Words, Meanings, Corpora: A Lawyer's Introduction To Meaning in The Framework of Corpus Linguistics

Discussion Draft 1/26/2017
Words, Meanings, Corpora:

A Lawyers Introduction to Meaning
in the Framework of Corpus Linguistics
Neal Goldfarb*
To be presented at the Symposium on Law and Corpus Linguistics
at Brigham Young University Law School, February 3, 2017
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
2 Word meaning in legal interpretation...........................................................................3
2.1 The Dictionary Paradigm ...................................................................................3
2.2 Words in context ................................................................................................ 6
3 Collocation and related phenomena: A brief introduction...........................................7
4 From collocation to corpus lexicography ...................................................................10
4.1 Beginnings: Palmer, Hornby, and Firth ............................................................10
4.2 John Sinclair and the Cobuild project ............................................................... 12
4.2.1 Sinclair and his early work .................................................................... 12
4.2.2 Corpus analysis meets lexicography...................................................... 14
4.2.3 Insights.................................................................................................. 19
5 Do word meanings exist? .......................................................................................... 27
5.1 Doubters: Hanks, Atkins, and Kilgarriff .......................................................... 27
5.2 Reasons for doubt ............................................................................................ 29
5.2.1 Sense-division differences between dictionaries .................................. 30
5.2.2 Some further problems regarding sense division ................................. 32
5.2.3 Core meanings and conceptual schemas.............................................. 34
5.3 Meaning is something you do. ..................................................................... 38
6 Muscarello v. United States: A corpus analysis of carry ...............................................39
6.1 The case. ...........................................................................................................39
6.2 Corpus Pattern Analysis ................................................................................... 41
6.3 Analyzing the corpus data ................................................................................ 43
6.3.1 Framing the inquiry ............................................................................. 43
6.3.2 The data ............................................................................................... 44
6.3.3 Analysis ................................................................................................ 45
7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 52
Appendix: Corpus Data
* Butzel Long, PC; www.LAWnLinguistics.com. My thinking on the issues discussed in this paper
benefited from discussion at the Law and Corpus Linguistics conference held at BYU in April
2016. I want to acknowledge in particular Stephen Mouritsens presentation on Muscarello, and
conversations that I had with Mark Davies and Stefan Th. Gries.
Corpora, Words, Meanings: A Lawyers Introduction
Neal Goldfarb to Meaning in the Framework of Corpus Linguistics
1 Introduction
Corpus linguistics has been promoted as a new tool for legal interpretationone that
provides an alternative to dictionaries.1 And it is in fact such a tool, and does in fact provide
such an alternative. But its significance for legal interpretation goes beyond the method-
ological. As I hope to show in this paper, corpus linguistics (and in particular corpus-based
lexicography) has given rise to new ways of thinking about word meaning and the
interpretation of words in context. These insights challenge the assumptions that underlie
the way that lawyers and judges have generally thought about words and their meaning.
Given that dictionaries have come to play a central role in litigating and deciding dis-
putes over word meaning,2 it is no surprise that legal interpretation as generally practiced in
the U.S. presupposes a view of word meaning that shares assumptions that underlie the way
such meanings are dealt with in dictionaries. Under this view, the basic units of meaning,
from which the meanings of sentences are built, are individual words. Word meanings are
seen as discrete entities with (in most cases) clear boundaries. For most people, this is
probably a matter of simple common sense.
But things are not really that simple. In reality, there often do not exist clear boundaries
between the meanings of different words, or between the different senses of the same word.
Drawing lines between different word senses often has an unavoidable element of
subjectivity, as is shown by the fact that the lines are often drawn differently by different dic-
tionaries. Although these facts are not new discoveriesthey have been known to lexi-
cographers at least as far back as Samuel Johnson3corpus linguistics has given them new
force and prominence. But whether new or old, these facts suggest that lawyers and judges
should exercise some skepticism with regard to dictionary definitions and that they should
modify the methods that they follow when they do consult dictionaries.
An even more striking effect of work in corpus linguistics (as well as other work in lin-
guistics and philosophy of language) has been to significantly undermine the view of words
1. E.g., State v. Rasabout, 356 P.3d 1258, 127590 (Utah 2015) (Lee, A.C.J., concurring in part and
concurring in the judgment); James C. Phillips, Daniel M. Ortner & Thomas R. Lee, Corpus
Linguistics & Original Public Meaning: A New Tool to Make Originalism More Empirical, 126 Yale
L.J. Forum 20 (2016), http://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/corpus-linguistics-original-
public-meaning; Stephen C. Mouritsen, The Dictionary Is Not A Fortress: Definitional Fallacies
and a Corpus-Based Approach to Plain Meaning, 2010 B.Y.U. L. Rev. 1915.
2. See, e.g., James J. Brudney & Lawrence Baum, Oasis or Mirage: The Supreme Court's Thirst for
Dictionaries in the Rehnquist and Roberts Eras, 55 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 483 (2013).
3. Samuel Johnson, Preface to A Dictionary of the English Language (1755). The text
of the Preface is available at http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/preface.html, with
paragraph numbering added after the fact. The quoted language appears at 4950.
Discussion Draft 1/26/2017 1

as being the basic unit of meaning. Under that view, which embodies the principle of com-
positionality, the meaning of a sentence is determined by the meanings of the
individual words and of the way that they are grammatically combined.4 But while that can
be a useful idealization, it glosses over a major complication. Many words, including most of
those that are used the most frequently, have multiple possible meanings, and when such a
word is used in a sentence, determining the appropriate meaning depends largely on what
the rest of the sentence says. So there is a chicken-and-egg problem: how can individual
words be regarded as basic units of meaning when the meaning of a word in a particular
context is itself affected by the context? The answer that is suggested by corpus linguistics is
that in many instances, individual words are not the basic unit of meaning. Rather, it makes
more sense in such cases conceive of the basic unit of meaning as being a phrase or other
multiword expression. This makes it necessary to revise our views about what word
meanings are.
In discussing these ideas, I will proceed in part by way of summarizing their intellectual
history. And I am doing that because the history matters. The crucial period in the develop-
ment of corpus lexicography was mid-1980s, when a brand new dictionary was compiled,
written from scratch, and published. The dictionarys editor in chief was a professor of
linguistics, who more than a decade earlier had been the first person to use a computerized
corpus to investigate the nature of word meaning. The dictionary, which was intended for
people learning English as a foreign language, was the first ever to be based entirely on
corpus data. Its approach to definition was informed by the idea that words are not
necessarily the basic units of meaning, and the work that was done in creating the dictionary
generated a wealth of data supporting that view.
I am telling you this now, and will discuss the history in more detail later in the paper, to
make clear that the ideas I will be discussing represent more than mere academic theorizing.
The theory has been put to a very practical test and has been shown to have real-world
applications. The dictionary that resulted is universally regarded as a major advance in
lexicography, and some of the people who worked on it are among the most important
figures in the field. So if what I say in this paper about words and dictionaries seems radical,
please keep in mind where those ideas came from.
In the final portion of the paper, I will attempt to demonstrate how the ideas that I will
be describing can contribute to legal interpretation. I will take a fresh look at Muscarello v.
United States, which presented the question whether driving a car or truck with a firearm in
the trunk or glove compartment amounted to carrying the firearm.5 Although Muscarello
4. See generally The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality (Markus Werning et al.,

eds., 2012).
5. 524 U.S. 125 (1998).

has already been the subject of a corpus-based analysis by Steven Mouritsen,6 his analysis
focused on which of two dictionary senses of the word carry was more common, and
therefore did not challenge the prevailing conception of word meaning. My approach to
Muscarello will differ from Mouritsens in two respects. Rather than look at which dictionary
sense is more common, I will ask a more open-ended question: when viewed without pre-
conceptions, what does the corpus data tell us about how the word carry behaves? And I will
look at the data through the lens of Corpus Pattern Analysis, a corpus-driven lexicographic
approach that focuses on multiword patterns rather than on individual word meanings.
2 Word meaning in legal interpretation

Running through legal interpretation are two contrasting themes, both having to do the
meanings of words. One is a view that sees word meanings as well-delineated abstract
entities having an almost Platonic existence. The other is a view that word meaning exists
only in context (although that principle may be honored at least as much in the breach as in
the observance). To set the stage for what is to come, I will briefly describe these themes,
the first of which is the papers principal target.
2.1 The Dictionary Paradigm

A prominent student of dictionaries and lexicography has said that the dictionary is for
many people a guardian of absolute and eternal truth[.]7 For these people there is, for
every word, a true meaning, that is stored somewhere, and that the job of the
lexicographer is to find it and copy it in the dictionary.8 (Compare the now-discredited
conception of the common law as a brooding omnipresence in the sky.9) Courts often act
as if they share that attitude; that at least is a reasonable inference from cases where courts
have treated dictionary definitions as definitively establishing the meaning of a statutory
word or phrase.10
6. The Dictionary is Not a Fortress, 2010 B.Y.U. L. Rev. at 195870.

7. Henri Bjoint, Modern Lexicography: An Introduction 122 (2000) (ori-
ginally published as Tradition and Innovation in Modern English Dictionaries (1994)).
8. Henri Bjoint, The Lexicography of English 235 (2010). See also Modern Lex-
icography, supra note 7, at 122.
9. Southern Pac. Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205, 222 (1917) (Holmes, J. dissenting).
10. E.g., Taniguchi v. Kan Pac. Saipan, Ltd., 132 S. Ct. 1997, 200204 (2012); Gross v. FBL Fin.
Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176 (2008); Muscarello, 524 U.S. at 12728; MCI Telecomms. Corp. v.
AT&T Co., 512 US 218, 225 (1994); Chapman v. United States, 500 U.S. 453, 46162 (1991).

Entangled with this view of dictionaries are certain attitudes and assumptions about the
nature of word meanings. These ways of thinking about word meaningwhich I will refer
to collectively as the Dictionary Paradigmare reflected in the way in which the informa-
tion in dictionaries is presented: as an alphabetical lists of individual words, presented in
isolation from any context, with each words meanings (referred to by lexicographers as the
words different senses) set out in a separately numbered list. Moreover, while this mode
of presentation results primarily from a variety of very practical considerations, it is also in-
fluenced by the dispute-resolution function for which people often look to dictionaries. To
perform that function, dictionaries must draw a line around a meaning, so that a use can be
classified as on one side of the line or the other; if a dictionary presents word meaning as
context-dependent or variable or flexible, [it] will be of little use for purposes of settling arg-
uments11
It is reasonable to think that the structure of dictionaries not only reflects assumptions
about the nature of word meaning, but also tends to foster the same assumptions among dic-
tionary users. We know from research on framing effects that the way in which information
is presented can affect the way in which it is thought about.12 And as one lexicographer has
noted, Every lexicographic convention is meaning-bearing.13
The Dictionary Paradigm has a number of components, several of which are set out
below. In listing these components here, I dont mean to suggest that they play an active
role in every case in which an issue of word meaning is litigated or decided. But I do think
that judges and lawyers deal with such issues in a way that is consistent with these
assumptions, and that the assumptions can influence the decision.
Just as individual words constitute the basic units of dictionary structure, the
Dictionary Paradigm assumes that they similarly constitute the basic units of
meaning. If your reaction to that statement is to wonder why I am belaboring the
obvious, thank you for confirming that you share this assumption. As I hope to
show, the reality is more complicated.
Related to the first assumption is the assumption that word meaning is for the most
part independent of from syntax, that words reside in the domain of dictionaries and
syntax in the domain of grammar books. There are of course exceptions: words (and
11. Adam Kilgarriff, I Dont Believe in Word Senses, 31 Computers & the Humanities 91,
10910 & n.13 (1997), reprinted in Practical Lexicography: A Reader, ch. 9 at 135,
143 n.14 (Thierry Fontenelle, ed., 2008).
12. [Cites to be added.]
13. Robert Ilson, The Communicative Significance of Some Lexicographic Conventions, in LEXeter
83 Proceedings: Papers from the International Conference on Lexi-
cography at Exeter at 80, 80 (R.R.K. Hartmann, ed., 1983).

parts of words) that have grammatical functions, like of, the, -ed, and s, but the
attention that dictionaries devote to these function words is insignificant in
relation to the dictionarys overall scope.
More broadly, the Dictionary Paradigm regards word meanings as abstract entities
that exist independently of the contexts in which words appear in actual use.
American dictionaries that are intended for native English-speakers (which is to say,
the dictionaries that are most often used by American judges and lawyers) generally
pay little if any attention to whether there is any relationship between the different
senses of a word and the different kinds of linguistic contexts in which the word
appears.
The next set of assumptions contributing to the Dictionary Paradigm relate to words
that are polysemousi.e., that have multiple related meanings. (This is a
characteristic that is closely correlated with the frequency with which a word is used
in daily speech; the most frequently-occurring words tend to be the ones with the
most meanings.14) Dictionaries typically set out a polysemous words different
senses as separate items in a numbered list. Although that arrangement makes sense
as a matter of data design, it contributes to an impression that the various senses are
distinct from one another, with clearly marked boundaries.15 As we will see, that
impression is misleading.
The Dictionary Paradigm in its most extreme form seems to treat dictionary
definitions not merely as descriptions of the meanings of words, but as the source of
such meanings. For example, one sometimes sees courts saying that a particular
word in a statute or legal document will be given its dictionary meaning.16 Simi-
larly, the Supreme Court has said that [a] word in a statute may or may not extend
to the outer limits of its definitional possibilities[,]17 and while that seems to
assume that word meanings can vary according to the context, it can also be read as
14. E.g., Rosamund Moon, Lexicography and Disambiguation: The Size of the Problem, 34 Compu-
ters & the Humanties 99 (2000).
15. E.g., Modern Lexicography, supra note 7, at 19091. [Cites to Hanks and Kilgarriff to be
added.]
16. E.g., Lee v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 802 F.3d 626, 631 (4th Cir. 2015); Goldfarb v. Mayor & City Council
of Baltimore, 791 F.3d 500, 50910 (4th Cir. 2015) (no relation to the author); Carl Zeiss, Inc. v.
United States, 195 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 1999); Rohm & Haas Co. v. United States, 727 F.2d
1095, 1097 (Fed. Cir. 1984); Johnson Cty. Farm Bureau Co-op. Assn, Inc. v. Indiana Dept of State
Revenue, 568 N.E.2d 578, 581 (Ind. T.C. 1991), aff'd, 585 N.E.2d 1336 (Ind. 1992).
17. Dolan v. United States Postal Service, 546 U.S. 481, 486 (2006).

implying that dictionary definitions are somehow metaphysically prior to the actual
usage of words in specific contexts.
There are, in addition to these assumptions, others that I see as also being part of the
Dictionary Paradigm, but that I will not discuss here. Nevertheless I want to at least men-
tion them. One is the assumption that dictionary definitions provide everything that needs
to be known about a particular words semantics. Another is that dictionary definitions state
necessary and sufficient conditions for determining whether some set of circumstances is
within the words scope. Neither of these assumptions is valid, but I will postpone any
discussion of those issues until a different occasion.18
2.2 Words in context

