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21Electrochemistry
Electrodes
c1. Inanyelectrochemicalcell,thecathodeisalways__________.
(a)thepositiveelectrode (b)thenegativeelectrode
(c)theelectrodeatwhichsomespeciesgainselectrons
(d)theelectrodeatwhichsomespeciesloseselectrons
(e)theelectrodeatwhichoxidationoccurs
d2. Inanyelectrochemicalcell,theanodeisalways_____.
(a)thepositiveelectrode (b)thenegativeelectrode
(c)theelectrodeatwhichsomespeciesgainselectrons
(d)theelectrodeatwhichsomespeciesloseselectrons
(e)theelectrodeatwhichreductionoccurs
e3. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutelectrodesisfalse?
(a) Thecathodeistheelectrodeatwhichreductionoccurs.
(b) Theanodecanbeeitherpositiveornegative.
(c) Electrodesaresurfacesonwhichoxidationorreductionhalfreactionsoccur.
(d) Electrodesthatdonotreactarecalledinertelectrodes.
(e) Electronsaregainedbysomespeciesattheanode.
TheElectrolysisofMoltenSalts
d4. Duringtheelectrolysisofmoltensodiumbromide,sodiumionsmove_____.
(a)totheanode,whichispositivelycharged
(b)totheanode,whichisnegativelycharged
(c)tothecathode,whichispositivelycharged
(d)tothecathode,whichisnegativelycharged
(e)throughthewiretothebattery
c5. Thehalfreactionthatoccursatthecathodeduringtheelectrolysisofmoltensodium
bromideis________________________.
(a)2BrBr2+2e (b)Br2+2e2Br
(c)Na++eNa (d)NaNa++e
(e)2H2O+2e2OH+H2
137
a6. Thehalfreactionthatoccursattheanodeduringtheelectrolysisofmoltensodium
bromideis________________________.
(a)2BrBr2+2e (b)Br2+2e2Br
(c)Na++eNa (d)NaNa++e
(e)2H2O+2e2OH+H2
b7. Whatproductisformedattheanodewhenmoltensodiumchloride,NaCl,iselectrolyzed
usingaDownscell?
e8. WhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerninguseoftheDownscellfortheelectrolysis
ofmoltensodiumchlorideisincorrect?
(a) Thepalegreengas,Cl2,isliberatedattheanode.
(b) Theanodeisthepositiveelectrodeandthecathodeisthenegativeelectrodefor
thiscell.
(c) Themoltensodiumandgaseouschlorineproductsmustbekeptseparatedto
preventanexplosivereaction.
(d) TheDownscellisexpensivetorunbecauseofthecostofconstruction,of
electricityandofheattomelttheNaCl.
(e) AlthoughproductionofsodiummetalbytheelectrolysisofaqueousNaClismuch
cheaper,theelectrolysisofmoltenNaClisusedbecauseitgivesapurermetal.
e9. Theelectrolysisofmoltenlithiumhydride,LiH,usinginertelectrodesproducesmetallic
lithiumandgaseoushydrogen.Lithiumisproducedatthe(I)___,whichisthe_(II)___
electrode.Electronsflowthroughthewirefromthe(III)___totheotherelectrode.
e10. Theelectrolysisofmoltenlithiumhydrideusinginertelectrodesproducesmetallic
lithiumandgaseoushydrogen.Whatistheoverallcellreaction?
(a)LiHLi+H2 (b)LiH+H2OLi+H2+OH
(c)LiH+H+Li+H2 (d)LiOH+OHLi+H2+O2
Chapter21138
(e)2LiH2Li+H2
b11 Theelectrolysisofmoltenlithiumhydride,LiH,usinginertelectrodesproducesmetallic
lithiumandgaseoushydrogen.Thehydrogenisproducedbythe(I)___halfreaction,
(II)___.
