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IGNOU BRIGHT FUTURE FOR YOU

MASTERS DEGREE PROGRAMME

IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

COURSE TITLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

COURSE CODE MRD-102

ASSIGNMENT CODE MRD-102 /AST/TMA/2016-17

ASSIGNMENT SOLUTION GUIDE-2016-17

 Course Code: MRD-102
Course Title: Rural Development Programmes
Assignment No. : MRD-102/AST/TMA-2/2016/2017
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Note: The assignment has three sections. It contains questions, which require long, medium
and short answers. Along answer should not exceed 1000 words? Medium answers should not
exceed 500 words each. Short answers should not exceed 100 words each:-

SECTION I

Long Answers Questions Maximum Marks: 40

Attempt anyone of the following:
Q1:- What is the importance of wage employment programmes? Highlight the salient features
of Jawahar Rojgar yojana.

INTRODUCTION
Agriculture wages are also available only during agricultural activities, which is 90 to 120 days in
a year. During the lean season, most of these people are either underemployed or even
unemployed. Our growing population is adding to the labour force at quite a high rate, and to
create jobs for an ever increasing working population is a very difficult task.
CONCEPT
Importance of wage employment programmes:-It has already been discussed earlier that during
the Fourth Five-year Plan wage employment programmes were introduced on a trial basis to
help agriculture labour to get employment during the lean season. The two programmes under
implementation during the Fourth and the Fifth Five-year Plans were CREP and PIREP covering
nearly 2000 blocks, which were identified as having concentrations of agricultural
labourers with acute problems of unemployment and underemployment. In the year 1978-79,
these two programmes were merged and a new programme called Food For Work (FFW) was
launched. During that period, the food stocks of the country were plentiful and it was though
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that by providing food-grains as part of the wages, it would not only provide food at a cheaper | 3
rate to the wage earners, but also solve the problem of financial resources needed for the wage
employment and at the same time make the best use of the available food stocks in the country.
In the year 1980, FFW was redesigned and renamed the National Rural Employment Programme
(NREP) and extended to all the districts and blocks in the country. The NREP has twin objectives.
i) To generate wage employment for the needy rural labour who cannot be covered under self-
employment programmes; and
ii) To create rural infrastructure and durable community assets which would in the long run help
in economic development of the rural areas.
With the expansion of the coverage of the NREP, the resources for generating wage employment
at the village level were found to be inadequate and therefore it was not possible to provide
adequate wage employment to the wage seekers in the rural area. It was observed that NREP
was not able to cover even 50 per cent of the villages in the country. In order to supplement the
coverage of NREP and also to ensure wage employment for a minimum of 100 days in a year for
at least one person from each family of agriculture labourers, another programme called the
Rural Labour Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) was introduced during the year 1983.
RLEGP was a Centrally sponsored programme with 80 per cent share from the Central
Government and 20 percent from the states.
Features of Jawahar Rojgar yojana
The main features of the programme are as follows:
Expenditure for the programme was shared by the Centre and states on 80:20 basis.
 DRDA/Zilla Parishad were made responsible for implementation at the district level and gram
panchayats at the village level. The funds were directly released to the DRDA/ZP.
Six per cent of the total JRY funds were earmarked for Indira Awas Yojana (IAY). Of the
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remaining, 20% were to be retained at the district level (DRDA/ ZP) for inter-block/ inter- | 4
district projects and 80% to be distributed to gram panchayats.
The works were to be executed by the village people and employment of contractors was
totally banned as in the case of NREP and RLEGP.
Preference was given to SCs and STs.
Employment opportunities for women were reserved up to 30 per cent.
Food-grains as part of the wages could be provided at subsidized rates.
Non-wage component or material component was not allowed to exceed 50% of the total
project cost.
Up to a maximum of 5% of the annual allocation was allowed to meet administrative
expenditure and 1/5 of it could be spent non-officials involved in the implementation of JRY.
Up to 10% of the total allocation of DRDA/ZP and gram panchayats was meant for
maintenance of the assets created under earlier programmes (NREP/RLEGP) and JRY.

CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it is clear that the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was essentially a carry
forward of the earlier wage employment programmes like the Crash Rural Employment
Programme (CREP), the Pilot Rural Employment Programme (PIREP) and the Food For Work
(FFW) programme of the 1970s and NREP, RLEGP of the 1980s. Initially most of these wage
employment programmes were implemented in isolation and had no practical links with any
other rural development programme. Later on, however, NREP and RLEGP were linked to various
MNP activities like social formats for producing fuel wood and fodder, rural roads, rural housing,
etc.
 REFERENCES

Rajakutty, S., 2004, Self and Wage Employment Programmes for Poverty Alleviation in India,
Fourth and Fifth Plan Documents, Planning Commission, Government of India.
Q2:- What are the main objectives of Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)? Describe the features of Page
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main loan scheme of RMK.

INTRODUCTION
The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (National Credit Fund for Women) was set up in 1993 with a corpus
of Rs. 31 crore, against the backdrop of socio-economic constraints faced by poor women to
access micro credit from the formal financial system in the country, especially those in the rural
and in unorganized sectors. The principal corpus has increased to Rs.100.00 crore by 2009-
10. The main objective of setting up of Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) under the Department of
Women and Child Development (now Ministry) was to provide micro-credit to poor women for
various livelihood support and income generating activities at concessional terms in a client-
friendly procedure to bring about their socio-economic development.
CONCEPT
The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (National Credit Fund for Women) was set up in 1993 with a corpus of
Rs. 31 crore, against the backdrop of socio-economic constraints faced by poor women to access
micro credit from the formal financial system in the country, especially those in the rural and in
unorganized sectors. The principal corpus has increased to Rs.100.00 Crore by 2009-10. The main
objective behind the setting up of the Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) under the Department of
Women and Child Development (now Ministry) was to provide micro-credit to poor women for
various livelihood support and income generating activities at concessional terms in a client-
friendly procedure to bring about their socio-economic development. The RMK is now being
restructured as a NBFC with a corpus of Rs.500.00 crore. Till 31.3.2011, 6, 87,512 women
beneficiaries have been sanctioned Rs.307.52 crore and disbursed Rs.251.82 crore. However,
with the proposed induction of funds and conversion to NBFC, the projected yearly number of
beneficiaries and loans are at the end of five year period in FY 2015-16 is likely to be 2,19,500
and Rs.492.02 crore respectively. Thus, there would be a quantum jump in the business volume
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of the organization through this restructuring. Further, the fact that RMK extends | 6
loan upto maximum of 18 per cent interest per annum to SHGs/beneficiaries as against loans
disbursed to beneficiaries through Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) under the NABARDs SHG
Bank Linkage Programme at the interest rate ranging between 30 and 40 per cent per annum
and even higher and 60 to 70 percent rate charged by traditional moneylenders, would mean
that the impact by way of higher incomes and welfare of the beneficiaries at such an expanded
scale of finance and at affordable rate, would be much more pronounced. An RMK sponsored
Impact Study of 2008 shows 84% beneficiaries from rural areas and 16% from urban areas had
undertaken activities like Animal husbandry (41%), Petty Shops (19%) and Agriculture
(17%). Their monthly income has increased between Rs.2000/- and Rs.4000/-. 54% reported
increase in household expenditure, 96% reported improvement in food consumption pattern,
and 87% reported increase in household assets. Access to medical facility increased for majority
of beneficiaries (88%). There was increase in social status of 87% of beneficiaries. 98% women
beneficiaries reported increase in their self-confidence and security with increased income
through RMK. Majority (95%) of the beneficiaries reported improvement in their standard of
living and participation in micro finance led to decrease in domestic violence.
Objectives:
i. Life Skill Education and accessing public services,
ii. Vocational training for girls aged 16 and above under National Skill Development
Program (NSDP)
iii. The successful implementation of SABLA requires convergence with development
activities/schemes of other Departments such as Health, Education, Youth Affairs, Labour, PRIs
etc.
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iv. Nearly 100 lakh adolescent girls per annum are expected to be benefitted under the | 7
scheme. Against the allocation of Rs. 350 crore for the year 2010-11, a sum of Rs.
330 crore (approx.) has been released to States/UTs. The year 2011-12 will be the first complete
year of implementation of the scheme after which the physical and financial achievements made
vis--vis the target would be assessed. A sum of Rs. 750 crore has been allocated for Sabla for
2011-12.
The important schemes & other activities of Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) are as under:-
A. Loan Promotion Scheme
B. Main Loan Scheme
C. Gold Credit Scheme
D. Housing Loan Scheme
E. Working Capital Term Loan Scheme
F. Franchisee Scheme
G. Re-Finance to Urban Cooperative Banks/ Mahila Cooperative Banks
H. Nodal Agency Scheme
I. Awareness Generation
J. Capacity Building & Skill Upgradation
K. Marketing Linkages
L. Entrepreneurship Development
CONCLUSION
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) was established by the Government of India in March, 1993 as an
autonomous body under the Ministry of Women & Child Development. It was registered under
the Societies Registration Act 1860.
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The aims and objectives of the Kosh are to undertake activities for the promotion of credit as an | 8
instrument of socio-economic change and development through the provision of package of
financial and social development services, to demonstrate and replicate
participatory approaches in the organization of womens groups for effective utilization of credit
resources leading to self-reliance, to promote and support experiments in the voluntary and
formal sector using innovative methodologies, to promote research, study, documentation and
analysis, to promote the federation and net working of womens organisations for shaping &
exchange of experience and information and to develop skills in response management & social
mobilization, to promote and support the expansion of entrepreneurship skills among women,
and promote and support grass root level societies and organizations and other participatory
structures for providing for women effective access to decision making.
REFERENCE
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh under the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
Q3:- Describe the various aspects of National Social Assistance Programme.
INTRODUCTION
The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) was introduced with a view to ensuring
minimum National Standard of Social Assistance to the poor households that suffer because of
the old age and/or the death of the breadwinner. This is a significant step towards the fulfillment
of the Directive Principles of our Constitution. These principles are defined in the Constitution
under Articles 41 and 42, which recognize the joint responsibility of the Central and the State
governments for this purpose.