In at least potential counterpoint to the Dictionary Paradigm is what the Supreme Court has
described as a fundamental principle not only of statutory interpretation but also of
language itself[.]19 That principle is that the meaning of a word cannot be determined in
isolation, but must be drawn from the context in which it is used.20 Taken at face value,
that statement could serve to summarize the thesis of this paper, and there do exist cases in
which the courts focus on the kind of context that this paper will be concerned with: the
immediate linguistic environment in which the word at issue appears.21 However, the prin-
ciple is often cited to support types of context, such as statutory structure or consistency
with other parts of the statute, that are outside this papers concerns.22 And one has to
wonder whether judges are sometimes strategic in their invocations of this principle,
hauling it out when they want to get past an inconvenient textual detail.
One of the arguments that is frequently made by critics the courts reliance on
dictionaries is that dictionaries deal with word meanings out of context.23 But while I agree
18. On the issue of necessary and sufficient conditions, see, e.g., Patrick Hanks, Definition, in The
Oxford Handbook of Lexicography (Philip Durkin, ed., 2016). For further
discussion of both issues, see Neal Goldfarb, Thinking Like a Linguist: Using
Linguistics in Legal Interpretation (in preparation).
19. Deal v. United States, 508 U.S. 129, 132 (1993).
20. Id.; accord, e.g., Yates v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1074, 1082 (2015); Tyler v. Cain, 533 U.S. 656,
66263 (2001).
21. E.g., Textron Lycoming Reciprocating Engine Div., Avco Corp. v, v. United Auto., Aerospace, Agric.
Implement Workers of Am., Intl Union, 523 U.S. 653, 657 (1998) (It is not the meaning of for
we are seeking here, but the meaning of [s]uits for violation of contracts).
22. See, e.g., Reno v. Koray, 515 U.S. 50, 5657 (1995).
23. E.g., Oasis or Mirage, supra note 2, 55 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. at 50203; The Dictionary is Not
a Fortress, supra note 1, 2010 B.Y.U. L. Rev. at 192425; Frank H. Easterbrook, Text, History,

that the way that courts typically use dictionaries is problematic, it seems to me that the
critics statement of the problem isnt quite right.
As I will explain later in this paper, what lexicographers try to do in writing definitions is
to generalize from the ways that the word in question is used out in the world, and in all of
those uses the word is embedded in a context. So each definition, and each separate sense of
a polysemous word, is an attempt to summarize what those instances of meaning-in-context
have in common. The problem as I see it is not merely that dictionaries present word mean-
ings out of context, it is that the dictionaries that judges and lawyers use most often do little
or nothing to map the different word senses to the appropriate types of context. In fact, they
dont even suggest that such a mapping is possible.
One of the things that corpus linguistics can do for legal interpretation is to make up for
this gap. But as Ive said, that is only part of what it can contribute. It is time to start talking
about what else it can do.
3 Collocation and related phenomena: A brief introduction

The branch of corpus linguistics that is most important for purposes of legal interpretation
is corpus lexicography: the use of corpus data in writing dictionaries, and more generally,
the use of such data to investigate word meaning. Although lexicography has long been
referred to as a form of applied linguistics,24 the fact is that until recently, lexicography
hasnt paid much attention to linguistics. But in the past 35 years or so, linguistics has come
to have a big influence on the field, albeit an influence that is not yet visible in the major
American dictionaries.25 That influence has come primarily from corpus linguistics, and in
particular from the study of collocation.
and Structure in Statutory Interpretation, 17 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Poly 61, 67 (1994); A.
Raymond Randolph, Dictionaries, Plain Meaning, and Context in Statutory Interpretation, 17
Harv. J. L. & Pub. Poly 71, 74 (1994). For citations to the fairly substantial body of scho-
larship regarding the courts use of dictionaries, see Oasis or Mirage, supra, 55 Wm. & Mary
L. Rev. at 48687 nn.36.
24. E.g., Dirk Geeraerts, Types of Semantic Information in Dictionaries, in A Spectrum of Lexi-
cography 1, 1 (Robert Ilson, ed. 1987); Alain Rey, Training Lexicographers: Some Problems, in
Lexicography: An Emerging International Profession 93, 95 (Robert Ilson,
ed. 1986); Hans H. Meier, Lexicography as Applied Linguistics, English Studies No. 50 at
141 (1969), reprinted in 3 Lexicography: Lexicography, Metalexicography,
and Reference Science 307 (2003).
25. See, e.g., Patrick Hanks, Lexical Patterns: From Hornby to Hunston and Beyond, in Proceed-
ings of the XIIIth Euralex International Congress 89, 106 (Elizabeth Bernal
& Janet de Cesaris, eds., 2008); Michael Rundell, Good Old-fashioned Lexicography: Human
Judgment and the Limits of Automation, in Lexicography and Natural Language

Although the term is used to describe a variety of phenomena, collocation is at its core
a lexical relation between two or more words which have a tendency to co-occur within a
few words of each other in running text.26 In those examples, as in many other cases,
collocation is the lexical realization of the situational context27a reflection of the topic
that is being discussed. Thus, the most frequent collocates of trial in the Corpus of
Contemporary American English include murder, fair, lawyers, court, jury, judge, and Simp-
son (O.J., not Homer).28
But other collocations are purely linguistic, having no apparent connection to the
underlying situation.For example, we say that someone commits a crime, but typically not
that they do or perform or make a crime.29 A more complex example is provided by the words
strong and powerful. Despite their similarity in meaning, the Google Books Ngram Viewer
(American English corpus) reveals that they have different patterns of collocation:30
strong powerful
strong wind powerful hurricane
strong liquor powerful engine
strong coffee powerful car
strong preference powerful machine
strong opposition powerful explosive
strong odor powerful nation
strong leader powerful drug(s)
The tendency of the words in the left-hand column to co-occur with strong, and of those in
the right-hand column to co-occur with powerful, is often referred to a collocational
Processing: A Festschrift in Honour of B.T.S. Atkins 138, 140 (Marie-Hlne

Corrard, ed., 2002).
26. Michael Stubbs, Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Seman-
tics 24 (2002); see also John Sinclair, Corpus, Concordance, Collocation
170 (1991).
27. Rosamund Moon, The Analysis of Meaning, in Looking Up: An Account of the CO-
BUILD Project in Lexical Computing at 86, 92 ( John Sinclair, ed., 1987).
28. Mark Davies, The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): 520 million words, 1990
present (2008), http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/.
29. This example is taken from B.T. Atkins & Michael Rundell, The Oxford Guide
to Practical Lexicography 303 (2008).
30. The difference between how strong and powerful each behave was first noted in Michael Hal-
liday, Lexis as a Linguistic Level, in In Memory of J.R. Firth 148, 15052 (C.E. Bazell et
al., eds., 1966).

preference. Words, and specific word meanings, can also have preferences as to the
syntactic environments in which they appear. For example, a given meaning of a polysemous
word may be more strongly associated with one grammatical form of the word than with
others.31 (The phenomenon of words having syntactic preferences is referred to as colli-
gation, but in the interest of simplicity, I will treat it as a variety of collocation.)
The most obvious significance of collocation for legal interpretation is that it can shed
light on the meaning of disputed words in a legal document. This is illustrated by the Su-
preme Courts 2011 decision in FCC v. AT&T, Inc.32 This case arose under the Freedom of
Information Act, and it involved the interpretation of FOIAs Exemption 7(C). Under that
exemption, the government is not required to release law-enforcement records if their
disclosure could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal
privacy.33 A trade association representing competitors of AT&T filed a FOIA request
asking the Federal Communications Commission to release certain documents that it had
obtained from AT&T. AT&T objected to the request, invoking Exemption 7(C) and arguing
that disclosing the documents would invade its personal privacy. In order to overcome the
obvious argument that corporations have no personal privacy that could be invaded, AT&T
relied on the fact that for purposes of FOIA, the word person was defined by statute to
include corporations.34 What that meant, AT&T argued, was that Exemption 7(C)s pro-
tection of personal privacy extended to corporate privacy. That argument succeeded in the
court of appeals,35 and the case went to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court reversed, relying prominently on personals collocational prefer-
ences:
Personal ordinarily refers to individuals. We do not usually speak of personal char-
acteristics, personal effects, personal correspondence, personal influence, or personal
tragedy as referring to corporations or other artificial entities. This is not to say that
corporations do not have correspondence, influence, or tragedies of their own, only that we
do not use the word personal to describe them.
In fact, we often use the word personal to mean precisely the opposite of
business-related: We speak of personal expenses and business expenses, personal life and
work life, personal opinion and a companys view.36
31. See, e.g., Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, supra note 26, ch. 3 (1991).
32. 562 U.S. 397 (2011).
33. 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(7)(C).
34. 5 U.S.C. 551(2).
35. AT&T, Inc. v. FCC, 582 F. 3d 490 (3d Cir. 2009), revd 562 U.S. 397 (2011).
36. FCC v. AT&T, Inc., 562 U.S. at 40304.

This part of the Courts opinion seems to have been influenced by an amicus brief that had
been submitted by the author, which relied heavily on corpus data.37 So it is reasonably clear
that information about a words collocational preferences can play a role in legal inter-
pretation. And what I hope to show here is that FCC v. AT&T only hints at the possible
impact of corpus linguistics on legal interpretation.
4 From collocation to corpus lexicography

4.1 Beginnings: Palmer, Hornby, and Firth
The study of collocation began (at least with regard to English) in the 1920s and 1930s, in
Japan, in the context of teaching English as a foreign languageand in particular in con-
nection with creating dictionaries for use in that context.38 That work, which was begun by
Harold Palmer and then continued by Anthony Hornby, led to the development of the
modern-day genre of monolingual dictionaries intended for speakers of other languages who
are learning English as a foreign language.39
Palmer and Hornbys work in the 1930s yielded insights that have been described as
having provided a principled foundation for much subsequent work, including modern
corpus-driven lexicography[.]40 Among those insights is one that we will return to: that
[l]anguage in use is highly patterned[,] with each word being typically associated with
only a small number of syntactic patterns.41
But despite Palmer and Hornsbys influence within the field of English-language teach-
ing, it seems to have taken several decades for their ideas to gain traction in linguistics more
broadly. Perhaps the best indication of this is that credit for introducing the concept of col-
location into linguistics is usually given, not to Palmer and Hunston, but to the English lin-
guist John Firth,42 who in 1951 proposed the idea of meaning by collocation.43 However,
37. Brief for the Project on Government Oversight [and others] as Amici Curiae in Support of Pet-
itoners, FCC v. AT&T, supra note 32 (No. 09-1279). The Court also relied on dictionary
definitions. 526 U.S. at 404.
38. See, e.g., Anthony P. Cowie, English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A
History 5258 (1999).
39. See, e.g., id. at 151, 82117.
40. Patrick Hanks, Lexical Patterns: from Hornby to Hunston and Beyond, in Proceedings of
the XIII Euralex International Congress 89, 90 (Elisenda Bernal & Janet de
Cesaris, eds., 2010).
41. Id.
42. E.g., Sabine Bartsch, Structural and Functional Properties of Col-
locations in English: A Corpus Study of Lexical and Pragmatic Con-
straints on Lexical Co-occurrence 30 (2004); Alan Partington, Patterns

Firths importance to the study of collocation doesnt really flow from what he actually
wrote about the subject, which was sketchy and difficult to understand, and which was
based on an idiosyncratic conception of meaning that had little to do with meaning as it is
usually understood.44 Rather, Firths impact was indirect, and is felt through the work of
scholars whom he influenced. As Ill describe in the next section, Firth inspired an
approach to studying word meaning that was a major influence in the development of
corpus linguistics and that was central to the development of corpus lexicography.
Before moving on, I want to note the intersection of Firths work with legal inter-
pretation, which is not widely known. That such an intersection exists may come as a
surprise to those familiar with Firths work, since he never, as far as I know, said anything
about legal interpretation. But in one of his papers, Firth summed up the concept of col-
location with a catchphrase for which he has become famous (among corpus linguists): You
shall know a word by the company that it keeps!45 Legal-interpretation aficionados will
recognize that statement from the canon of construction noscitur a sociis,46 which is Latin for
and Meanings: Using Corpora for English Language Research and

Teaching 15 (1998).
43. John R. Firth, Modes of Meaning, in Essays and Studies of the English
Association 118 (1951), reprinted in Papers in Linguistics 19341951, 190, 19495
(1957); see also John R. Firth, A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory 1930-1955, in Studies in Lin-
guistic Analysis 1, 1113 (Philological Society 1957), reprinted in Selected Papers of
J.R. Firth 195259, 168, 17981 (F.R. Palmer, ed., 1968).
44. See, e.g., Modes of Meaning, supra n. 43, in Selected Papers at 196. For discussions of
Firths work that are more accessible that anything Firth himself wrote (which is not to say
easy), see Elena Tognini-Bonelli, Corpus Linguistics at Work ch. 8 (2001);
Jacqueline Lon, Meaning by Collocation: The Firthian Filiation of Corpus Linguistics, in
History of Linguistics 2005: Selected Papers from the Tenth Inter-
national Conference on the History of the Language Sciences 404
(Douglas A. Kibbee, ed., 2007); and John Lyons, Firths Theory of Meaning, in In Memory
of J.R. Firth 288 (C.E. Bazell et al., eds., 1966).
45. A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, supra note 43, at 11, Selected Papers at 179.
46. See, e.g., Russell Motor Car Co. v. United States, 261 U.S. 514, 519 (1923) (That a word may be
known by the company it keeps isnot an invariable rule.); Frelinghuysen v. Town of Morris-
town, 70 A. 77, 79 (N.J. 1908) (Words, like men, are known by the company they keep.),
aff'd, 72 A. 2 (N.J. Err. & App. 1909).
For previous references to the similarity of Firths catchphrase to the legal canon, see Cliff
Goddard, The Lexical Semantics Of Language (With Special Reference To Words), 33 Language
Sciences 40, 41 n.2 (2011); Willard McCarty, J. R. Firth's Semi-Aesopian Aphorism, posting to

it is known by its associates.47 As is shown by the citations in footnote 46, the company-it-
keeps formulation was used in the law more than 40 years before its use by Firth. It would be
nice to think that Firth borrowed the expression from its use in legal contexts. But it is more
likely that both uses were independently derived from Aesops Fables, one of which
concluded, A man is known by the company he keeps.48
4.2 John Sinclair and the Cobuild project

4.2.1 Sinclair and his early work
The key figure in the development and extension of Firths ideas was John Sinclair, who
was, like Firth, a British linguist (this area of linguistics and lexicography is dominated by
the British).49 Although it is unclear from the literature whether Sinclair ever studied under
Firth, he was clearly influenced by Firth in a big way.50
Sinclair focused early in his career on studying collocation. It was the subject of one of
his first papers (published in 1966 in a memorial volume for Firth), and in that paper he
recognized that studying collocation raised problems which are not likely to yield to any-
thing less imposing than a very large computer.51 Sinclair was at that point in the
preparatory stage of a project devoted to studying collocation using one of the first (if not
the first) computerized corpora of spontaneous speech.52 In the report that ultimately re-
Humanist Discussion Group (Dec 13, 2006, 7:44 am), http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia

/v20/0337.html.
47. Blacks Law Dictionary 1084 (Bryan A. Garner, ed., 7th ed. 1999).
48. Aesop, The Ass and Its Purchaser, in Aesops Fables 150 (V.S. Vernon Jones, trans., 1916);
Hugh Moore, A Dictionary of Quotations 267 (1831) (Noscitur ex sociis. (Lat.
Prov.)He is known by his companions.). See J. R. Firth's Semi-Aesopian Aphorism, supra
note 46.
49. Regarding Sinclairs work and career, see, e.g., Patrick Hanks, John Sinclair (19332007),
Euralex Newsletter (Summer 2007), in 20 Intl J. Lexicog. 209, 21213 (2007);
Michael Stubbs, A Tribute to John McHardy Sinclair (14 June 193313 March 2007), in The
Phraseological View of Language: A Tribute to John Sinclair 1 (Thomas
Herbst et al., eds., 2012).
50. On the question of whether Sinclair did or did not study with Firth, see Jacqueline Lon, Aux
Sources de la Corpus Linguistics: Firth et la London School, 2008/3 (no. 171) Langages 12,
29.
51. John Sinclair, Beginning the Study of Lexis, in In Memory of J.R. Firth, supra note 44,
410430, at 410.
52. See John Sinclair et al., English Lexical Studies: Report to the Office
for Scientific and Technical Information (1970) (OSTI Report), reprinted

sulted (known as the OSTI Report, after the government office that had funded the project)
the projects goals were described as having been to examine how collocation can be objec-
tively described and to investigate the relationship between the physical evidence of
collocation and the psychological sensation of meaning[.]53 In an interview 40 years later,
Sinclair described the purpose more generally as having been to test the assumption that
collocation was an important part of the patterning of meaning.54
On the methodological front, the study focused on statistical methods for identifying
significant collocations. In particular, it focused on identifying pairs of words that co-
occurred significantly more frequently than would be expected if the distribution of words in
the corpus was random.55 As part of that process, it was necessary to quantify the coin co-
occurin other words, to specify the degree of proximity that would be necessary for the co-
occurrence of two words to be regarded as potentially significant. 56 It was determined that
the optimum span was four words on either side of the node word,57 and that span is still
widely used as a guideline for deciding what collocations are potentially relevant.58
The projects substantive goallooking at how collocation related to meaningwas
more challenging. Sinclair had to report that as to this goal, the work tries to define the
problemmore carefully, without being able to settle the issue.59 The project is
nevertheless significant for framing several issues that would become important in the later
work by Sinclair and his colleagues that this paper will be focusing on.
in John Sinclairet al., English Collocation Studies: The OSTI Report

(Ramesh Krishnamurthy, ed., 2004) (English Collocation Studies).
53. OSTI Report, supra note 52, at 3; see generally Michael Stubbs, A Tribute to John McHardy
Sinclair (14 June 193313 March 2007), in The Phraseological View of Language:
A Tribute to John Sinclair 1, 7 (Thomas Herbst et al., eds., 2012).
54. Interview with John Sinclair, conducted by Wolfgang Teubert (Sinclair Interview), in
English Collocation Studies xvii, xvii. The assumptions that Sinclair referred to had
been set out in his early paper on collocation (cited in note 51, supra), and a paper by Halliday
that had been published in the same volume. Michael A.K. Halliday, Lexis as a Linguistic Level,
in In Memory of J.R. Firth, supra note 44, 148162.
55. OSTI Report, supra note 52, at 5.
56. Id.
57. Id.
58. Tony McEnery & Andrew Hardie, Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory,
and Practice 129 (2012).
59. OSTI Report, supra note 52, at 5.

The first issue is one that I have already mentioned, having to do with extended units of
meaning. The project explored ways to automatically identify idiomsmultiword
constructions that behaved similarly to individual words in that they displayed unique
pattern[s] of co-occurrence with other lexical items.60 Second, the project explored using
collocation patterns as a way of identifying which sense of a word was evoked by the words
use in a particular context. The idea was that each of the words senses would be associated
with a different set of collocates.61
After the OSTI project was completed, Sinclairfrustrated with the available
technologys limitationsdid no more corpus research for almost ten years.62 But his next
venture into corpus linguistics proved to be a landmark.
4.2.2 Corpus analysis meets lexicography

Beginning with a feasibility study in 1980, Sinclair led a project to produce the worlds
first dictionary based entirely on data from a computerized corpus.63 This project created
the field of corpus lexicography, and its impact has been described using words such as
revolutionary.64 What is most important for purposes of this paper is that it resulted in a
major rethinking of the nature of word meaning.
The project was a collaboration between Birmingham University (where Sinclair was
based) and the British publisher Collins. Both the project and the dictionary it produced are
generally referred to by the name of the corpus: Cobuild, which stood for Collins Bir-
60. Id. at 8, 9198.

61. Id. at 9, 7091.
62. Sinclair Interview, supra note 54, at xixxx.
63. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary ( John Sinclair, ed., 1st ed.
1987) (Cobuild1). On Cobuilds status as the first dictionary to be based entirely on corpus
data, see, e.g., John Sinclair, Introduction to Cobuild1 at xv; John Sinclair, The Dictionary of
the Future, 36 Library Review 268 (1987); A Tribute to John McHardy Sinclair, supra note
49, at 8.
A few dictionaries had previously consulted corpus data for limited purposes, but without any
significant change in lexicographic practices. See, e.g., Sidney I. Landau, Dictionaries:
The Art and Craft of Lexicography 27879 (2nd ed. 2001); Patrick Hanks, Corpus
Evidence and Electronic Lexicography in Electronic Lexicography 57, 61 (Sylviane
Grainger & Magali Paquot, eds., 2012); William Morris, The Making of a Dictionary1969, 20
College Comp. & Communic. 198, 201 (1969).
64. E.g., Anthony P. Cowie, English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A
History 118 (1999); Howard Jackson, Lexicography: An Introduction 131
(2002).

mingham University International Language Database. The dictionary itself was called the
Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary, and it was published in 1987.65 It is now in its
eighth edition, under the name Collins Cobuild Advanced Learners English Dictionary,
although Sinclair and his team have not been involved since the second edition.
As indicated by the dictionarys current name, Cobuild is and always has been intended
for people learning English as a foreign language. It therefore brought together Sinclairs
theoretically-oriented study of collocation with the pedagogical tradition that had been
started in the 1930s by Palmer and Hornby.66
Some readers might be dismissive of the idea that a dictionary for learners could rep-
resent a serious work of lexicography, thinking of it as a dumbed-down version of a real
dictionary. But such a view would be mistaken. To begin with, Cobuild is intended for
advanced learners, and that is reflected in the selection of words it includes; on page 301 of
the first edition, for example, we find consortium, conspiratorial, and consternation. More
importantly, Cobuild and other advanced-learners dictionaries provide more information in
some respects than do dictionaries intended for native speakers. Dictionaries for advanced
learners are typically more informative about the grammatical patterns in which the defined
words appear and about the words most frequent collocates.67 The reason is obvious:
65. A detailed description of the project, written by Sinclair and others who worked on the project,
is provided in Looking Up: An Account of the COBUILD Project in Lexical
Computing (John M. Sinclair, ed., 1987). See also, e.g., The Lexicography of Eng-
lish, supra note 8 at 17784 ; English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners,
supra note 64 at ch. 4 & 5; Rosamund Moon, Sinclair, Lexicography, and the Cobuild Project: The
Application of Theory, in Words, Grammar, Text: Revisiting the Work of John
Sinclair 1 (Rosamund Moon, ed., 2009).
66. See text accompanying note 38, supra. Although to my knowledge Sinclair never cited Palmer of
Hornby in his writings about Cobuild, their work was acknowledged by one of the first editions
lexicographers in a paper she later wrote. Rosamund Moon, Sinclair, Lexicography, and the
Cobuild Project, supra note 65, at 45.
It has been suggested that in describing the Cobuild projects contribution to linguistic theory,
Sinclair exaggerated the extent to which the projects findings (which are discussed below) were
really new. English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners, supra note 38, at 12934.
But in any event it was Sinclair and Cobuild that had an impact beyond the field of teaching
English as a foreign languagean impact that was undoubtedly due in part to their pioneering
use of corpus data. But it was also significant, it seems to me, that Sinclair explicitly framed his
conclusions as revealing basic truths about how language works and not simply as demonstrating
patterns of English-language usage. And Sinclair was in his own tweedy way something of a
polemicist.
67. E.g., The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography, supra note 29, at 40002;
The Lexicography of English, supra note 8, at 19798; Richard Heuberger, Learners

learners need to be given such information explicitly, while native speakers do not. There is,
of course, a tradeoff: learners dictionaries include fewer rarely-used words and meanings
than native-speaker dictionaries do. So a native-speaker dictionary will tell you less about
more whereas a learners dictionary will tell you more about less.68
The difference between the two kinds of dictionaries is significant for the use of dic-
tionaries in legal interpretation. Because learners dictionaries provide more information
about the kinds of contexts in which particular words typically appear, they are less
susceptible to the criticism that dictionary definitions are acontextual. As I have said, the
real problem with lack of context is that the dictionaries that courts and lawyers most often
rely on do little or nothing to map individual word senses to their preferred contexts. In
contrast, learners dictionaries make an effort to provide such information. This suggests
that lawyers and judges who rely on dictionaries as interpretive tools should add some
learners dictionaries to their toolkits.
At this point, I need to temporarily shift gears to say a few words about the relationship
between word meaning and actual usage. As Ive said, dictionaries can create the impression
that word meanings are abstractions existing independently of how words are actually used.
But that is precisely the opposite of how usage relates to meaning. The meanings of the
words used in a given linguistic community are matters of tacit convention. A given word is
said to mean X because that is what people in the community use it to mean. If enough
people in the community start to use the word to mean something different, then what we
call the words meaning will change. If eventually 99% of the community uses the word to
mean Y instead of X, then that is what it means, despite complaints from the remaining 1%
that everyone else is using the word wrong.69 This is why we no longer think of silly as
meaning helpless, defenseless, powerless, which is one of the things it used to mean.70
Dictionaries: History and Development; Current Issues, in The Oxford Handbook of

Lexicography 25, 3538 (Philip Durkin, ed., 2016); Rosamund Moon, Explaining Meaning
in Learners Dictionaries, in The Oxford Handbook of Lexicography, supra, 123,
13335.
68. The Lexicography of English, supra note 8, at 197 (attributing quote to C. McGregor).
69. To the extent that prescriptivist views about how language should be used are at odds with the
facts of how language actually is used, they should play no role in legal interpretation. See Neal
Goldfarb, Prescriptivist Statutory Interpretation? (Part 2 of Scalia and Garner on Statutory
Interpretation), LAWnLinguistics ( July 6, 2012), https://lawnlinguistics.com/2012/07/06/
prescriptivist-statutory-interpretation-part-2-of-scalia-and-garner-on-statutory-interpretation/.
70. OED Online, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/179761?rskey=QeWtER&result=1&isAdvanced
=false (3rd ed., updated December 2016). The quotations spelling has been Americanized.

In short, what we call the meaning of a word is something that emerges from the count-
less instances of the words being used. In each of those instances, the word is used in some
context or another: a situational context, which consists of the real-world circumstances
external to the utterance or text that are relevant to interpreting it, and a discourse context,
consisting of the larger linguistic unit (phrase, sentence, conversation) that the word is part
of. As children learn to use and understand language when they are infants, they infer the
meanings of unfamiliar words (and unfamiliar uses of known words) from the context.71 As
we hear more and more instances of a word being used, each time in a different context,
their understanding of what the word means comes to represent a generalization from all the
uses-in-context that they have heard.72 And essentially the same process comes into play
when, as adults, we hear or read an unfamiliar word (or use of a word).73
An analogous process is at the heart of lexicography. Dictionary definitions generalize
from the mass of available language data in an effort to make explicit the meaning dis-
tinctions whichin normal communicationhumans deal with unconsciously and effort-
lessly.74 To be sure, word learning differs from lexicography in many ways. Word-learning
as part of acquiring ones native language goes on almost entirely below the level of
awareness, whereas lexicography depends on conscious reasoning. And lexicography
involves more than just the lexicographers consulting their personal linguistic intuitions.
But for our purposes, those differences dont matter. What is important is simply that when
lexicographers write definitions, they are generalizing from specific instances in which the
word in question (known as the head word) was used in a particular context.
In the pre-corpus era, and to some extent even now, lexicographers relied on examples
of actual usage that were collected in citation filescollections of quotations from books,
newspapers, magazines, and so on, each of which was selected to illustrate the use of a
particular word.75 The quotations were gathered by hand, one at a time, with each one being
recorded on its own slip or card.76
71. See, e.g., Eve V. Clark, First Language Acquisition 13246 (2nd ed. 2009).
72. [Citations to be added.]
73. [Citations to be added.]
74. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography, supra note 8 at 311.
75. E.g., The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography, supra note 29 at 4853;
Dictionaries, supra note 63, at 189207; Herbert C. Morton, The Story of
Websters Third: Philip Goves Controversial Dictionary and Its
Critics 9498 (1994).
76. E.g., The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography, supra note 29 at 50; Dic-
tionaries, supra note 75, at 190; The Story of Websters Third, supra note 75, at
94.