(I)___
(II)______________
(a) reduction 2H +2e H2(g)
+
TheElectrolysisofAqueousSaltSolutions
d12. Inanelectrolyticcell,theelectrodethatactsasasourceofelectronstothesolutionis
calledthe__________;thechemicalchangethatoccursatthiselectrodeiscalled
__________.
(a)anode,oxidation (b)anode,reduction
(c)cathode,oxidation (d)cathode,reduction
(e)Cannotanswerunlessweknowthespeciesbeingoxidizedandreduced.
a13. Whichoneofthefollowingisnotobtainedfromtheelectrolysisofanaqueoussolution
ofNaCl?
b14. Theelectrolysisofanaqueoussodiumchloridesolutionusinginertelectrodesproduces
gaseouschlorineatoneelectrode.Attheotherelectrodegaseoushydrogenisproduced,
andthesolutionbecomesbasicaroundtheelectrode.Whichofthefollowingisthe
equationforthecathodehalfreactioninthiselectrolyticcell?
(a)2ClCl2+2e (b)2H2O+2eH2+2OH
(c)Cl2+2e2Cl (d)H2+2OH2H2O+2e
(e)noneofthese
b15. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutwhatoccursduringtheelectrolysisofmolten
sodiumchlorideisfalse?
(a) Sodiumisreducedatthecathode.
139
(b) Thenetresultistheelectrolysisofwater.
(c) Chlorideisoxidizedattheanode.
(d) Hydrogengasandsodiumhydroxideareproducedatthecathode.
(e) Sodiumisaspectatorion.
e16. WhatreactionoccursattheanodeduringtheelectrolysisofaqueousNa2SO4?
(a)Na++eNa (b)2H++2eH2
(c)SO42SO4+2e (d)SO42SO2+O2+2e
(e)2H2OO2+4H++4e
b17. Considertheelectrolysisofanaqueoussolutionofaluminumfluoride.Whichoneofthe
followingstatementsdescribeswhatwillbeobserved?
(a) Almetalisproducedatoneelectrode,andO2andH+producedattheother.
(b) O2andH+areproducedatoneelectrode,andH2andOHproducedattheother.
(c) Almetalisproducedatoneelectrode,andF2producedattheother.
(d) Almetalisproducedatoneelectrode,andH2andOHproducedattheother.
(e) H2andOHareproducedatoneelectrode,andF2producedattheother.
a18. FortheelectrolysisofaqueousKClsolutionusinginertelectrodes,chlorinegasis
evolvedatoneelectrodeandhydrogengasisevolvedattheotherelectrode.Thesolution
aroundtheelectrodeatwhichhydrogengasisevolvedbecomesbasicastheelectrolysis
proceeds.Whichreactionoccursattheanode?
(a)2ClCl2+2e (b)2H2OO2+4H++4e
(c)Cl2+2e2Cl (d)2H2O+2eH2+2OH
(e)Noneofthefirstfourresponsesiscorrect.
e19. If1faradayofelectricityispassedthroughanelectrolyticcellcontainingasolutionofa
metalsalt,themetalmaybereducedanddepositedatthecathode.Belowaregiventhe
massesofmetalsthatwouldbedepositedfromdifferentsaltsolutions.Whichoneis
incorrect?
c20. Howmanycoulombsofchargepassthroughacellif2.40amperesofcurrentarepassed
throughthecellfor85.0minutes?
Chapter21140
d21. Howmanyfaradays(F)arepassedthroughacellif6.25amperesofcurrentarepassed
throughthecellfor1.50hours?
c23. Anaqueouscopper(II)sulfatesolutioniselectrolyzedfor45minutes.A3.2ampere
currentisused.Whatmassofcopperisproduced?
b24. Howmanygramsofmetallicnickelcanbeproducedbytheelectrolysisofaqueous
nickel(II)chloride,NiCl2,witha0.350amperecurrentfor5.00hours?
b25. Anaqueoussolutionofnickelacetateiselectrolyzedfor3hourswitha1.8ampere
current.Whatmassofnickelisproduced?
c26. Howlongwouldaconstantcurrentof4.5amperesberequiredtoflowinordertoplate
out15gofchromiumfromachromium(III)sulfatesolution?
e27. MoltenAlCl3iselectrolyzedfor5.0hourswithacurrentof0.40ampere.Metallic
aluminumisproducedatoneelectrodeandchlorinegas,Cl2,isproducedattheother.