CONCEPT
Distribution of the Benefits of the NSAP:-The assistance under both the schemes is made
preferably through Savings Accounts of the beneficiaries at a Post Office or Commercial Bank. It
can also be sent through Postal Money Order, though there is no bar on cash payments.
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Generally, for NOAPS, cash payment may be permitted if the payment is made in a public | 9
meeting such as at a Gram Sabha. This way people would realize the importance of Gram Sabha
and the Gram Sabha will be strengthened. Besides, this process will help in making the Panchayat
representatives accountable to the village community. It is to be noted that the sanctioning
authority has the right to recover payments made on the basis of false or misleading information
about eligibility.
Linkages to Other Programmes:-The NSAP offers a special opportunity in relating these schemes
to other povertyalleviation programmes and the provision of basic needs. For example, old-age
pension can be related to medical care and other benefits for old destitutes. Similarly, poor
households covered under the National Family Benefit Scheme can also be assisted through the
schemes available under SGSY and JGSY respectively.
Allocation of Funds:-As a result of the transfer of NSAP to the State Plan, the Ministry of Finance
releases the funds for its operations as Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to the States/UTs.
The total ACA provided to the States/UTs for the NSAP is decided by the Planning Commission.
And the Ministry of Rural Development and Planning Commission make the state wise
allocations of this assistance. The States/UTs are expected to provide a Mandatory Minimum
Provision (MMP) for the scheme under their own budgets. The MMP is equal to the States
Budget Provision or actual expenditure for this purpose, whichever was higher for the scheme
during the year 2000-2001 and the ACA allocation for the year concerned.
Release of Funds:-The release of the Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to the States/UTs is
made routinely by the Ministry of Finance in equal instalments on a monthly basis till the month
of December in every financial year. The release of ACA for the last quarter of the financial year,
i.e. for the three months of January, February and March, however, depends on satisfactory
progress reports pertaining to the implementation of the scheme and the utilization of funds by
the States/UTs.
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Implementation of the NSAP | 10
The States/UTs are allowed to implement the schemes through any State Government
Department. They have to designate a Nodal Secretary at the State Level to report the progress
of implementation by coordinating with the various departments involved in the implementation
of the scheme.
Monitoring and Evaluation
A lot of attention has been paid to effectively monitor and evaluate the performance of the
NSAP. The progress of the implementation of the scheme is reported through Quarterly Reports
in a given monitoring format by the 15th of the first month of the following quarter. Non-
submission of the physical and financial progress reports is construed as lack of progress and
therefore, may result in the non-release of ACA for the last quarter of the financial year.
Since the allocation of the scheme lapses at the end of the financial year, these instalments
cannot be released during the next financial year, even if a state government reports progress
subsequent to the cut-off dates mentioned above. The states may review, if necessary, the
functioning of the existing committees at the state and district levels to ensure better results and
coordination. The nomination of the representatives of the Ministry of Rural Development and
the Planning Commission in the State Level Committees may have to be considered in the
States/UTs.