Cobuild, on the other hand, relied entirely on computerized corpora.77 This provided
two advantages compared to relying on individually gathered citations. The first results
from how the data was collected. The selection of individual citations is unavoidably ad hoc
and subjective; citation readers are attracted to unusual words and unusual meanings, so the
ordinary uses of ordinary words are underrepresented.78 Citation files are therefore less
likely to provide reliable evidence of the full range of normal usage.79 And they cant
possibly provide evidence about the relative frequencies of different words or of different
senses of the same word.80
The second advantage of corpora over citation files has to do with how the data is
presented. In a traditional citation file, each citation is an independent mini-text, recorded
on its own card or slip of paper.81 That is not a format that will facilitate the discovery of
recurrent patterns of usage. In contrast, a key-word-in-context (KWIC) concordance makes
spotting such patterns easy. An individual text is designed to be read as a whole, linearly,
from left to right. A concordance is designed to be read as a series of fragments, vertically,
from top to bottom.82 It is easy to scan down the page (or monitor screen) and see patterns:
word that repeatedly appear close to the node word, grammatical constructions in which the
node word appear, subject-matter domains with which the node word is associated.
Due to the combined effect of better data and a better way to review it, the lexi-
cographers found the results to be a revelation. In an account of the project, one of them
wrote, English had been thoroughly described many times, yet the team felt that they were
discovering it like a new-found territory, and mapping its features and composition as if for
the first time from a scientific perspective.83 The projects managing editor is similarly
77. Looking Up , supra n. 65, at __; Lexicography, supra note 64, at 131; Dictionaries,
supra note 75, at __.
78. E.g., Dictionaries, supra note 75, at 19293; The Story of Websters Third, supra
note 75 at 95.
79. See The Dictionary Is Not a Fortress, supra note 1, 2010 B.Y.U. L. Rev. at ___
(discussing the evidence on this point).
80. See, e.g., Dictionaries, supra note 75, at 96 (noting that the editor of Merriam Websters
Third was well aware that a million citations, or 10 million, did not necessarily portray how the
language was used; they were only illustrative).
81. See, e.g., sources cited in note 76.
82. See, e.g., Michael Stubbs, The Search for Units of Meaning: Sinclair on Empirical Semantics, 30
Applied Linguistics 115, 117 (2009).
83. Penelope Stock, The Cobuild Project, in 2 Oxford History of English Lexico-
graphy 436, 442 (Anthony Cowie, ed., 2009).

enthusiastic about what he describes as the overwhelming impact of corpora: At last

lexicographers have sufficient evidence to make the generalizations that they need to make
with reasonable confidence. We can now see that pre-corpus lexicography was little more
than a series of stabs in the dark.84
The view that corpora provide better data than citation files is widely shared.85 In
Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, Sidney Landau said that the electronic
corpus has replaced the citation file as the essential research tool in general lexicography86
and that other things being equal, any new dictionary not based on a linguistic corpus is
bound to be inferior to one that is.87 Similarly, Howard Jackson says in Lexicography: An
Introduction, It is no exaggeration to say that computer corpora have revolutionized the
lexicographic process, in terms both of the quality of lexical data that can be obtained and of
the reliability of the conclusions that can be drawn from that data.88
4.2.3 Insights
Cobuild used two corpora that together included about 20 million words.89 Although
that is small by todays standards,90 it was almost 150 times the size of the corpus that had
primarily been used for the OSTI Project.91 That increase in size made a big difference.
Whereas the data generated by the OSTI Project had been suggestive but inconclusive, the
Cobuild data confirmed Sinclairs hypotheses about the importance of collocation. And in
doing so, it cast doubt on the reliability of frequency judgments in pre-corpus dictionaries
and on the validity of two the assumptions underlying the Dictionary Paradigm: the
assumption that the basic unit of meaning is the word and the assumption that word
meaning is independent of grammar.
Ill start with the issue of determining which senses of a given word are the most fre-
quent. (Although such information is in theory irrelevant to legal interpretation, since the
ordinary meaning of a word in a given context isnt necessarily the meaning that is most
84. Patrick Hanks, The Impact of Corpora on Dictionaries, in Contemporary Corpus Lin-
guistics 214, 230 (Paul Baker, ed., 2009).
85. See, e.g., The Lexicography of English, supra note 8, at 36869.
86. Dictionaries, supra note 75 at 77.
87. Id. at 193.
88. Howard Jackson, Lexicography: An Introduction 169 (2002).
89. Antoinette Renouf, Corpus Development, in Looking Up, supra note 65, at 1, 7, 1112.
90. See, e.g., Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography, supra note 74, at 58.
91. See OSTI Report, supra note 52, at 18 (noting that the corpus used for the collocation study
contained 135,000 words).

frequent in general, courts sometimes seem to equate ordinary meaning with most
common meaning.92) As Ive noted, reliable frequency information cant be derived from
traditional citation files. So if lexicographers not using a corpus want to list the most
common meaning of a word as the first sense in that words entry, as was often the case in
the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 93 they have to rely on intuition. But it
turns out that intuitions about the relative frequencies of different word senses arent
reliable.94
Contrary to what one might expect, a words most frequently appearing sense is in many
cases not its most literal or concrete sense.95 As one of the Cobuild lexicographers wrote
later, metaphorical meanings might be much more frequent than literal ones, as with
reflect/reflection and torrent.96 For other words, the most frequent uses were phrasal or
92. E.g., Yarbro v. C.I.R., 737 F.2d 479, 483 (5th Cir. 1984); Mu-Hun Kim, D.D.S. v. Arizona State
Bd. of Dental Examiners, No. 1 CA-CV 10-0374, 2011 WL 797466 at *2 (Ariz. Ct. App. Mar. 8,
2011); Wallbeoff v. Wallbeoff, No. FA064004613S, 2009 WL 4282286 at *3 (Conn. Super. Ct.
Nov. 3, 2009); People v. Ellison, No. 313422, 2014 WL 806115 at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Feb. 27,
2014); Hamer v. Se. Res. Grp., Inc., No. M201500643COAR3CV, 2016 WL 853020 at *6 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Mar. 3, 2016).
This is not to say that the relative frequency of different senses will never matter. But I would
expect that it will be relevant only in the context of an inquiry focused on some specific aspect of
word useas in my examination below of Muscarello. See also, e.g., Taniguchi v. Kan Pac. Saipan,
Ltd., 132 S. Ct. 1997, 200203 (2012) (considering whether the word interpreter is most
commonly used to denote translation of spoken language, as opposed to either spoken or written
language); In re Adoption of Baby E.Z., 266 P.3d 702, 726 at 96 (Lee, J., concurring in part and
concurring in the judgment) (I cannot imagine how we can have a meaningful conversation
about the ordinary meaning of a statutory term without asking how a given term is most
commonly used in a given context. [emphasis added]).
93. A Guide to the Dictionary in Random House Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage xv, xix (unabridged ed. 1967).
94. John Sinclair, Introduction to Looking Up, supra note 65, at vii; Patrick Hanks, Evidence and
Intuition in Lexicography, in Meaning and Lexicography 31, 35 ( Jerzy Tomaszczyk and
Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, eds. 1990); Stephen C. Mouritsen, The Dictionary Is Not A
Fortress: Definitional Fallacies and A Corpus-Based Approach to Plain Meaning, 2010 B.Y.U. L. Rev.
1915, 193536 (2010).
95. John Sinclair, Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, supra note 26, at 11213; John
Sinclair, Introduction to Looking Up, supra note 65, at vii; John Sinclair, The Dictionary of the
Future, supra note 63 at 27273.
96. The Cobuild Project, supra note 83, at 443.

delexicalized[.]97 Phrasal uses include such fixed expressions as of course, which vastly
outnumbered instances of course used in reference to education, courses of action, or
routes[.]98 Delexicalized uses include verb phrases in which the verb itself has little
meaning, and most of the meaning is provided by the direct object, as in give a speech, have a
conversation, and take a guess.
These facts are important not only for what they revealed about frequency, but also for
the light they shed on how to think about word meaning. More specifically, they shed light
on how to think about word meaning with respect to words that are polysemous.
When thinking about the meaning of a polysemous word in isolation, what immediately
comes to mind is usually not a delexicalized sense like one of those discussed above, but the
literal, basic, or primary sense of the word.99 For give, that would be transfer; for
have, it would be possess; and for take it would probably be something like acquire
possession by grasping. Perhaps the most important difference between the two kinds of
meanings is that the literal/basic/primary sense has a stable and relatively definable
meaning independent of a particular context, while the delexicalized sense does not. Con-
sider the following expressions, and try to describe the meaning that is contributed to each
one by the verb:
give meaning [to something], give reason to believe [something], give effect to [some-
thing], give priority to [something], give thought to [something], give [somebody] a
break, give advice
have a conversation, have an effect/influence, have a party, have a meeting, have a seat,
have sex, have an experience, have a chance
take a walk, take a nap, take a swim, take a shot, take a swing, take the trouble to [do
something], take care of [something], take a chance, take a vacation, take charge,
take the blame
I suspect that you will find this task to be quite challenging. In some cases, the verb seems to
serve no purpose other than enabling the event denoted by the phrase to be specified by a
noun rather than a verb (give thought, have a conversation, take a walk). In other cases, the
verb seems to have more semantic content, but only in an abstract and generalized sense.
For example, one can view the events denoted by give advice and take the blame as involving
metaphorical acts of giving and taking. But the same cant be said for some of the other
examples. In what sense does the concept of having a meeting involve the element of pos-
session that is integral to the literal meaning of have? In what sense does giving thought to
something or taking a walk involve even metaphorical acts of giving or taking?
97. Id.
98. Id. Accord, John Sinclair, Introduction to Looking Up, supra note 65, at vii.
99. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, supra note 26, at 113.

The fact is that these phrases are not fully compositionaltheir meanings are not fully
determined by what the words mean and how they are syntactically combined. Phrases like
the ones above therefore pose a problem for the Dictionary Paradigm. That is a topic that I
will return to, but not until after discussing a number of issues revealed by the corpus data
that pose similar problems.
One of those issues relates to high-frequency general nouns such as fact, matter, time,
and way. These were found to be used typically in multiword expressions whose meanings
were, like those of the verb phrases discussed above, not fully compositional (and I would
add that some of the expressions exhibit a degree of delexicalization).100 As reflected in the
entries in Cobuild (and as can be seen in COCA), these include the following:
the fact that, in fact, in point of fact, as a matter of fact, the fact is, is that a fact, the fact
remains
no matter, no matter who/what/when/where/why, whats the matter, a matter of
course/time/opinion, for that matter
at times [=sometimes], at all times, at any time, at the same time [=simultaneously], at
the same time [various discourse functions], (just) in time, out of time [=no time
left], out of time [=late (in litigation context)], behind/ahead of time, for the time
being, make time, take time, pass the time, waste time
by the way, by way of, all/part of/some of/most of the way, come a long way [literally
and/or figuratively], in the way, out of the way [=not obstructing], out of the way
[=away from crowds and hard to get to (esp. regarding, e.g., tourism)], go ones own
way, way out there, no way! [often followed by dude], way [as response to preceding
item] (Alright, the last two didnt really come from Cobuild or COCA.)
Of these words, it seems to me that time displays the smallest degree of delexicalization,
so that the various expressions that it appears in preserve a good deal of the meaning
inherent in the noun. But what is interesting is that different aspects of that meaning
different ways of thinking about timeare highlighted in different expressions:
time as a point in the flow of time: at the same time (as), (at) a different time, at this time,
at that time
time as an occasion or instance of an event: the first/second/ time, that time, this time,
last time, next time, every time, many times, another time [=again], time after time,
time as duration: a long time, a short time, a days time, a period of time, the allotted
time,
time in relation to need, obligation, opportunity, etc.: in time, on time, ahead of time, out of
time, enough time, insufficient time, now is the time, the wrong time, its time to
leave
100. The Cobuild Project, supra note 83, at 444.

time as a resource: my/your/her time, enough time, insufficient time, need more time,
[action, process, etc.] takes time, take your time, out of time, keep track of your
time
time as an experience: have a good/bad time, a difficult time, give someone a hard time,
having the time of my life
time as (pre)history: the time of the dinosaurs, in colonial times, in Isaac Newtons time,
before my time, the best/worst of times
What were seeing here is that time has a range of possible meanings and that in a given use
of the word, the intended meaning is activated by the grammatical and collocational context
in which the word is embedded.
The last phenomenon that Im going to discuss here is that of transitive verbs. Weve
already looked at delexicalized uses of transitive verbs, but now Im focusing on uses in
which the verb is not delexicalized (or at least not very much). And what we will see is that
the meaning of the verb in context is in many cases determined by the word that functions
as the verbs direct object:101
throw a football, throw a football game, throw a party, throw a fit, throw a switch
drop a dish, drop a course, drop a hint, drop a claim (from a lawsuit)
observe a religious holiday, observe somebodys activities
break a window, break a date, break a law
sell a product, sell an idea
smoke a cigarette, smoke a salmon
file a piece of metal, file a lawsuit
grill a steak, grill a witness
examine a witness, examine a patent, examine a patient
exhibit symptoms, exhibit paintings
run a race, run a machine, run a risk, run an advertisement, run an errand
pull a rope, pull rank, pull a prank, pull a gun, pull a switch
In those examples, the differences in meaning for each verb are substantial and in a few
cases are drastic. But in other instances, the difference is more subtle:
cut the bread, cut the grass, cut somebodys hair
write a novel, write a check,
bake a cake, bake a potato
In still other cases, a particular meaning is activated by a more complex construction, such
as V+NP+PP (verb plus noun phrase plus prepositional phrase):
smoke somebody out of hiding
101. This phenomenon was known before Cobuild. See Alec Marantz, On the Nature of
Grammatical Relations 25 (1984) (publication in book form of dissertation from 1981);
Uriel Weinreich, Websters Third: A Critique of Its Semantics, 30 Intl J. of Am. Ling. 405,
40506 (1964).

sell somebody out, sell a stock short

throw something out, throw somebody out of somewhere
run somebody out of town, run something into the ground
Based on data of the sort I have spent the last few pages discussing, the Cobuild team
concluded that distinctions among the various possible meanings of a given word were
dependent on context and typically signaled through formal distinctions such as
collocational and grammatical patterning.102 On a practical level, this enabled the lexi-
cographers to use that patterning as a guide in deciding how to draw the lines dividing the
different senses of a word.103 It also heavily influenced the way in which the entries in the
dictionary were written. The emphasis was very much on showing the kinds of context in
which each meaning typically occurred, with context referring to both lexical collocations
and grammatical structures. One way in which this was done was through the examples of
the word in use, which were much more extensive than in the dictionaries put out by
American publishers, and which were almost entirely taken from the corpus.104 Sinclair
insisted that it was vital to draw examples from real text: Those dictionaries that stand as
milestones in our cultural history use real citations: Dr. Johnsons Dictionary of 1755 and
the Oxford English Dictionary begun by Murray in 1878. They understood that the
dictionary is really just a commentary on the examples; the examples have a justification of
their own.105
Context was also emphasized through the novel style in which the explanations were
written.106 (Explanations was the word used by the Cobuild team in place of defi-
102. John Sinclair, Introduction to Cobuild1, supra note 63, at xvii; The Cobuild Project, supra note
83, at 447. Accord, id. at 443; The Analysis of Meaning, supra note 27.
103. The Analysis of Meaning, supra note 27, at 8992.
104. E.g., Gwyneth Fox, The Case for Examples in Looking Up, supra note 65, ch. 5; John Sinclair,
Introduction to Cobuild1, supra note 63, at xvxvi.
105. The Dictionary of the Future, supra note 63, at 269.
106. The style of the explanations and its rationale are described in, e.g., Corpus, Concor-
dance, Collocation, supra note 26, ch. 9; Patrick Hanks, Definitions and Explanations, in
Looking Up, supra note 65, ch. 6; and The Dictionary of the Future, supra note 63, at 27071.
For an evaluation of the style that offers both praise and criticism, see Michael Rundell, More
Than One Way to Skin a Cat: Why Full-Sentence Definitions Have Not been Universally Adopted, in
Proceedings of the XIIth EURALEX International Congress at 323 (E.
Corino et al., eds., 2006), reprinted in Practical Lexicography: A Reader, ch. 14
(Thierry Fontenelle, ed., 2008).

nitions, based on their view that it better described what the entries actually did.107) As
Sinclair explained in his introduction to the first edition, The word being explained is
normally mentioned in the explanation in such a way that you can see how it is typically
used in English.In many cases, the explanation provides an illustration of the word in its
typical grammatical context.108 Thus, the first sense for conceal was given as follows: If
you conceal something, you cover it or hide it carefully, so that it cannot be seen.109 The
introduction explained the theory behind this wording, and in doing so it demonstrates the
kind of linguistic data that was seen as being relevant in crafting the explanation: [the]
wording suggests that the verb in this sense is typically used with a human subject and a
wide range of direct objects, which are typically inanimate or abstract rather than hu-
man.110
Underlying these practical aspects of the Cobuild dictionary was an explicit theory of
word meaning. And that theory, which is set forth in several of Sinclairs writings, largely
repudiates the unstated assumptions that underlie the Dictionary Paradigm.111
To begin with, Sinclair almost entirely rejected the idea that individual words constitute
the primary units of meaning. In a paper that appeared shortly before the first edition of
Cobuild was published, he said, Most everyday words do not have an independent mean-
ing, or meanings, but are components of a rich repertoire of multi-word patterns that make
up the text.112 In the introduction to Cobuilds first edition, he said that the meanings of
particular words are [o]verwhelmingly bound up with a particular usagea syntactic
pattern, perhaps, or a close association of words or a grouping of words into a set phrase.
107. Definitions and Explanations, in Looking Up, supra note 65, at __; John Sinclair, The
Dictionary of the Future, supra note 63, at __.
108. Introduction to Cobuild1, supra note 63, at xvi.
109. Cobuild1, supra note 63, at 287 (emphasis in the original).
110. Introduction to Cobuild1, supra note 63, at xvi.
111. E.g., John Sinclair, The Phrase, the Whole Phrase, and Nothing but the Phrase, in Phraseology:
An Interdisciplinary Perspective 407 (Sylviane Grainger & Fanny Meunier, eds.,
2008); John Sinclair, The Lexical Item, in Contrastive Lexical Semantics 1 (Edda
Weigand, ed., 1998), reprinted in John Sinclair, Trust the Text, ch. 8 (2004); John
Sinclair, The Search for Units of Meaning, 9 Textus 75 (1996), reprinted in Trust the Text,
supra, ch. 2.
112. John Sinclair, First Throw Away Your Evidence, in The English Reference Grammar:
Language and Linguistics, Writers and Readers at 56, 64 (Gerhard Leitner,
ed., 1986), reprinted, in revised form, in Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, supra
note 26, ch. 7 (1991).