Howmanygramsofaluminumareproduced?
d28. Howmanymolesofoxygen,O2,willbeproducedbytheelectrolysisofwaterwitha
currentof1.5amperesfor6.0hours?
c29. MoltenAlCl3iselectrolyzedfor5.0hourswithacurrentof0.40ampere.Metallic
aluminumisproducedatoneelectrodeandchlorinegas,Cl2,isproducedattheother.
HowmanylitersofCl2measuredatSTPareproducedattheotherelectrode?
b30. HowmanylitersofF2atSTPcouldbeliberatedfromtheelectrolysisofmoltenNaF
undera2.16amperecurrentfor60.0minutes?
a31. HowmanymLofchlorinegascanbeobtainedatSTPbytheelectrolysisofmoltenNaCl
usinga0.500amperecurrentfor25.0minutes?
a32. Calculatethequantityofchargenecessarytoproduce10litersofH2(g)atSTPfrom
theelectrolysisofwater.
b33. Howlongwouldaconstantcurrentof18.0amperesberequiredtoflowinorderfor
9000.coulombsofchargetopassthroughacell?
c34. Howmanyminuteswoulda5.00amperecurrenthavetobeappliedtoplateout
8.00gramsofcoppermetalfromaqueouscopper(II)sulfatesolution?
c*35. ElementaryfluorineispreparedbyelectrolysisofmoltenKHF2.Howlongwouldittake
toproduce11.0litersofF2atSTPusingacurrentof15.0amperes?Thehalfreaction
isHF2HF+F2+e
e*36. Currentispassedthroughacellwherethehalfreactionthatoccursatthecathodeis
5e+MnO4+8H+Mn2++4H2O.AlltheMnO4ionspresentin
Chapter21142
25.0mLofsolutionhavebeenreducedafteracurrentof0.600amperehaspassedfor
844seconds.WhatwastheoriginalconcentrationofMnO4ions?
a*37. MoltenAlCl3iselectrolyzedwithacurrentof0.500ampere.Metallicaluminumis
producedatoneelectrodeandchlorinegas,Cl2,isproducedattheother.If0.450litersof
Cl2,measuredatSTP,areproducedatoneelectrode,howmanygramsofaluminum
areproducedattheother?
c38. Involtaiccells,suchasthosediagrammedinyourtext,thesaltbridge__________.
(a)isnotnecessaryinorderforthecelltowork
(b)actsasamechanismtoallowmechanicalmixingofthesolutions
(c)allowschargebalancetobemaintainedinthecell
(d)istightlypluggedwithafirmagargelthroughwhichionscannotmove
(e)driveselectronsfromonehalfcelltotheother
a39. Oxidationoccursatthe_________inavoltaiccellandoxidationoccursatthe
_________ inanelectrolyticcell.
e40. Whichresponsecontainsallthefollowingstatementsthatarecorrect,andnoothers?
I. Involtaiccellstheflowofelectronsisspontaneous.
II. Inelectrolyticcellselectronsflowintheexternalcircuit(throughthewire)from
theanodetothecathode.
III. Involtaiccellsthecathodeisthepositiveelectrode.
b41. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesaltbridgeinavoltaiccellisfalse?
(a) Itallowselectricalcontactbetweenthetwosolutionsinthehalfcells.
143
(b) Theionsfromthesaltbridgeparticipateinthehalfreactions.
(c) Itpreventsmixingoftheelectrodesolutions.
(d) Itmaintainstheelectricalneutralityineachhalfcell.
(e) Ionsflowintoandoutofthesaltbridge.
c42. Acellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofleadina1.0MPb(NO3)2solutionanda
stripofsilverina1.0MAgNO3solution.Thecircuitiscompletedbyawireandasalt
bridge.Asthecelloperates,thestripofsilvergainsmass(onlysilver),andthe
concentrationofsilverionsinthesolutionaroundthesilverstripdecreases,whilethe
stripofleadlosesmass,andtheconcentrationofleadionsincreasesinthesolution
aroundtheleadstrip.Whichofthefollowingrepresentsthereactionthatoccursatthe
cathodeinthiscell?
