.
and thawing are to have adequate frost resistance. For
severe situations air entrainment is to be used, and reference
is to be made to relevant standards for details of quality of air
and spacing factors.

2.6.2 Freeze/thaw cycles may require special

consideration for the storage of LPG and LNG in bulk
depending upon tank arrangements and/or heating systems.

2.7 Concrete cover reinforcement

2.7.1 The nominal cover is to be not less than that

shown in Table 4.2.2 or in accordance with the following,
whichever is the greater:
(a) 1,5 times the nominal maximum size of aggregate.
(b) 1,5 times the maximum diameter of reinforcement or
pre-stressing tendons.
(c) For bundled bars the greater of either 1,5 times the
diameter of the largest bar in the bundle or the diame-
ter of the equivalent bar, but not more than 100 mm.
The equivalent bar is a single bar having the same cross-
sectional area as the bundle of bars.

Table 4.2.2 Nominal concrete cover in relation to zones of

exposure

Zone Nominal cover, mm, see Note

Reinforcement Pre-stress

Submerged 40 85

Splash 50 95

Atmospheric
50 95
(subjected to spray)

Atmospheric (General) 40 85

NOTE
Nominal cover is defined as the cover to the shear reinforcement.

LLOYD’S REGISTER 3