As a result, [it] is not really possible to talk about the meaning of [a] word in isolationit
only has a particular meaning when it is in a particular environment.113
In another paper from the same year, Sinclair set out what was perhaps the most com-
plete statement of his views about word meaning.114 He argued that in order to explain the
way in which meaning arises from language texts, we have to advance two different
principles of interpretation.115 The first one he called the open-choice principle, under
which words are seen as having the freedom to appear anywhere in a text, subject only to the
constraints of syntax.116 What is important for present purposes is that this principle is
consistent with the Dictionary Paradigm in treating individual words as basic units of
meaning. The second principle was what Sinclair called the idiom principle.117 Under the
idiom principle, a language user has available to him or her a large number of semi-
preconstructed phrases that constitute single choices, even though they might appear to be
analyzable into segments.118 In Sinclairs view, the idiom principle provided the default
interpretive principle for normal texts, but interpretation will switch into the open-choice
mode as needed.119 However, [s]ome texts may be composed in a tradition which makes
greater than normal use of the open-choice principle[.]120 (One of the two genres that he
described as possibly falling into this category was legal statements;121 he was apparently
unaware of how much formulaic language is found in legal documents.)
Along with substantially rejecting the view that words are the primary units of meaning,
Sinclair rejected the idea that vocabulary and syntax are independent of one another. He
argued instead that [t]here is in practice no clear distinction between grammar and lexis
(lexis being the word corpus linguists use for vocabulary).122 Sinclair described the corpus
113. Introduction to Cobuild1, supra note 63, at xvii.

114. John Sinclair, Collocation: A Progress Report, in 2 Language Topics: Essays in Honour
of Michael Halliday 319 (Ross Steele & Terry Threadgold, eds., 1987), reprinted, in
revised form, in Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, supra note 26, at ch. 8. All
citations here to this paper are to the reprinted version.
115. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, supra note 26, at 10910.
116. Id. at 109.
117. Id. at 11015.
118. Id. at 110.
119. Id. at 114.
120. Id.
121. Id. The other was poetry.
122. John Sinclair, Grammar in the Dictionary, in Looking Up, supra note 65, ch. 5 at 110.

data as showing that grammar and lexis were intertwined in multiple ways. In nearly every
case, he said, a structural pattern seemed to be associated with a sense. Despite the broad
range of material in the corpus, when the instances were sorted into senses, a recurrent
pattern emerged.123 And in many cases, including most of the common meanings of the
common words[,] there existed an even closer relationship between the sense and the
phraseology[.]124 The relationship that he describes here is the same relationship that sup-
ports the view that meaning often resides in units larger than the individual word, but with a
focus on grammatical as well as lexical collocation: [It] was clear that in these central
patterns of English the meaning was only created by choosing two or more words
simultaneously and disposing them according to fairly precise rules of position.125 Thus, the
view that lexis and grammar are inseparable and the view that words are the basic units of
meaning are merely opposite sides of the same coin.
5 Do word meanings exist?

5.1 Doubters: Hanks, Atkins, and Kilgarriff
The heading Do word meanings exist is taken from the title of an article (and later a
book chapter) by Patrick Hanks, 126 who was the managing editor of Cobuilds first edition
and was later Chief Editor of Current English Dictionaries at Oxford University Press,
where he supervised the first edition of what was then titled the New Oxford Dictionary of
English.127 While it may seem odd for a professional lexicographer to ask whether word
meanings exist, Hanks is not the only member of the profession to question their existence.
123. Id. at 109.

124. Id. at 110.
125. Id. (emphasis added).
126. Patrick Hanks, Lexical Analysis: Norms and Exploitations ch. 3 (2013);
Patrick Hanks, Do Word Meanings Exist?, 34 Computers & the Humanities 205 (2000),
reprinted in Practical Lexicography: A Reader, ch. 8 (Thierry Fontenelle, ed.,
2008).
127. For Hankss background and publications, see www.patrickhanks.com. The New Oxford
Dictionary of English (and its later editions, which dropped the New from the title) deals only
with modern-day English, and should not be confused with the historically-based Oxford English
Dictionary, which is a historical dictionary that traces the meanings of words back to their first
recorded use in English, whenever that was. An Americanized version of the Oxford Dictionary
of Eenglish has been published as the New Oxford American Dictionary.

Sue Atkins, who played a formative role in the Cobuild projects design128 and who more
recently co-authored the Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography, is quoted by Hanks as
having said, I dont believe in word meanings.129 And to the list of nonbelievers you
should add Adam Kilgarriff, a computational linguist whose doctoral dissertation investi-
gated the nature of dictionary word senses, and who (before his death in 2015 at age 55) did
important work at the intersection of lexicography and computer science.130 Hanks and
Atkins are among the leading figures of modern lexicography, as was Kilgarriff before his
untimely death.
Kilgarriffs inclusion among of the word-meaning skeptics highlights the fact that the
skepticism results not only from the use of corpora in lexicography but also from work in the
field of natural language processing (NLP). NLP is an interdisciplinary field focusing on
the processing of human language by computers.131 One of the topics it deals with is word-
sense disambiguation (WSD)the task of examining word tokens in context and
determining which sense of each word is being used.132 This has required attention to be
devoted to the nature of word meaning and lexical ambiguity. Whereas people can under-
stand language effortlessly, without any conscious knowledge of semantics, the same is not
true of computers. If we want a computer to understand natural language, the computer
needs to be given an explicit model of meaning and ambiguity.133 And developing such
128. John Sinclair, Foreword to Cobuild1, supra note 63, at v. For Atkinss background and
publications, see http://www.lexmasterclass.com/people/sue-atkins/ and http://www.lex
masterclass.com/people/sue-atkins/sue-atkins-publications/.
129. Do Word Meanings Exist?, supra note 126, at 205. Or maybe what she said was I dont believe in
word senses (emphasis added). See Lexical Analysis, supra note 126, at 65; Adam Kilgar-
riff, I Dont Believe in Word Senses, 31 Computers & the Humanities 91, 91 & n.*
(1997), reprinted in Practical Lexicography: A Reader, ch. 9 at 135, 135 & n.* (Thi-
erry Fontenelle, ed., 2008). Or maybe both, at different times.
130.For information on Kilgarriffs background, see https://www.kilgarriff.co.uk/cv.htm. For a
bibliographic essay describing his work, see https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/adam-kilgarriff-
structured-bibliography/.
131. See generally, e.g., Daniel Jurafsky & James H. Martin, Speech and Language
Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Com-
putational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition (2d ed. 2009).
132. Id. at 637. See generally id., ch. 20.
133. Yorick A. Wilks et al., Electric Words: Dictionaries, Computers, and
Meanings 69 (1996).

models requires an understanding of those phenomena as they operate in real life. Thus,
lexicography has obvious relevance for work in WSD, and vice versa.134
5.2 Reasons for doubt

Having set the stage, lets return to the question that is asked in this sections title. Do
word meanings exist? For Hanks, Atkins, and Kilgarriff, the answer is no, they dont exist, if
by word meanings you are talking about the kinds of word senses that you find in
traditional dictionaries. Hanks, Atkins, and Kilgarriff see that conception as being at odds
with the evidence. For example, Atkins has described dictionary definitions of the kind we
are familiar with as trying to do what the language simply will not allow.135 Word
meaning, she says, cannot be sliced up into distinct bundles, labelled (however carefully)
and packaged into a dictionary entry which will tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing
but the truth about that word.136
At this point, a caveat is in order. I take Atkins to be referring mainly to high-frequency
words, which tend to be the most polysemous, and not necessarily to all words. Standard
dictionary definitions may be adequate for relatively unusual words (particularly technical
words), which are less likely to have meanings that are dependent on context. Such words
fall on the open-choice end of Sinclairs distinction between the open-choice principle and
the idiom principle.
However, as to words whose meanings are sensitive to context, it seems obvious in hind-
sight that the slice-and-dice approach to meaning wont work. As to such words, there is a
mismatch between, on the one hand, the presentation in dictionaries of word meaning as
abstractions attributed entirely to the word being defined and, on the other hand, the way
134.See, e.g., Adam Kilgarriff, Word Senses in Word Sense Disambiguation: Algorithms
and Applications, ch. 2 (Eneko Agirre & Philip Edmonds, eds., 2007); Adam Kilgarriff,
Word Senses Are Not Bona Fide Objects: Implications for Cognitive Science, Formal Semantics, NLP,
in Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on the Cognitive Science of
Natural Language Processing 193 (1996); I Dont Believe in Word Senses, supra note
129, reprinted in Practical Lexicography, supra note 129, at __; Adam Kilgarriff, Dic-
tionary Word Senses: An Enquiry Into Their Nature, 26 Computers & the Humanities
365 (1993).
135. B.T. Sue Atkins, Building a Lexicon: The Contribution of Lexicography, 4 Intl J. of Lexicog.
168, 180 (1991).
136. Id. See also, e.g., B.T. Sue. Atkins, Theoretical Lexicography and Its Relation to Dictionary-making,
Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 4, 20
(199293) (Faced now with the overwhelming richness and subtlety of the language in a
computerized corpus, I no longer believe that it is possible to give a faithful, far less a true,
account of the meaning of a word within the constraints of the traditional entry structure.).

that meaning is actually made in texts or discourse. As weve seen, meaning often arises
from multiword constructions, with the relevant sense of the word at issue being activated
by its linguistic surroundings. To the extent that meaning is spread across multiple words,
one should not expect good results from an approach to meaning that focuses on individual
words.
5.2.1 Sense-division differences between dictionaries

One symptom of the problem with word senses is that dictionaries differ from one to
another in how they identify and carve up the different senses of a polysemous word. Atkins
(working in some cases with linguists) has compared how different dictionaries have treated
various words, and has found that mismatches are not uncommon.137 One dictionary may
include a sense that another one does not; where one dictionary gives two or three senses,
another may lump them together into a single sense that is broader but less specific; and the
dividing lines between senses may be drawn in different places.
I will illustrate this phenomenon with one example, taken from a paper that Atkins
wrote with Charles Fillmore (one of the most important linguists of the past 50 years). The
paper constituted an exhaustive study of the semantics of risk, as both a verb and a noun,
and it found extensive disagreement as to sense distinctions among the dictionaries they
studied.138
The study began with examining how the use of risk as a verb was treated in three dic-
tionaries. From that examination, Fillmore and Atkins concluded that the dictionaries di-
verge[d] fundamentally in the selection of facts to present.139 The three dictionaries
definitions, when combined, provided three senses:140
[1] to expose to danger or loss; hazard: to risk ones life.
137. Charles J. Fillmore & B.T. Sue Atkins, Starting Where the Dictionaries Stop: The Challenge of
Corpus Lexicography, in Computational Approaches to the Lexicon, ch. 13 (B.T.
Sue Atkins & Antonio Zampolli, eds., 1994); B.T. Sue Atkins, Analyzing the Verbs of Seeing: A
Frame Semantics Approach to Corpus Lexicography, in Proceedings of the Twentieth
Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session
Dedicated to the Contributions of Charles J. Fillmore 42 (1994); B.T. Sue
Atkins, Building a Lexicon: The Contribution of Lexicography, 4 Intl J. of Lexicog. 167
(1991); Beth Levin, Grace Song & B.T. Sue Atkins, Making Sense of Corpus Data: A Case Study of
Verbs of Sound, 2:1 Intl. J. of Corpus Ling. 23, 2930 (1997).
138. Starting Where the Dictionary Stops, supra note 137, at 35155.
139. Id. at 352.
140. Id.

[2] to do something in spite of the possibility of (unfortunate consequences): to risk falling;

to risk a fall.
[3] to incur the chance of unfortunate consequences by (doing something): to risk climbing
the cliff.
The differences between these senses concerned the semantic role played by the entity that
is denoted by the verbs direct object. In sense 1, that direct object denotes the thing that is
put in danger; in sense 2 it denotes the bad thing that might happen because of the actors
conduct; and in sense 3, it denotes the conduct that creates the risk.
All three of the dictionaries included sense 1. However, two included sense 2 but not
sense 3, while the third included sense 3 but not sense 2. When Fillmore and Atkins looked
at more dictionaries, they found several that followed the 2-but-not-3 pattern, plus some
that followed still different patterns. Two dictionaries included all three senses, and three
included sense 1 plus a single sense that blurred together senses 2 and 3.
For uses of risk as a noun, the situation was even worse. Considering all the dictionaries
together, Fillmore and Atkins concluded that lexicographers who had all the facts at their
disposal might have distinguished at the most five dictionary senses[.] And each of the ten
dictionaries handled the word differently, with each one including and omitting different
combinations of the five possible senses, and in some cases lumping two or three of the
senses together.
These disparities in the treatment of a fairly simple word are problematic for the Dic-
tionary Paradigm. Such differences should not exist if, as many lawyers and judges seem to
believe, the word senses given in dictionaries are abstract entities that have some kind of in-
dependent existence. That the differences between dictionaries exists is evidence that dis-
tinguishing between word senses often depends at least in part on the exercise of judgment
and discretion by the lexicographer. That process is unavoidably subjective; there are no
objective standards for distinguishing between senses.141 In the Oxford Guide to Practical
Lexicography, Atkins and her coauthor say that there is nothing definitive about how
lexicographers divide words into separate senses.142 They note that James Murray, editor in
chief of the OED said that the best any lexicographer could hope for would be that readers
would feel, on scanning a multisense dictionary entry, that this is not an unreasonable way
of exhibiting the facts143
141. E.g., The Story of Websters Third 81 . [Additional cites to be added.]

142. Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography, supra note 74, at 275.
143. Id. (crediting the Murray quotation to Moon, The Analysis of Meaning, supra note 27, at 86).