CONCLUSION
In this question, I have learnt about the National Social Assistance Programme. It covers two
schemes: the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) and the National Family Benefit Scheme
(NFBS). You have also learnt that these schemes are meant for persons/ families living below the
poverty line. These include:
Old destitutes, 65 years of age and above, who have no regular means of subsistence;
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Those poor households in which the primary breadwinners, aged between 18 and 65 years, | 11
have suffered an accidental or natural death.
REFERENCES
National Institute of Rural Development 1995, Panchayati Raj and Rural Development, NIRD, Hyderabad.
National Institute of Rural Development, 1995, Panchayati Raj Institutions in India: An Appraisal, NIRD,
Hyderabad.

SECTION II
Medium Answers Questions Maximum Marks: 15 each
Attempt any Two of the following:
Q1:- Explain the role of NABARD in rural development.

INTRODUCTION
The National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) is an extremely important
institution of our country. As the name suggests, it is an intervention by the government to
improve Indias agriculture and rural development.
CONCEPT
NABARD is one of the very few institutions in the world engaged in working out a strategy for
assisting the rural poor, especially women, through the micro-finance initiative. The initiative
started in a systematic manner in 1992 after the institution got convinced (on the basis of
research studies) that the basic credit needs of the poor were not high in quantum. What the
poor needed most was an opportunity to get timely credit in a hassle-free environment.
Realizing this, the bank developed the micro-credit initiative through self-help groups.
NABARD now proposes to reach a population of about hundred million rural poor through one
million self-help groups by the year 2007-08.
The micro-credit programme seeks to promote financial transactions between formal rural
banking systems in India with informal self-help groups as clients. Three different models of
promoting credit linkages have been found feasible:
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Model-I: Self-help groups formed and financed by banks. | 12
Model-II: Self-help groups formed by non-governmental organisations and formal agencies, but
directly financed by banks.
Model-III: Self-help groups financed by banks using non-governmental organisations and other
agencies as financial intermediaries.
The process is strengthened through capacity building measures like training in group formation
and the management of funds.
Some of the leading non-governmental organisations in the field of micro-credit (e.g. Mysore
Resettlement and Development Agency, Professional Assistance for Development Action and
Development of Human Action Foundation) are closely associated with the activities of NABARD.
In the backward states and districts, where organized support from non-governmental
organisations was lacking, NABARD has experimented with the volunteer promotion programme.
CONCLUSION
The micro-credit initiative of NABARD has provided a new dimension to rural banking and a hope
for viability (because of a very high percentage of recovery from the beneficiaries at very
nominal cost). NABARDs initiative in micro-credit has also provided a new policy thrust for the
Government of India and the Reserve Bank.
Micro-credit initiative has yet to cover the length and breadth of the country, yet it is a breath of
fresh air in the field of rural development.
REFERENCE
NABARD, 1997. 'Micro-Finance Innovations and NABARD'.
Q2:- Discuss the important features of Employment Assurance Scheme.