(a)Pb2++2ePb (b)PbPb2++2e
(c)Ag++eAg (d)AgAg++e
(e)noneoftheabove
b43. Acellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofleadina1.0MPb(NO3)2solutionanda
stripofsilverina1.0MAgNO3solution.Thecircuitiscompletedbyawireandasalt
bridge.Asthecelloperates,thestripofsilvergainsmass(onlysilver),andthe
concentrationofsilverionsinthesolutionaroundthesilverstripdecreases,whilethe
stripofleadlosesmass,andtheconcentrationofleadionsincreasesinthesolution
aroundtheleadstrip.Whichequationrepresentsthereactionthatoccursatthenegative
electrodeintheabovecell?
(a)Pb2++2ePb (b)PbPb2++2e
(c)Ag++eAg (d)AgAg++e
(e)noneoftheabove
d44. Avoltaiccellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofcoppermetalin1.0MCuSO4
solutionandastripofaluminumin0.50MAl2(SO4)3solution.Awireandasaltbridge
completethecircuit.Thealuminumstriplosesmass,andtheconcentrationofaluminum
ionsinthesolutionincreases.Thecopperelectrodegainsmass,andtheconcentrationof
copperionsdecreases.Whichofthefollowingareapplicabletothecopperelectrode?
I.Theanode II.Thecathode
III.Thepositiveelectrode IV.Theelectrodeatwhichelectronsareproduced
V.Thenegativeelectrode VI.Theelectrodeatwhichelectronsareusedup
Chapter21144
b45. Avoltaiccellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofcoppermetalin1.0MCuSO4
solutionandastripofaluminumin0.50MAl2(SO4)3solution.Awireandasaltbridge
completethecircuit.Thealuminumstriplosesmass,andtheconcentrationofaluminum
ionsinthesolutionincreases.Thecopperelectrodegainsmass,andtheconcentrationof
copperionsdecreases.Whichofthefollowingareapplicabletotheelectrodeatwhich
oxidationoccurs?
I.Theanode II.Thecathode
III.Thepositiveelectrode IV.Theelectrodeatwhichelectronsareproduced
V.Thenegativeelectrode VI.Theelectrodeatwhichelectronsareusedup
*****************************************************************************
Atableofstandardelectrodepotentialsisnecessaryformanyofthequestions4394.
*****************************************************************************
e46. Whichstatementconcerningatableofstandardreductionpotentialsisincorrect?
(a) Ontheleftsideofthetablearecations,hydrogenionandelementalnonmetals.
(b) Ontherightsideofthetableareelementalmetals,hydrogenandnonmetalanions.
(c) Fluorine,F2,isthestrongestoxidizingagent.
(d) Thealkalimetals(GroupIA)areamongthestrongestreducingagents.
(e) Themorepositivethereductionpotential,thestrongerthespeciesontheleftacts
asareducingagent.
c47. Whichofthefollowingisthestrongestoxidizingagent?
(a)Mg2+ (b)Mg (c)F2 (d)F (e)H+
145
c48. Whichofthefollowingspeciesisthestrongestoxidizingagent?
b49. Whichofthefollowingspeciesisthestrongestreducingagent?
a50. Whichofthefollowingisthestrongestreducingagent?
d51. Whichofthefollowingistheweakestreducingagent?
e52. Whichofthefollowingistheweakestoxidizingagent?
e53. Whichofthefollowingmetalsismosteasilyoxidized?
a54. WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsabouttheoxidizingstrengthofthegroupIB
metals(Cu,Ag,andAu)istrue?
(a)CuiseasiertooxidizethanAu. (b)AuiseasiertooxidizethanAg.
(c)AgiseasiertooxidizethanCu. (d)AuiseasiertooxidizethanCu.
(e)Nothingcanbedecidedaboutthisfromatableofelectrodepotentials.
d*55. Determinetheorderinwhichthefollowingmetalionsarereducedasincreasingvoltage
isappliedtoelectrolyticcellsinwhichmoltensaltsofthesecationsarepresent.Listthe
firstonereducedfirst,andthelastonereducedlast.