5.2.2 Some further problems regarding sense division

Moving beyond the mere fact that dictionaries differ in how they divide up word mean-
ing, the divisions themselves can raise issues. Lets consider the word bank (in its financial
sense), which most dictionaries divide into two subsenses: one for a bank as an institution,
establishment, business, or organization (the institution sense) and another for a bank
as a building or other location where the institution carries on its banking business (the
building sense). Of the dictionaries I looked at, only the Merriam Webster dictionaries
(the Unabridged and the Collegiate) did not include the building sense.
The fact that all the other dictionaries provided two senses creates the impression that
each sense is separate from the other. But are they really? The Merriam Webster folks didnt
think both senses were necessary. So maybe the conception of a bank as a building can be
inferred from the conception of a bank as an institution, with the inference being activated
when the word is used in an appropriate context. But if so, that suggests that what are
presented as separate senses are not necessarily independent of each other. And that in turn
casts doubt on the idea that an ambiguous statutory term can be interpreted simply by
choosing between different dictionary senses (as the Supreme Court did in Muscarello144).
On the other hand, if the building sense is independent of the establishment sense,
that would seem to suggest that there also exist other senses: Bank-as-employer (the
bank laid off 100 employees), bank-as-corporation (the bank has a new board of
directors), bank-as-insured (the bank is covered by a $50 million insurance policy), bank-
as-sports-team (the bank made it to the finals of the summer softball tournament).
If lexicographers had to choose one of these two approaches in defining bank, I suspect
that most would lump everything into a single broad sense. But either way, the decision
would be based on practical considerations, not on which approach was somehow considered
a more accurate representation of reality.
Staying with the example of bank, we can see that a use of the word may simultaneously
activate more than one sense. Consider the sentence, I have a meeting at the bank. This
pretty clearly activates the building sense, but not necessarily only that sense. An
utterance of the sentence would probably be understood to communicate not only that the
speaker had a meeting that was to be held on the banks premises, but also that the meeting
would be with representatives of the bank and would concern the banks business, thereby
activating the institution sense.145 So the different dictionary senses of a word are not
always mutually exclusive.146
144. 524 U.S. at 12732.

145. To be sure, this would be an implicature rather than an entailment, because it would be
cancelable: I have a meeting at the bank. My brother is going to meet me at the ATM and were going

A related issue concerns the fact that different senses of a word are not always divided
by clear lines; sometimes they blend into one another. Penelope Stock, who was one of the
Cobuild lexicographers, discussed this problem in a paper that was published while the
dictionary was being compiled; she spoke of a semantic blurring that occurs where a
word seems either to operate on a cline between two or more meanings, or to bring in its
train various extra nuances so that any individual utterance might suggest one strong aspect
of a meaning, but is, as it were, strengthened or supported by various other possible close
meanings.147 To illustrate this problem, Stock pointed to the word culture and provided a
number of corpus examples, from which the following list is drawn.148
There does seem evidence that Eastern cultures have more right brain emphasis.
the big colloquium on African culture and African civilization that's to be held
the great cultures of Japan and China
Infanticide was practised by many early cultures
desire to live as a nation that has its own culture and individuality
a multicultural society where cultures can live side by side
to give value and literate dress to an oral culture we have forgotten how to appreciate.
the Ministry of Culture
by removing all traces of black ethics and culture.
the culture of machismo
Man dresses the part his culture tells him he is called upon to play.
nevertheless absorbed enough of Spanish political culture to build authoritarian principles
Newspaper-reading, word-and-trade-conscious urban culture.
I have shown how Caro's work belongs to the culture of the early 1960's
culture shock
has led to the development of a specific 'pop' culture
the extension of the throw-away culture
I have tried to arrange the order of these examples so that as you read down the list,
culture displays a changing continuum of meanings. In the first example, culture means X1,
then in then in the second example it means X2, which is similar to but slightly different
from X1, and so on down the list, with each item differing slightly from the one it follows. I
to have lunch together. However, I dont think that that would make a difference in a situation in
which the implicature went through.
146. See also Adam Kilgarriff, Dictionary Word Sense Distinctions: An Enquiry into their Nature, 26
Computers & the Humanities 365, 37677 (1993).
147. Penelope F. Stock, Polysemy, in LEXeter 83 Proceedings: Papers from the In-
ternational Conference on Lexicography at Exeter at 131, 137 (R.R.K. Hart-
mann, ed., 1983), reprinted in Practical Lexicography, supra note 129,, ch. 10 at 158.
148. Id. at 13738, reprinted in Practical Lexicography, supra note 129, at 15859.

have tried to order the examples, and so that the changes in meaning all have the same
overall direction and so that the difference from one to the next is small. And while there
seems to be a pretty clear difference in meaning between the first example and the last, it is
difficult if not impossible to find the boundary between the two meanings, or to say whether
there are intermediate meanings that might count as a third sense. There are probably
several ways of grouping the examples, none of which would be the right answer.
5.2.3 Core meanings and conceptual schemas

Another problem for the standard conception of word meaning is presented by words
that can be described as having a single core meaning as well as extensions of that
meaning resulting from processes of metaphor, abstraction, and so on. While the core and
extended meanings can be described as being separate from one another, that may obscure
an underlying conceptual unity that all the meanings share. In addition, there exists the by-
now familiar problems of where and how the dividing lines should be drawn. Standard
dictionary definitions may or may not be the best way to describe the semantics of such
words, but they certainly are not the only way.
Im going to illustrate this problem by taking a rather detailed look at the verb
dischargethe word at issue in State v. Rasabout, where Associate Chief Justice Lee
provided what is perhaps the most comprehensive argument that has been made so far in
favor of using corpus data in legal interpretation.149 All dictionaries that I am aware of list
discharge as having multiple senses. Here is the definition (without example sentences) from
the Oxford Dictionary of English, which gives a number of core senses, each of which is
followed by one or more subsenses:150
1 Tell (someone) officially that they can or must leave, in particular:
[The example sentences include those involving the discharge of employees.]
1.1 Allow (a patient) to leave hospital because they are judged fit:
1.2 Dismiss from the armed forces or police:
1.3 Release from the custody or restraint of the law:
1.4 Relieve (a juror or jury) from serving in a case:
149. 356 P.3d at 127590 (Lee, A.C.J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment).
150.Discharge, Oxford Dictionary of English, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/defini
tion/discharge. Core senses represent typical, central uses of the word in question in modern,
standard English as revealed by corpus data, the most literal sense that the word has in
ordinary modern usage. Introduction to New Oxford Dictionary of English ix (1st
ed. 1998). They do not necessarily represent the oldest meaning. Id. (This definition structure is
almost certainly due in large part to Hanks.) In the case of discharge, the OED indicates that the
oldest senses are 2.5, 3.2 and 3.3. Discharge, v., OED Online, December 2016 (3rd ed.,
updated Dec. 2013), http://www.oed.com/view/ Entry/53708.

2 Allow (a liquid, gas, or other substance) to flow out from where it has been confined:
[One of the examples given for this core sense is industrial plants discharge highly toxic
materials into rivers.]
2.1 (of an orifice or diseased tissue) emit (pus or other liquid):
2.2 Physics Release or neutralize the electric charge of (an electric field, battery, or
other object):
2.3 (of a person) fire (a gun or missile):
2.4 [no object] (of a firearm) be fired:
2.5 Unload (goods or passengers) from a ship:
2.6 Allow (an emotion) to be expressed:
3 Do all that is required to perform (a duty) or fulfil (a responsibility):
3.1 Pay off (a debt):
3.2 Release (a party) from a contract or obligation:
3.3 Law Relieve (a bankrupt) of residual liability:
4 Law
(of a judge or court) cancel (an order of a court):
4.1 Cancel (a contract) because of completion or breach:
Right off the bat, the question arises whether the subsenses constitute independent senses
or are instead just specialized instantiations of the relevant core sense. In thinking about
that question, note that most of the subsenses under sense 2 are metaphorical extensions of
the core sense, or otherwise involve some sort of abstraction from the core sense. Also note
that sense 4 is related to senses 3.2 and 3.3 in that sense 4 is can be seen as a causative
version of senses 3.2 and 3.3: the court causes someone to be discharged from an obligation.
Going beyond the question of how the core senses and subsenses relate to one another,
there is an alternative way of representing the meaning of discharge, in which the core senses
are all seen as specialized instantiations of a single abstract conceptual structure that I will
call a schema. Im going to treat sense 2 as the prototype for this schema, because it
strikes me as being conceptually the simplest. The schema involves two entities, which I will
refer to as contents and container. What I will call the conceptual core of the verb
discharge is that it denotes an event in which contents goes from being inside
container to being outside of it. This conceptualization amounts to a paraphrase of
sense 2 at a higher level of generalization, and its application to sense 2s subsenses involves
varying levels of abstraction and in some cases metaphoric extension (in 2.2 and 2.6,
electricity and emotions are treated as substances).151
151. The conceptual-schema framework discussed here was adapted from Jackendoffs Conceptual
Semantics and Levin & Rappaport Hovavs Lexical Conceptual Structure. E.g., Ray Jacken-
doff, Foundations of Language 35669, 37882 (2002); Beth Levin & Malka Rap-
paport Hovav, Lexical Conceptual Structure, in 1 Semantics: An International Hand-
book of Natural Language Meaning, ch. 19 (Claudia Maienborn, et al., eds., 2011).

The contents/container schema applies directly, albeit with a degree of abstrac-

tion, to senses 1.2 and 1.3: discharging someone from the hospital or from custody. The
patient or prisoner plays the role of contents and the hospital or jail plays the role of
container. Note that in these situations, the notion of confinement that is inherent in
the contents/container schema is intimately tied up with an element of the patient
or prisoner being subject to a burden or obligation; the connection is especially close in the
case of the prisoner. Therefore, in these situations, discharging the patient or prisoner
involves not only release from physical confinement but release from a burden or obligation.
Other situations covered by sense 1discharge from employment, from the military,
from jury servicecan still be conceptualized as involving a release from physical confine-
ment. Employees, military personnel, and jurors are all typically required to be in specified
locations at specified times. Of course, in these situations, the element of physical confine-
ment is attenuated to varying degrees, and the element of burden or obligation becomes
more important. But at the same time, a burden or obligation can be conceptualized meta-
phorically as a location and being subject to that burden or obligation can be conceptualized
as being confined in that location. One can speak of being stuck in a job, or in the army
or in jury duty. We ask people where they work and how long they have been there;
when people are discharged from the military or jury duty they are released from their
obligations. When people quit their job, we sometimes say that they are leaving, and they
may have an exit interview; if they are fired we sometimes say they were fired from
their job. Employees and members of the military are allowed to take leave.
Once the container metaphor is extended to the concept of a burden or obligation, the
contents/container schema can be extended to senses 3 and 4, which involve
release from various kinds of obligations, with no element of physical confinement. The
schema therefore accommodates all of the dictionary senses that I have set out. However, in
order to account for usages such as the bank discharged the teller who was caught stealing and
the police officer discharged his weapon, it would be necessary to add the additional participant
role of agent and the additional conceptual predicate cause. Thus, the police officer dis-
charged his weapon would be conceptually broken down to agent (police officer) causes
contents (bullet) to go from inside container (gun) to outside container.
The notion of metaphoric extension is based on a body of work that has its origin in George
Lakoff & Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (1980). For a short summary
that is more recent, see John R. Taylor, Linguistic Categorization 13241 (3rd
ed. 2003). And with regard to sense extensions more generally, see, e.g., James Pustejovsky &
Anna Rumshisky, Mechanisms of Sense Extension in Verbs, in A Way with Words: Recent
Advances in Lexical Theory and Analysis: A Festschrift for Patrick
Hanks 67 (Gilles-Maurice de Schryver, ed., 2010).

Having established that all the dictionary senses instantiate a single conceptual schema,
two additional steps would need to be taken in order to complete the basic representation of
the semantics of discharge.152 First, it would be necessary to specify the kinds of entities that
typically play the roles of container, contents, or agent, and then to match up
pairs and triplets of the various potential entity types. For example
factories and power plants typically discharge pollutants and contaminants
factories and power plants typically dont discharge bullets or prisoners
employers typically discharge employees
employers typically dont discharge batteries
firearms typically discharge bullets
firearms typically dont discharge passengers
This process amounts to specifying the semantic categories of (pairs of ) words that col-
locate with discharge and that thereby put flesh on the bones of the abstract conceptual
schema.
Second, for each of the various combinations of collocate-types, it would be necessary to
specify the grammatical patterns that it typically participates in. For example, in instances
when the subject of discharge denotes a container entity, there are variations with regard
to transitivityi.e., with regard to whether a direct object is required (or preferred or dis-
preferred). Thus, if the subject noun is gun, my intuition is that having a direct object is
pretty strongly dispreferred; it sounds unremarkable to say the gun discharged but strange to
say the gun discharged a bullet. In contrast, if the subject is jail or hospital, I suspect that a
direct object is obligatory; *the jail discharged doesnt state a complete proposition. (The
asterisk indicates that the sentence is ungrammatical or otherwise unacceptable.)
Ive gone through this rather lengthy exercise for several reasons. One is simply to set
out another new way of thinking about words and their meaning, since the primary aim of
this paper is to show that there are alternatives to the Dictionary Paradigm. Another is to
provide further evidence that dictionary word-sense distinctions, and dictionary definitions
in general, dont deserve the kind of reverence with which they are often regarded. They are
products of human handiwork, not revelations of eternal truth. And still another reason for
this discussion has been to make the point that there is more to the study of word meaning
than is apparent from casually consulting a dictionary.
Moreoveralthough I didnt realize this until after the factthe discussion shows that
in focusing on the separate senses of a word, one can miss the big picture. As weve seen,
meaning in context often arises from multiword constructions. At the same time, though,
the individual words comprising those constructions often make their own unique
contribution to the constructions overall meaning. But when that contribution is abstracted
152.This paragraph draws on, e.g., Lexical Analysis, supra note 126, ch. 5.

from the construction as a whole, can look quite different from how the words meaning is
portrayed in the dictionary. And that, in turn, helps us to see what so many traditional
dictionary definitions actually do. What they provide as the definition of the headword is
actually the meaning of the larger construction, but presented in such a way as to impute the
entire meaning to the headword.
5.3 Meaning is something you do.

After much discussion of what word meanings are not, its time to talk about describing
what they are. Or rather, how to describe word meanings within the framework of (Sinclair-
ian) corpus linguistics.
Im going to start with the statement by Kilgarriff that meaning is something you
do153a view endorsed by Hanks and Atkins. Hanks says that [in] the everyday use of
language, meanings are events, not entities.154 Similarly, in the Oxford Guide to Practical
Lexicography, Atkins and her coauthor say, [M]eanings and dictionary senses arent the
same thing at all. Meanings exist in infinite numbers of discrete communicative events,
while the senses in a dictionary represent lexicographers attempts to impose some order on
this babel.155 To be sure, it is convenient shorthand, as Hanks puts it, to talk about the
meanings of words in isolation, as they are set out in dictionaries, but strictly speaking
those are not meanings. Rather, they are what Hanks calls meaning potentials
potential contributions to the meanings of texts and conversations in which the words are
used, and activated by the speaker who uses them.156
For Kilgarriff, a dictionary word sense, as distinguished from a meaning, is a represen-
tation of a corpus cluster. Such a cluster is prepared using a KWIC concordance for the
word in question. The concordance lines are grouped so that, as far as possible, all mem-
bers of each cluster have much in common with each other, and little in common with mem-
bers of other clusters[.] The lexicographer then works out what it is that makes [each
clusters] members belong together, re-organising clusters as necessary[,] and finally
writes up those conclusions in the highly constrained language of a dictionary defini-
153. Word Senses, supra note 134, at 32.