INTRODUCTION
Employment Assurance Scheme was launched on 2nd October, 1993 for implementation in 1778
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identified backward blocks of different States. The blocks selected were in the drought prone | 13
areas, desert areas, tribal areas and hilly areas. Later, the scheme was extended to the remaining
blocks of the country in phased manner. At present, the scheme is being implement in all the
rural blocks of the country. The programme has been restructured from 1.4.99.
CONCEPT
The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was introduced w.e.f. 2nd October, 1993 in the rural
areas of 1778 blocks of 261 districts in which the Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS)
was in operation.
The blocks selected were in the drought prone areas, desert areas, tribal areas and hill areas.
During 1994-95 EAS was extended to 409 blocks under DPAP/DDP and Modified Area
Development Approach (MADA) blocks having larger concentration of tribal.
In March, 1995 the scheme was further extended to 256 blocks out of which 233 blocks were
flood prone in the States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and 23 blocks were of Jammu & Kashmir
in view of the special conditions prevailing there.
The Intensified Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (IJRY) merged with EAS on 1.1.1996. Consequently, 722
non-EAS blocks in 120 IJRY districts were also covered under the scheme. At present, the scheme
is being implemented in all the rural blocks of the country.
Features of Employment Assurance Scheme
The primary objective of the Employment Assurance Scheme is to provide gainful employment
during lean agricultural season in manual work to all able bodied adults in rural areas who are in
need and desirous of work, but cannot find it.
The secondary objective is the creation of economic infrastructure and community assets for
sustained employment and development. Salient Features
(i) The scheme is operative in the all rural blocks of the country.
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(ii) It is a demand driven scheme with no fixed earmarking of annual funds for any district or | 14
block.
(iii) Men and women over 18 years and below 60 years of age, normally residing in the villages
are covered.
(iv) A maximum of two adults per family are provided the assurance of 100 days employment.
(v) Works should be labour intensive which results in the creation of durable productive assets.
(vi) As an individual beneficiary oriented scheme, on the lands of BPL families, horticulture
development is a permitted activity.
(vii) Implementing agencies are Block Development Officers, District officers of various line
Departments, Block Samitis, Gram Panchayats and NGOs.
(viii) Expenditure is shared between the Centre and the States on 80 : 20 basis.
(ix) The desirous workers have to get themselves registered with village level workers or Gram
Panchayats and are issued a family card.
(x) 50% of EAS funds shall be utilized for watershed development only in DPAP and DDP blocks.
(xi) When about 10 workers demand work, new projects can be started by the block level officer
for providing employment.

CONCLUSION
In short, Employment assurance scheme: An impact assessment the severity of
underemployment has been high in rural areas. Considering the severity of the rural
unemployment problem, various special employment programmes have been introduced by the
Government of India to provide employment opportunities through the creation and
strengthening of rural infrastructure.
 REFERENCE

The Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) in India By Mayank Pal.

Q3:- Discuss the relationship between poverty and health in the context of rural India.
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INTRODUCTION | 15
The relationship between health and socio-economic development for decades, economists and
social scientists have now come to a consensus that health forms an important index of human
development and in turn that of the development of any society. Health, defined as the state of
complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being and not merely absence of disease and
infirmity, proves to be a major contributor to the level of quality of life.
CONCEPT
Health does not exist in isolation. It is influenced by a host of genetic, environmental, social and
economical factors, related to each other. The health of a community is intimately related to its
economic status and its social and political organization. There is little doubt that in most of the
developed countries it is the economic progress that has been the major factor in reducing
morbidity, increasing life expectancy and improving the quality of health.
Poverty though difficult to define, is much more than just the lack of money. It is a state that
involves the total life of a person, his/her food, clothing, housing, education, health, family life,
and aspirations.
Poverty leads to sickness by depriving individuals of their needs of adequate nutrition and
shelter and by exposing them to hazards of poor sanitary conditions. It is an established
epidemiological fact that the prevalence and distribution of disease is strongly influenced by
socio-economic factors. Poverty also predisposes one to crime, violence, drug abuse and many
other forms of deviant behavior. All these are responsible for low productivity, which in turn
leads to poverty. It is estimated that 70-75 % of all the deaths of children below 5 years of age in
the developing countries is because of three categories of diseases infections spread through
human excreta, airborne infections and malnutrition and all of these can very easily be
associated with poor socio-economic status of the poor.
CONCLUSION
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In short, health is an important parameter of development. The Government is committed to the | 16
objective of providing health for all. At present the health scenario as depicted by the various
health indicators is unsatisfactory, more so in the rural areas. The health situation of the country
has undergone significant changes during the past few years but the communicable diseases
continue to be the leading cause of morbidity in rural areas. There is a definite need for
improving the system for an adequate and comprehensive health care services in rural India.
REFERENCES
Annual Report 2001-2002, The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, The Government of India, New Delhi.
Major Schemes and Programmes, 2000 (Nov.): The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, The Government of
India, New Delhi.
SECTION III

Short Answers Questions Maximum Marks: 6 each

Write short notes on any Five of the following:
Q:-1. Primary Health Care.