Ag+,Mg2+,Na+,Fe3+
b56. Atstandardconditions,whichofthefollowingcanoxidizeHgtoHg2+?
Chapter21146
d57. Atstandardconditions,whichoneofthefollowingwillreduceNi2+toNibutwillnot
reduceMg2+toMg?
b58. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthehalfcellprocessesistrueforthecell,
Cd|Cd2+(1M)||Cu2+(1M)|Cu?
(a)Cu2+isreducedattheanode. (b)Cu2+isreducedatthecathode.
(c)Cd2+isreducedattheanode. (d)Cd2+isreducedatthecathode.
(e)Thespontaneousreactionthatoccursinthiscellisnotaredoxreaction.
d59. Avoltaiccellconsistsofastandardhydrogenelectrodeconnectedbyasaltbridgeanda
wiretoanelectrodeconsistingofastripofCdmetaldippingintoa1Msolutionof
Cd(NO3)2.Whenthecellproducescurrent,theelectronsflowthroughthewirefromthe
_____electrodetothe_____electrode.Inthiscellthe_____electrodeactsasthe
cathode.
d60. Whichofthefollowingdescribesthenetreactionthatoccursinthecell,
Cd|Cd2+(1M)||Cu2+(1M)|Cu?
(a)Cu+Cd2+Cu2++Cd (b)Cu+CdCu2++Cd2+
(c)Cu2++Cd2+Cu+Cd (d)Cu2++CdCu+Cd2+
(e)2Cu+Cd2+2Cu++Cd
b61. Whichoneofthefollowingreactionsisspontaneous(inthedirectiongiven)under
standardelectrochemicalconditions?
(a)Pb2++2IPb+I2 (b)Cu2++FeCu+Fe2+
(c)2Au+Pt2+2Au++Pt (d)Mg2++2BrMg+Br2
(e)2Hg+2Cl+2H+Hg2Cl2+H2
d62. Whatisthecellpotentialforacellconstructedbyimmersingastripofmanganeseina
1.0 MMnSO4solutionandastripofironina1.0MFeSO4solutionandcompletingthe
circuitbyawireandasaltbridge?
b63. Avoltaiccellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofcoppermetalin1.0MCuSO4
solutionandastripofaluminumin0.50MAl2(SO4)3solution.Awireandasaltbridge
completethecircuit.Thealuminumstriplosesmass,andtheconcentrationofaluminum
ionsinthesolutionincreases.Thecopperelectrodegainsmass,andtheconcentrationof
copperionsdecreases.Whatisthecellpotential?
a64. Whatisthenumericalvalueforthestandardcellpotentialforthefollowingreaction?
2Cr3+(aq)+3Cu(s)2Cr(s)+3Cu2+(aq)
a65. Calculatethestandardcellpotentialforthecell,Cd|Cd2+(1M)||Cu2+(1M)|Cu.
a66. Whichofthefollowingisthestrongestoxidizingagentin1Msolutions?
(a)MnO4(inaqueousacidicsolution) (b)Ag+(aq)
(c)Cu2+(aq) (d)Ca2+(aq)
(e)Li+(aq)
d67. Avoltaiccellisconstructedbyimmersingastripofcobaltmetalintoa1.0Msolution
ofCo(NO3)2andconnectingthiselectrodebyawireandsaltbridgetoastripofplatinum
incontactwithasolutionthatis0.50MinFe2(SO4)3and1.0MinFeSO4.Consultthe
tableofstandardelectrodepotentialstodeterminethereactionthatoccurs.Whichofthe
followingistheanodehalfreaction?
(a)Fe3++eFe2+ (b)Co2++2eCo
(c)2H++2eH2 (d)CoCo2++2e
(e)Fe2+Fe3++e
c68. Giventhefollowingstandardelectrodepotentials:
HalfReaction___________ E0___
O2(g)+4H++4e2H2O +1.23V
2CO2(g)+2H++2e(COOH)2 0.49V
Whichresponsecontainsallthetruestatementsandnoothers?(Assumeallspeciesare
Chapter21148
presentunderstandardelectrochemicalconditions.)