154. Do Word Meanings Exist?, supra note 126, at __, reprinted in Practical Lexicography,
supra note 129, at 130.
155. Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography, supra note 74, at 311
156. Do Word Meanings Exist?, supra note 126, at __, reprinted in Practical Lexicography,
supra note 129, at 130. The concept of meaning potentials is also invoked, though in terms that
might be slightly different, by Jens Allwood in Meaning Potentials and Context: Some Consequences
for the Analysis of Variation in Meaning, in Cognitive Approaches to Lexical
Semantics 29 (Hubert Cuyckens et al., eds., 2003).

tion.157 The clustering process is an intuitive one. The lexicographer may or may not be
explicitly aware of the criteria according to which he or she is clustering; the process of
working out what the members of each cluster have in common is just a fallible post hoc
attempt to make the criteria explicit.158 (Although Kilgarriff describes this process in the
context of using corpus data, it seems to me that his description applies equally to what
lexicographers do when they work from old-fashioned citations.159)
All of this points toward the conclusion that rather than think of words as having mean-
ings, we should think about words as things that are used in order to make meanings.160 And
it follows that we should make a corresponding adjustment in how we think about dictionary
definitions. Rather than regarding them as statements of what the headword means, we
should view them as generalizations about the meaning(s) that the headword is used (in a
given context) to express. The difference seems subtle, but I think it casts significant doubt
on the way in which lawyers and judges typically use dictionaries.
6 Muscarello v. United States: A corpus analysis of carry

6.1 The case.
Muscarello v. United States161 is famous (or should I say infamous?) for two things. One is
the Supreme Courts exercise in kinda-sorta corpus linguistics. The issue was whether the
phrase carry a firearm applies to driving somewhere with a gun locked in your glove com-
partment or trunk; in holding that it does, the Court relied on evidence of actual usage
showing that carry is sometimes used that way.162 Stephen Mouritsen has persuasively
criticized the Courts analysis on the ground that the Courts choice of search terms
effectively predetermined what the data would show.163 He also used corpus data to show
157. I Dont Believe in Word Senses, supra note 129, at __, reprinted in Practical Lex-
icography, supra note 129, at __.
158. Id. at __, reprinted in Practical Lexicography, supra note 129, at __ (footnote
omitted).
159. Indeed, at least one lexicographer noted during the pre-corpus era that citations tend to fall
into what may be called contextual clusters. Allen Walker Read, The Relation of Definitions to
their Contextual Basis, 39 ETC: A Review of General Semantics 318, 319 (1982).
160. Patrick Hanks, How People Use Words to Make Meanings, in NLPCS 2010: Proceedings of
the 7th International Workshop on Natural Language Processing and
Cognitive Science 3 (Bernadette Sharp & Michael Zock, eds., 2010).
161. 524 U.S. 125 (1998).
162. Id. at 12930.
163. The Dictionary is Not a Fortress, supra note 1, 2010 B.Y.U. L. Rev. at 1947.

that the Court got the ordinary meaning of carry wrong, at least if ordinary meaning is
taken to mean most-frequently-expressed meaning.164
The other point for which Muscarello is known is the Courts display of poor dictionary
skills: the majority pointed to the first senses listed for carry in the OED and Merriam
Websters Third as the words primary sense, rather than (as is actually the case), its oldest
sense.165 Mouritsen skewered the Court on this point, too.166
My purpose here in dealing with Muscarello is to use carry as a vehicle for a purely
corpus-based analysis of word meaning, drawing on a methodology developed by Hanks
called Corpus Pattern Analysis. This analysis will differ from the Mouritsens in that his
purpose was to decide which of the two dictionary senses that were at issue in Muscarello
was the more common one. In doing so, he did not, as far as I can tell, use the approach that
I will follow here. And my purpose in undertaking the analysis is more open ended: rather
than adjudicating between two different word senses, I want to provide an example of
corpus analysis in action, in order to show how it works and what it can do.
First, some necessary background. The defendants in Muscarello had been convicted
under a statute that mandates the imposition of at least five years imprisonment on anyone
who during and in relation to any crime ofdrug traffickinguses or carries a firearm.167
Each of them had driven to the site of a drug deal with a gun in his car or truck; in one case
it was in the glove compartment and in the other it was in the trunk. They each challenged
their conviction on the theory that their actions had not constituted carrying a firearm.
By a 54 vote, the Court rejected that argument.
In discussing what the ordinary meaning of carry is, the Court saw its job as being to
select between two dictionary senses of the word: (1) what the Court believed was the
first, or primary, meaning, under which one can, as a matter of ordinary English, carry
firearms in a wagon, car, truck, or other vehicle that one accompanies[,] and (2) what the
Court described as a different, rather special use of the word, under which it means for
example, bearing or (in slang) packing (as in packing a gun)[.]168
As a check on its reliance on the dictionaries, the Court investigated the usage of carry
the in news reports to make certain that there is no special ordinary English restriction
164. Id. at __.

165. 524 U.S. at __.
166. The Dictionary is Not a Fortress, supra note 1, 2010 B.Y.U. L. Rev. at 193035 (citing Web-
sters Third New International Dictionary 17a (1971) and 1 Oxford
English Dictionary xxix (2d ed. 1989)).
167. 18 U.S.C. 924(c).
168. 524 U.S. at 127.

(unmentioned in dictionaries) upon the use of carry in respect to guns[.] In particular,

the Court searched the New York Times database in Lexis/Nexis and the US News
database in Westlaw, looking for sentences in which the words carry, vehicle, and
weapon (or variations thereof ) all appear. Thousands of such sentences were found,
many of which were used to convey the meaning at issue here, i. e., the carrying of guns in
a car.169
The Court also discussed the fact that one of the primary definitions it relied on
defined carry as to move while supporting, not just in a vehicle, but also in one's hands
or arms. But it said that although one who bears arms on his person carries a weapon[,]
to recognize that fact is not to deny that one may also carry a weapon tied to the saddle of
a horse or placed in a bag in a car.170
6.2 Corpus Pattern Analysis

My analysis of the corpus data regarding carry will draw on a method called Corpus
Pattern Analysis (CPA). Although I will only be using certain aspects of CPA, I want to
describe the method as a whole because it is yet another example of a way to think about
word meaning that doesnt follow the Dictionary Paradigm. If you see any similarities
between CPA and anything in my analysis above of discharge, that is because some of the
ideas reflected in that analysis were taken from CPA.
CPA was developed by Hanks, who describes it as a technique for mapping meanings
onto words in text.171 Its purpose is to identify and systematically describe the different
patterns in which words appear, and the meanings associated with those patterns, as shown
by corpus data.172 CPA does not attempt to identify word meanings in isolation; rather,
meanings are associated with prototypical contexts.173 The process has two steps. The
first is essentially a variant on the corpus-clustering process that is discussed above. For
each word being analyzed (referred to here as the key word), [c]oncordance lines are
grouped into semantically motivated syntagmatic [grammatical] patterns. 174 (I take the
description of the patterns as being semantically motivated to mean that each cluster is
169. Id. at 129.

170. Id. at 130.
171. Patrick Hanks, Corpus Pattern Analysis, in 1 Proceedings of the Eleventh Euralex
International Congress 87, 87 (Geoffrey Williams & Sandra Vessier, eds., 2004); see
also, e.g., Lexical Analysis, supra note 126, ch. 5.
172. Corpus Pattern Analysis, supra note 172, at 88.
173. Id. at 88.
174. Id.

limited to lines in which the pattern is used to express essentially the same meaning. Any
such semantic sorting presumably takes account of similarities and differences in the key
words collocates.) Then in the second step, a meaning [is associated] with each
pattern in close coordination with the assignment of concordance lines to patterns.175
In dealing with the key words collocates, the process more than just making a list of
words. Rather, it involves grouping the collocates into categories, with the categories being
organized into a taxonomy, of which the following is a toy example:
At the bottom of each branch of the taxonomy, when the most specific category is reached,
would be the set of words that falls into that category. And for each pattern, there would
typically be preferences for the categories of collocates that would fill a particular
grammatical slot. For example, for a given pattern, there might be a preference for the
subject slot to be filled with a noun from the category Human.
To illustrate what the end result of this process looks like, set out below are five patterns
associated with the verb need.176 The example is taken from the Pattern Dictionary of English
Verbs (PDEV), a project headed by Hanks, the purpose of which is to list the patterns
associated with each verb in a large corpus (currently, the 100-million word British National
Corpus).177 These are all the patterns that were identified for need. Semantic categories are
shown in small capital letters; types of grammatical constructions are shown in
sans-serif type. Other than formatting changes, the only difference from how the patterns
appear on the PDEV website is that in the column containing the line labels, I have
175. Id.
176. Patrick Hanks et al., need, Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs, http://pdev.org.uk/#browse?q=
need;f=A;v=need (accessed January 16, 2017).
177. Patrick Hanks, et al., Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs, http://pdev.org.uk/#browse (accessed
January 16, 2017). Out of the 5,396 verbs in the corpus, need is one of the 1,364 that have been
completed; analysis of carry has not yet begun. Id.

substituted meaning for implicature, out of consideration for readers unfamiliar with the
latter word.
Pattern: Human or Institution needs Eventuality or Entity
Meaning: Human or Institution requires that Eventuality or Entity must be realized
or available, in order to accomplish some goal
Example: Even the largest schools may need outside help.
Pattern: Entity 1 or Eventuality 1 needs Entity 2 or Eventuality 2

Meaning: Entity 1 or Eventuality 1 is an essential precondition for or attribute of
Entity 2 or Eventuality 2
Example: Punishing people certainly needs a justification, since it is almost always
something which is harmful, painful or unpleasant to the recipient.
Pattern: Entity or Eventuality needs to-infinitive

Meaning: An essential precondition for the realization of Eventuality is that [verb]
must be realized
Example: Moreover, labels need not be permanent and irreversible.
Pattern: Human needs to-infinitive

Meaning: Human must do [verb]
Example: I need to explain why this was happening in the first place.
Pattern: Plant or Animate needs Eventuality or Stuff

Meaning: Plant or Animate must have Eventuality or Stuff in order to survive and
flourish
Example: I had to have a tracheostomy operation, and from then on I needed twenty-
four-hour nursing care.
6.3 Analyzing the corpus data

6.3.1 Framing the inquiry
The verb carry is often used in ways that are irrelevant to the statute at issue in Mus-
carello. People can carry diseases, as can birds and other animals. Products carry warnings,
television networks carry programs and ads, crimes carry penalties, fiber optic cables carry
data. So it was necessary to identify the characteristics that distinguish the kind of carrying
prohibited by 924(c) from those other kinds.
This is where my analysis was informed by CPA. In particular, I used the idea of
semantically categorizing the collocates of the verb. Deciding on the appropriate categories
was easy. The statute prohibits actions by humans, and firearms are tangible objects, so the
relevant corpus lines would be those that denoted the carrying of tangible objects by

humans. Thus we have the initial categories human and object, and the basic
conceptual schema human carry object.
Within the set of corpus lines instantiating that schema, I was interested in seeing what
each line indicated with respect to the manner in which the object was carried: in the
persons hands or arms, strapped to their back, in the trunk of their car, and so on.
Therefore, I attempted to categorize the manner of carrying that was reflected in each
concordance line that denoted the carrying of a tangible object by a human. I set up two cat-
egories, each one corresponding to a separate sub-schema: human carry object in
vehicle, which encompassed events analogous to those in Muscarello and human
carry object, which covered everything else.
There were two ways in which the concordance line might provide the information
needed for this categorization. First, the information might be linguistically encoded:
carried a hacksaw blade in his toolbox
he was carrying it behind the seat of his pick-up.
Second, it may be inferred, with varying degrees of specificity, from the context:
Lindsay was going up the stairs, carrying a ceramic teacup
She drives her car and carries her dogs places and goes to openings of clubs.
seem underfoot, a noise clicked. Wood on rock, like a rifle butt carried too low.
There was also a separate issue that I wanted to explore. Carry is sometimes used in sen-
tences in which the subject noun denotes a vehicle:
There is a distinct possibility that the truck was carrying a back-up tactical rocket
still trying to determine if a second man helped rent a truck believed to have carried the bomb.
They're walking perhaps a hundred yards or so to a car waiting to carry them into Cape Town.
One might argue that uses like these support the Courts holding in Muscarello, since the
schema vehicle carry is similar to carry in a vehicle. But on the other hand,
such uses are impersonalthe notion of a person doing the carrying is not expressly
encoded in the text and is not otherwise cognitively salient. Given that this kind of use
might or might not be relevant, I kept track of it separately, using a category corresponding
to the schema vehicle carry object.
6.3.2 The data

The data that I analyzed came from the Corpus of Contemporary American English
(COCA).178 The corpus contains just over 100,000 separate instances of the lemma carry
being used as a verb. (Lemma is the word used in lexicography and corpus linguistics to
refer collectively to all the forms of a given word. Therefore, the 100,000+ instances of the
178. Mark Davies, The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): 520 million words, 1990
present (2008), http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/.

lemma carry [also referred to as tokens] include tokens of the word forms carry, carries,
carried, and carrying. I should also add that some of the tokens of carry and carries are in fact
uses of the word as a noun that are incorrectly tagged in the corpus as verbs.) I obviously
looked at only a small fraction of the total. I looked individually at 901 concordance lines,
which I believe is enough data to provide a reliable picture of how carry behaves.179
These concordance lines were gathered by means of several different searches:
400 lines resulted from two lemmatized KWIC searches on carry, each returning
200 lines. (There was no overlap between the two sets of results.) In order to
provide a look at the behavior of carry in general, these searches did not require the
presence of any particular collocates.
An additional 299 lines resulted from a series of collocate searches calling for corpus
lines in which various vehicle-related search terms occurred within 4 words after the
lemma carry: car (100 lines); truck (99); seat, backseat, or frontseat (48); trunk (41);
and glovebox, glove, or compartment (11).
Given that the collocates in these searches either denote a type of vehicle (car, truck)
or denote things that are to varying degrees associated with vehicles, it might be
expected that corpus lines that contained any of these collocations would have a
higher-than-random probability of falling within the category human carry
object in vehicle. As we will see, that is exactly what the data showed.
I several collocate searches calling for lines in which carry collocated (within a four-
word span in either direction) with gun, pistol, firearm, rifle, or shotgun. I did two
searches limited to 100 lines each, one in which the collocate terms were singular
and the other in which they were plural.
The data from all these searches is set out in the Appendix.
6.3.3 Analysis
Summary
The most important conclusion is that corpus lines categorized as human carry
object in vehiclei.e., those corresponding to the defendants conduct in Mus-
179. In the compilation of the Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs, 250 corpus lines are typically
analyzed for each verb. See University of Wolverhampton, Research Group in Computational
Linguistics, DVC: Disambiguation of Verbs by Collocation, http://rgcl.wlv.ac.uk/research/dvc-
disambiguation-of-verbs-by-collocation/. In addition, the Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography
states that lexical-profiling software, which partially automates the corpus-analysis process,
only works well for lemmas with at least 500 hits[.] Oxford Guide to Practical
Lexicography, supra note 29, at 61. Therefore, 902 corpus lines seems adequate.

