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Introduction
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Generally: as you increase flow by 10%, the minor losses increase by 20%
All energy losses which occur in hydraulic systems are not solely due to
boundary friction
These minor losses cause nonuniformities in the flow path, resulting in
small energy losses due to: changes in pipe diameter, pipe geometry,
entrance from a reservoir, exit to a reservoir, or control devices (valves)
The two methods of head loss in a pipe come from friction and minor
losses, and minor contains a smaller energy magnitude
References
Cruise, James F., M. M. Sherif, and V. P. Singh. "8.4 Minor Losses in Pipes." Elementary
Hydraulics. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2007. 232-35. Print.
"Head Loss Coefficients." Vano Engineering. N.p., 30 Dec. 2012. Web. 19 Oct. 2015. <https:
//vanoengineering.wordpress.com/2012/12/30/head-loss-coefficients/>.
Hibbeler, R. C. "10.2 Losses Occurring from Pipe Fittings and Transitions." Fluid Mechanics. N.p.:
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2015. 528-33. Print.
"Fluid Flow through Real Pipes." Pump-House, University of California, Santa Barbara (2004): n.
pag. Web. http://www.cs.cdu.edu.au/homepages/jmitroy/eng247/sect10.pdf - pg. 17
Gabryjonczyk, R. Reducing Head Loss in Sludge Pumping Applications. Water World. N.p. Web.
<http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-28/issue-2/editorial-
focus/technical-notes--pumps/reducing-head-loss-in-sludge-pumping.html>