I. H2Owillspontaneouslyoxidize(COOH)2toformCO2.
II. O2(g)willspontaneouslyoxidize(COOH)2toformCO2.
III. (COOH)2willspontaneouslyreduceO2(g)toformH2O.
IV. H+willspontaneouslyreduce(COOH)2toformCO2.
V. CO2willspontaneouslyoxidizeH2OtoformO2(g).
b69. Whichresponseincludesallofthefollowingreactions(andnoothers)thatcanbeused
(inthedirectiongiven)foragalvaniccellunderstandardelectrochemicalconditions?
I. Sn2++Mg2+Sn4++Mg
II. Cu2++FeCu+Fe2+
III. H2O2+Sn4+O2+Sn2++2H+
IV. 2Hg+2Cl+2H+Hg2Cl2+H2
e70. Whichresponselistsallofthefollowingreactionsthatarespontaneous?
I. F2(g)+SO2+2H2O2F+SO42+4H+
II. Cl2(g)+Sn2+2Cl+Sn4+
III. 2NO(g)+4H2O+3Br2(l)6Br+2NO3+8H+
IV. H2O2+2H++2I2H2O(l)+I2(s)
e71. Whichresponselistsallofthefollowingreactionsthatarespontaneousunderstandard
electrochemicalconditions?
I. Cr(s)+3Fe3+3Fe2++Cr3+
II. 2Fe2++Cu2+2Fe3++Cu
III. Li(s)+H+Li++H2(g)
149
d72. Whichone(s)ofthefollowingreactionsis/arespontaneousunderstandard
electrochemicalconditions?
I. 2Al3++3Cu2Al+3Cu2+
II. Sn2++H2Sn+2H+
III. Hg2++NiHg+Ni2+
IV. O2+4H++2Cd2H2O+2Cd2+
CorrosionProtection
c73. Ifacopperplatedironcanisscratched,theironbeneathitcorrodesmorerapidlythan
itwouldwithoutthecoating.Ontheotherhand,agalvanizedironcanisnotoxidized
ifitscoatingisscratched.Whichstatementbelowabouttheseprocessesisfalse?
(a) Copperislessactivethaniron.
(b) Zincismoreactivethaniron.
(c) Thezincispreferentiallyreduced.
(d) Zincisactingasasacrificialanode.
(e) Copperislesseasilyoxidizedthaniron.
d74. Whichstatementconcerningprotectingmetalsagainstcorrosionisfalse?
(a) Ametalprotectedbyathinlayerofalesseasilyoxidizedmetalwillcorrodeeven
morerapidlyifthelayerisbreachedbecauseanadverseelectrochemical
cellis created.
(b) Ametalmaybedirectlyconnectedtoasacrificialanode(anothermetalthatis
moreactiveandthereforepreferentiallyoxidized).
(c) Somemetalsnaturallyformaprotectivefilmontheirsurface,oftenthemetal
oxide.
(d) Galvanizing(coatingironwiththemoreactivemetal,zinc)isonlyprotectiveas
longasthecoatinglayerremainsintact.Ifthezinccoatingisbroken,there
isno moreprotection.
(e) Nonmetalcoatingssuchaspaintmaybeusedtopreventcontactwithoxygen.
b75. Azincbarweighing3.0kgisattachedtoaburiedironpipetoprotectthepipefrom
Chapter21150
corrosion.Anaveragecurrentof0.020Aflowsbetweenthebarandthepipe.Howmany
yearswillberequiredforthezincbartobeentirelyconsumed?(1yr=3.16x107s)
a 76. Calculate the reduction potential of the Cu2+/Cu electrode when [Cu2+] = 1.0 x 108 M.
e 77. Calculate the reduction potential of the Zn2+/Zn electrode when [Zn2+] = 1.0 x 108 M.
a 78. A cell is constructed by immersing a strip of silver in 0.10 M AgNO3 solution and a strip
of lead in 1.0 M Pb(NO3)2 solution. A wire and salt bridge complete the cell. What is the
potential of the silver electrode in the cell?
b 79. A cell is constructed by immersing a strip of silver in 0.10 M AgNO3 solution and a strip
of lead in 1.0 M Pb(NO3)2 solution. A wire and salt bridge complete the cell. What is the
potential for the cell?
a 80. Calculate Ecell for the reaction below when [Zn2+] = 1.00 M, [H+] = 1.00 x 106 M, and
P H2 = 1.00 atm.