SOLUTION :- Primary health care is a nucleus of health care system based on practical
and socially accepted methods being made available to all the members of the community with
their participation at a cost that community can bear. It covers promotive and preventive like
immunizations and sanitary services, curative medical services, maternal and child health, family
planning services. It also covers rehabilitative services and health education.
REFERENCE
Banerjee, D., 1985: Health & Family Planning Services in India.
Q2:- Elementary Education.
 SOLUTION :- Elementary education in India is defined as the education provided from
classes I to VIII. Roughly, it covers children from the age of 6 to 14 years. Elementary education is
further divided into two stages: the primary and the upper primary education. Primary education
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lasts up to class V and covers children in the 6 11 age group. Upper primary covers class VI to | 17
VIII and so the children in the age group of 11to 14 years. While this is the national picture,
however, there are minor variations here and there. Some states have primary schooling upto
class IV only, while a few have upper primary upto class VII only.
REFERENCES
Naik, J.P. 1982: The Education Commission and After, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Naik, J.P. 1975: Elementary Education in India: A Promise to Keep, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Bombay.
Q3:- National Health Policy.
SOLUTION : - The process of policy formulation in 1986 was unique in many respects. It
was perhaps for the first time that a process was initiated through the preparation of a
document entitled Challenge of Education which gave a detailed baseline or diagnosis of the
problems faced by different sectors of education. This document was widely circulated and
communications in response to this document were received methodically and their contents
were analyzed properly. These contents, therefore, began to assume importance and found a
place in the National Policy on Education 1986.

REFERENCES
National Policy on Education 1986, (with modifications undertaken in 1992),
Department of Education, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, The Government of India, New
Delhi.
Q4:- Social Forestary.

SOLUTION :- Social Forestry Programmes designed for afforestation of forest areas as

well as non-forest areas dealt mainly with biomass production for relieving the pressures of
wood products from forests. Popularity of these tree-planting programmes promoted in private,
community and other degraded lands varied depending upon the requirement of user
populations, demand situation of industries and policy and laws related interventions. Social
forestry programme has been recognized as a programme for planting trees, wherein community
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participation could not be ensured satisfactorily. | 18

REFERENCE
Lal, J. B., (1992): Indias Forests: Myth and Reality.
Q5:- Rural Sanitation.
SOLUTION :-The Rural Sanitation Programme was also added as one of the components
of the Minimum Needs Programme in 1987-88. The Rural Sanitation Programme would
supplement the efforts made under the various Central and State Sector Programmes by
providing sanitation facilities in rural areas through the construction of rural sanitary latrines for
individual households so as to improve the quality of life in these areas.
REFERENCE
Fifty Years of Rural Development in India: NIRD, Hyderabad, 1998.
Q6:- Global Positioning System (GPS).
SOLUTION : - Global Positioning System (GPS) is a Satellite Navigation System. It was
designed for and is being operated by the US military. It is funded by and controlled by the US
Department of Defense (DOD), though today there are many civil users of GPS worldwide.
Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions in three dimensions and the time offset
in the receiver clock. The Space Segment of the system consists of the GPS satellites. These space
vehicles (SVs) send radio signals from space. The GPS provides specially coded satellite signals
that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and
time.
REFERENCE
Setty, S.D., 2002: New Approaches to Rural Development.
Q7:- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana.

SOLUTION :- The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) has been launched for
connecting every rural habitation that has a population of more than 1000 by the year 2003 and
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every rural habitation with a population of more than 500 by the year 2007, through good all- | 19
weather roads. As for the Hill States (North-East, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir
and Uttaranchal), the Desert Areas and the Tribal Areas, the objective is to connect habitations
with a population of 250 persons and above by the year 2007. About 60,000 habitations are to
be covered under the programme.
REFERENCE
PMGSY Guidelines, 2004 The Ministry of Rural Development, The Government of India, New Delhi.
Q8:- Targeted Public Distribution System.

SOLUTION :-The National Agenda for Governance seeks to reform and improve the
Public Distribution System so as to serve the poorest of the poor in rural and urban areas. During
April to December, 1999 the quantity of food grains (rice and wheat) allocated by the Central
Government to the States/UTs for the Central pool for distribution to consumers through PDS
outlets was 192.3 lakh tonnes. This included special additional allocations made at BPL rates in
respect of earthquake-affected areas of Uttar Pradesh, for drought relief in Manipur, KBK
districts of Orissa and for the recent cyclone affected areas in the state.
REFERENCE
Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) in India by R Kattumuri.