Zn(s) + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2(g)
b 81. Consider the following reaction: If a galvanic cell utilizes this reaction and the initial
concentrations are [Hg22+] = 0.10 M, [Sn2+] = 0.30 M, and [Sn4+] = 0.20 M, what will
be Ecell under these conditions?
Hg22+(aq) + Sn2+(aq) Sn4+(aq) + 2Hg(s)
(a) 0.57 V (b) 0.61 V (c) 0.74 V (d) 0.66 V (e) 0.68 V
151
c 82. What is the cell potential for the reaction below if [Cr2O72] = 0.0010 M, [Cr3+] =
0.150 M, [H+] = 1.00 M, and [Br] = 0.450 M, and some bromine is also present initially?
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6Br 3Br2(l) + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)
(a) +0.28 V (b) +0.31 V (c) 0.22 V (d) +0.24 V (e) +0.29 V
(a) +0.98 V (b) +1.10 V (c) +1.04 V (d) +1.22 V (e) +1.16 V
c 84. Calculate the cell potential of the following voltaic cell at 25C.
Mg|Mg2+(1.0 x 106 M)||Ag+(1.0 x 102 M)|Ag
(a) +3.17 V (b) +3.29 V (c) +3.23 V (d) +3.11 V (e) +1.63 V
(a) +0.78 V (b) +0.46 V (c) +0.88 V (d) +0.98 V (e) +2.58 V
a 86. Calculate the cell potential for the following voltaic cell.
Cr|Cr3+(1.0 x 102 M)||Co2+(1.0 x 105 M)|Co
(a) +0.35 V (b) +0.91 V (c) +0.57 V (d) +0.28 V (e) 1.13 V
d 87. Calculate the value of the reaction quotient, Q, if the observed cell voltage is 1.53 V for
the following voltaic cell.
Al|Al3+(x M)||Sn2+(y M)|Sn
a 88. Calculate the Cd2+ concentration in the following cell if Ecell = 0.23 V.
Cd(s)|Cd2+(x M)||Ni2+(1.00 M)|Ni
e 89. Calculate the [H+] for the hydrogen half-cell of the following voltaic cell if the observed
cell voltage is 2.02 V.
Mg|Mg2+(1.00 M)||H+(? M), H2(1.00 atm)|Pt
Chapter21152
a 90. Calculate the pH for the hydrogen half-cell of the following voltaic cell if the observed
cell voltage is 1.00 V.
Mn|Mn2+(1.00 M)||H+(pH = ?), H2(1.00 atm)|Pt
(a) 3.04 (b) 4.31 (c) 1.52 (d) 3.62 (e) 2.78
e 91. A concentration cell is constructed by placing identical iron electrodes in two Fe2+
solutions. The potential of this cell is observed to be 0.047 V. If the more concentrated
Fe2+ solution is 0.10 M, what is the concentration of the other Fe2+ solution?
b 94. Calculate the Gibbs free energy change for the reaction below when initial concentrations
of Cr3+ and Cu2+ are 1.00 M. (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e)
2Cr3+(aq) + 3Cu(s) 2Cr(s) + 3Cu2+(aq)
(a) 232 kJ (b) 623 kJ (c) 313 kJ (d) 232 kJ (e) 523 kJ
b 96. What is G0 per mole of dichromate ions for the reduction of dichromate ions, Cr2O72,
to Cr3+ by bromide ions, Br, in acidic solution? (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e)
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6Br 3Br2(l) + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)
153
(a) +26.3 kJ (b) 145 kJ (c) +145 kJ (d) 26.3 kJ (e) 53.6 kJ
d 97. Calculate G for the reaction of the cell below under the stated conditions.
(F = 96,500 J/Vmol e)
Zn|Zn2+(1.0 x 108 M)||Cu2+(1.0 x 106 M)|Cu
(a) 163 kJ (b) 192 kJ (c) 201 kJ (d) 212 kJ (e) 268 kJ
d 98. Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25C for the reaction below. Answer is only
approximate. (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e and R = 8.314 J/molK)
2Cr3+(aq) + 3Cu(s) 2Cr(s) + 3Cu2+(aq)
(a) 10162 (b) 10+56 (c) 10+88 (d) 10109 (e) 1038
e 99. The standard reduction potentials for the half-reactions Ag+(aq) + e Ag(s) and
AgCl(s) + e Ag(s) + Cl(aq) are 0.7994 and 0.222 volt, respectively.
Calculate Ksp for AgCl at 25C. (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e and R = 8.314 J/molK)
d 100. Given the standard electrode potentials below, calculate Kc at 25C for the following
reaction. (F = 96,500 J/Vmol e and R = 8.314 J/molK)
2Fe3+(aq) + 2I(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I2(s)
E0___
Fe (aq) + e
3+ Fe (aq)
2+ +0.771 V
I2(s) + 2e 2I (aq)
+0.535 V
a 101. The equilibrium constant, at 25C, for the reaction below is 1.34 x 1077. What is E0 for
this reaction?
2Tl + BrO3 + 6H+ 2Tl3+ + Br + 3H2O
(a) 0.76 V (b) 0.90 V (c) 0.31 V (d) 0.22 V (e) 1.03 V
b 102. The equilibrium constant, at 25C, for the reaction below is 1.99 x 1020. What is E0 for
this reaction?
NO3 + 3H+ + Cu Cu2+ + HNO2 + H2O
(a) 0.090 V (b) 0.60 V (c) 0.88 V (d) 1.05 V (e) 0.21 V
Chapter21154
(a) Fuel cells are voltaic cells in which the reactants are continuously supplied to the
cell and the products are continuously removed.
(b) Most of the chemical energy from the formation of HO bonds is converted
directly into electrical energy.
(c) The efficiency of energy conversion of the fuel cell is 60-70% of the theoretical
maximum, about twice the efficiency of burning hydrogen in a heat engine
with a generator.
(d) The cathode reaction is: H2 + 2OH 2H2O + 2e.
(e) The H2/O2 cell is nonpolluting, only H2O is released.
c105. Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningtheleadstoragebatteryisincorrect?
(a) BoththeanodeandthecathodeproducePbSO4.
(b) Automobile12voltbatterieshavesix2voltcellsconnectedinseries.
(c) AllPbSO4producedisconvertedbacktoPbandPbO2duringrechargeofthe
battery.
(d) Batteriescanbetestedbymeasuringthedensityofthebatterysolution.
(e) Leadbatteriesrepresentoneofthemostsuccessfulrecyclingprograms.
Conceptual Questions
106.Metalplatedarticlesarecommoninoursociety.Explainwhychromium,silverand
goldarecommonlyused,whereastherearenopotassiumplatedobjects.
107. Batterypoweredautomobileshavebeenproposedasawaytoreduceemissions
from
gasolinecombustion.Whataresomeoftheobstaclesthatengineerswillhaveto
overcomeinorderforthissuggestiontobecomepractical?
108. Explainthefollowingobservations:Tinplatedsteelcansareprotectedfrom
oxidation
unlessthelayeroftinisbreached,butzinccoatedobjectsremainprotectedifthezinc
155
coatingisbroken.
109. Comparetheactivityseriesfromchapter4tothereductionpotentialtablein
chapter21.
Whatcanyouconclude?
110. Proposeareasonwhyaleadstoragebatterywouldbemorepronetoshortingout
inthe
wintertime.(Hint:Acoldbatteryhastobecrankedforalongertimeinordertostart
thecar,makingmoreofthehalfreactionproducts.)