carellowere greatly outnumbered by those categorized as simply human carry ob-

ject. Moreover, my reading of the corpus lines in the latter category is that all of them
involve people carrying things in their arms, in their hands, in bags and suitcases, slung over
their shoulders, and so on. And that was clear even though in the great majority of cases, the
manner of carrying was not expressly encoded. In those cases, the manner of carrying had
to be inferred from the nature of the event and surrounding circumstances as described in
the text. All of which leads me to believe that phrases following the pattern [human] carry
[object] are not used to express the meaning human carry object in vehicle unless
the in vehicle part is explicitly encoded or otherwise supported by something in the
context.
That said, when you look at a concordance limited to uses in which carry is collocated
with words denoting firearms, some uncertainty creeps in. Its not that there are more uses
falling into the category of human carry object in vehicle; the proportion of such
uses is comparable to the proportion of such uses in general. However, within the
subcategory human carry firearm, there are a significant number of uses that feel to
me like they are more amenable to an interpretation that would support the holding in
Muscarello.
The use of carry in general

Because of the special issues that arise with respect to uses where carry is collocated
with words like gun, pistol, and rifle, I will focus first only on the corpus lines that resulted
from the two KWIC searches and from the searches involving vehicle-related collocates.
Those searches yielded a total of 699 corpus lines, which broke down as follows:
Human Human carry Vehicle

carry object object in vehicle carry object Other Total
KWIC (note 1) 121 2 23 254 400

car 53 5 19 23 100
truck (note 2) 27 15 52 5 99
seat, backseat, frontseat 27 7 3 11 48
trunk 20 11 3 7 41
glovebox, glove, compartment (note 2) 2 5 4 11
Total 250 45 100 304 699
Notes:
1. The results from the KWIC search included 4 lines in which carry was used, without a direct
object, to denote carrying a gun (e.g., cabdrivers who are tested and trained to carry and
protect themselves). These are not included in the human carry object results in this row.
2. The results on these rows for human carry object include 5 corpus lines that were ambiguous
between human carry object in vehicle and vehicle carry object. I counted them
toward the former reading so as to give the Muscarello majority the benefit of the doubt.
3. There were a few corpus lines in which I interpreted carry as being used as being generally
synonymous with accompany or escort, a usage peculiar to American Southern dialect. These
are included under Other

Overall, the human carry object in vehicle pattern accounted for 15.3% of the
corpus lines that involved humans carrying tangible objects, either in a vehicle or otherwise,
and 11.4% of the all of corpus lines that referred to the carrying of a tangible object (whether
by a human in any manner or in a vehicle). Thus, the human carry object in
vehicle pattern represented only a small minority of the relevant corpus lines. However,
it is almost certain that these figures greatly overstate the actual frequency of the human
carry object in vehicle pattern, because they include the results of the searches
that included vehicle-related collocates. As I said above, that category is likely to include a
higher-than-average proportion of lines fitting that pattern. And that prediction is borne out
by the data. Looking only at the vehicle-relate collocate searches, 25% of all lines referring to
the carrying of a tangible object fit the human carry object in vehicle pattern,
compared to only 1.4% for the KWIC searches by themselves. The KWIC results are pre-
sumably more representative of carrys overall behavior. In contrast, to that low percentage,
82.9% of the KWIC results that involved the carrying of a tangible object fit the human
carry object pattern. So if the KWIC data is taken as being representative, the
frequency of that pattern is roughly 59 times that of the human carry object in ve-
hicle pattern.
With respect to the both the human carry object and the human carry ob-
ject in vehicle categories, I looked to see how often the manner of carrying was ex-
plicitly encoded. Each categorys results were virtually the mirror-image of the others.
Within the human carry object category, the great majority of lines did not encode
the manner in which the object was carried, leaving that fact to be inferred. The opposite
was true of the category human carry object in vehicle; most of the uses in that
category did explicitly encode the fact that the object was being carried in a vehicle, as in the
following examples:
He dug out the flashlight he carried in the glove box and clicked it on.
no reason to keep carrying stuff in our trunk
Two were charged with stripping parts from a parked car and three with carrying a sawed-off
shotgun and drugs in a car, police said.
In the front seat, I'm carrying a gadget slightly larger than an electric shaver.
In the rest of the lines, the manner-of-carrying information partially encoded, by which I
mean that they included explicit references to vehicles (underlined in the examples below),
which prompted inferences that the object was carried in that vehicle:
Shagren said what sparked the proclamation was concern over truck drivers carrying dairy
products not being able to drive more than 12 hours a day
He was thrown into the back of a deuce-and-a-half truck and carried south in a pile of
wounded and dying men
We returned with the truck to carry loot for the soldiers, mainly furniture.

There was only one corpus line that did not involve this kind of explicit reference to a
vehicle, but even that line referred to vehicles by implication:
So now, Sunday morning, my father and the other delivery men at Yasgur's were planning
to carry milk to the hordes, while my mother would help the Ladies Hadassah spread
tuna on white bread, which nuns from the convent would deliver on foot.
What all of this shows, I think, is not only that the pattern [human] carry [object] is
seldom used to refer to events in which the object is carried in a vehicle, but also that the
pattern is not used to express that meaning without the text or utterance containing some
kind of overt indication to that effect.
I havent yet discussed the results for corpus lines categorized as vehicle carry ob-
jecti.e., those in which the subject noun denoted the vehicle in which the object was
carried. This pattern was less frequent than the human carry object pattern. Overall,
the number of vehicle carry uses was 39% of the number of human carry uses. But
that figure includes the results from the collocate searches, which would be expected to
overrepresent vehicle carry uses in comparison to the entire corpus. Looking only at
the KWIC results, for which no collocates were specified, the number of vehicle carry
uses was roughly 18% of the number of human carry uses.
The vehicle carry category also included more corpus lines than did human
carry object in vehicle. The size of the former was 239% of the size of the latter
overall (including the results from the collocate searches), and was 1100% the size of the
former when only the KWIC searches are considered.
Even when both vehicle-related categories are combined, the total number of corpus
lines was smaller than the number for the human carry object category. The
combined size of the vehicle-related categories was 56% of the size of the human carry
category overall, and 19% when considering only the KWIC searches.
Thus, the data supports the following generalizations. First, people talk more frequently
about acts of personally carrying objects, such as carrying something in ones hands or
arms, or strapped to ones back, than about events in which objects are transported or
carried in a vehicle. That may or may not suggest that the former use is more basic or
primary than the latter, but it certainly does not suggest the opposite.
Second, when people do talk about objects being carried in vehicles, they are signifi-
cantly more likely to do so using the impersonal vehicle carry object pattern than
using the human carry object in vehicle pattern. This difference in frequency
might suggest that the two patterns differ in their meanings to at least some extent, because
if their meanings were the same, one might expect their relative frequencies to be more
similar. Before reaching a more definite conclusion, I would want to do some research into
the relationship between frequency and similarity of meaning. But my initial inclination

would be to separate these two categories into separate corpus clusters and therefore to treat
them as separate senses.180
In short, the data that has been examined so far weighs decisively against the majoritys
interpretation in Muscarello.
Carry collocated with words denoting firearms.

Unlike the data discussed above, the data from the searches involving firearms-related
collocates arguably lends some support to the Muscarello majoritys interpretation.
However, that is not the impression that one gets upon first looking at the data. There
were only a handful of corpus lines in which a firearm weapon was depicted as being carried
in a vehicle. I counted 5 of them out of 200 lines, in one of which the (implicit) vehicle was
a horse: the 250/3000 Savage rifle I carried in my saddle scabbard. In addition to those five,
there was this sentence, which I read as being ambiguous on this point: I still have the.45
pistol that I was carrying when I crashed a plane in Yugoslavia returning from a bombing mission
in World War. Thus, carry is used only infrequently to denote the carrying of firearms in a
vehicle.
180. That is how these patterns are treated in Cobuild, but with the human carry object pat-
tern being split into two senses. Here are the relevant entries from the first edition (with most
examples omitted):
1 If you carry something, you hold it or support it so that it does not touch the
ground, and take it with you as you go somewhere.

3 When a vehicle carries people, they travel inside it from one place to
another.
4 If you carry something with you, you have it with you wherever you go, for
example by keeping it in your pocket or in your handbag.
[Cobuild 1 at 208.]
Note that the category of uses described by sense 4 is a subset of those described by sense 1a
reminder that different senses of a word are not always mutually exclusive.
In later editions, the entry for vehicle carry object was broadened:
3 If something carries a person or thing somewhere, it takes them there.
Flowers are designed to attract insects which then carry the pollen from plant to
plant...The delegation was carrying a message of thanks to President Mubarak The
ship could carry seventy passengers.
[Collins Cobuild English Dictionary 243
(John Sinclair, ed., 2d ed. 1995).]

Of the other 194 corpus, many clearly instantiated the human carry object
reading that dominated the KWIC and vehicle-related searches. They included the
following:
He gestured roughly at the rifle Esterhazy had carried in, now lying on the floor.
Tchemov did not fall to his knees, nor did he unsling the rifle he carried across his back. He did
not release his grip on Grarmy, but stared
she dropped her cup and pack, reaching for the gun she carried in a belt holster in the small of
her back
However, there were also many uses that were subtly different. They did not refer to any
specific instance of a person carrying a firearm, but rather to the activity of carrying
firearms in general, sometimes with regard to a specific person, but in other instances by
people in general:
Othman toyed with his.32 pistol, which he carries for protection whenever he returns to Abyan
the District's ban on large-capacity magazines and assault weapons and allow gun owners to
carry firearms into post offices and other federal buildings and sites.
A sling with a wide strap eases the chore of carrying your rifle
Did you know that non-American citizens can carry guns in the U.S.A. legally?
it's not NRA policy to criticize gun owners who legally carry their guns in public
In addition, while most of the human carry object lines in the KWIC and vehicle
related searches involved carrying the object for the purpose of moving it from one place to
another, many of those in the firearms-related searches probably refer to carrying firearms
for the purpose of keeping them with you at all times, like carrying a wallet or carrying keys
(for which the Cobuild dictionaries give a separate sense181):
law was passed, Mainers had been able to openly carry guns without a permit but needed
permission if they wished to conceal them on
In response to the increasing number of people carrying guns inside their stores, Chipotle
and Starbucks recently asked customers to refrain from
For many of the women who are carrying guns, the appeal is not a symbolic demonstration
of their Second Amendment rights
the temporary seizure of all firearms carried by Tijuanas local cops to see if any of the
weapons have been used
retired TWA pilot Tom Ashwood (ph) worries the guns air marshals carry on board could get
into the hands of others
macho world, a city ruled by guns, whether carried by Somalis or United Nations soldiers.
These uses could arguably be clustered together with carrying a wallet and carrying keys, and
therefore be covered by the separate sense that Cobuild provides for those uses.
181. See note 180, supra (sense 4).

While these differences are subtle, it felt to me like their effect was to weaken the el-
ement of physical contact and manipulation that is inherent in uses such as these:
Only Slapshot and Stitch brought rifles along each carried an HK416 strapped barrel-down on
their left side.
They moved stiffly, because the guns they carried under their sport coats or in the waistbands
of their pants were uncomfortable and
Most are armed with rifles, mainly carried on their shoulders
Moreover, many the collocation of carry with words denoting firearms can carry with it a
distinctive overtone, which is reflected in this definition of carry arms or weapons from the
6th edition of Blacks Law Dictionary: To wear, bear or carry them upon the person or in
the clothing or in a pocket, for the purpose of use, or for the purpose of being armed and
ready for offensive or defensive action in case of a conflict with another person.182 While
this definition focuses on carrying something upon the person or in the clothing or in a
pocket, it is common for an expression to be used in a way that is related to an earlier use,
but that involves the earlier meaning being weakened in some respect.183 Therefore, the kind
of use described by the Blacks definition might be extended to contexts in which the
purpose for carrying the gun is the same but the gun is not kept on ones person. Indeed, the
dissent in Muscarello seemed to say that it would constitute carrying a firearm for the driver
of a car to have a loaded gun accessible on the seat next to them.184 And a similar
interpretation was endorsed by Judge Kozinski, who justified it by appealing to something
close to the kind of weakening that I have described:185
The key aspect of the narrow definition is not that the weapon actually be borne on the
person. Rather, it is that the weapon remain within easy reach while the individual is in
motion. Where an individual is walking, a gun in hand certainly amounts to carrying, but so
does a gun in a holster or a shopping bag. The essence is that the weapon moves with the
person and can be swiftly put to use. Where the individual is in a car, he need not actually
be touching the weapon to make it move with him.4 Because the car and its contents move
in unison, any weapon that is within hand's reach while the car is in motion can be said to be
carried. The same would be true, of course, if the individual had the weapon concealed in a
train compartment, a bus or, heaven forfend, an airplane.
182. Black's Law Dictionary 214 (6th ed. 1990).

183. See, e.g., Jean Aitchison & Diana M. Lewis, Polysemy and Bleaching, in Polysemy: Flexible
Patterns of Meaning in Mind and Language 253 (Brigitte Nerlich et al., eds,
2003); Mechanisms of Sense Extension in Verbs supra note 151.
184. 524 U.S. at 146147 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
185. United States v. Foster, 133 F.3d 704, 706 (9th Cir.) (footnote omitted),vacated, 525 U.S. 801
(1998), on remand, 165 F.3d 689 (9th Cir. 1999). Note the over-the-top container metaphor in
footnote 4.

4 The car might be thought of as a large, self-propelled shopping bag containing both the
gun and the individual.
I did not try to figure out how many of the corpus lines in the firearms-related data fit
into each of the groupings I have described. Attempting to do so would have required lots of
hard effort, and the results wouldnt have been worth much. The groupings are very
impressionistic, and trying to allocate the corpus lines among them would have involved
many difficult judgment calls and more than a little coin-flipping. This is simply a case in
which any differences in meaning are too subtle to draw any lines.
So while the result in Muscarello may find some support in the firearms-related searches,
that support is weaker than the support for the opposite conclusion that is provided by the
other data. Nevertheless, it is interesting that the pattern of usage the schema human
carry firearm to carrying firearms differs so significantly from the pattern for human
carry object more generally. That was not something I expected to see. But one thing I
have learned from my experience with corpora is that I almost always learn something that
surprises me.
7 Conclusion
Despite the heading one line up, this is in a sense a continuation of the preceding paragraph.
The heading is there because that continuation jumps from talking about a single word to
talking about the one of the basic themes of this paper. I was talking about how the corpus
data revealed something unexpected about the pattern carry a [firearm]. Well, it turns out
that the data also revealed something else that I didnt expect: further evidence that
dictionary senses are artificial constructs.
Reading through the concordance lines from the gun-related searches, I was struck by
subtle differences in what exactly was conveyed by the use of the pattern carry a [firearm].
Some of those differences are discussed above, but even that discussion doesnt address all
of them. I suspect that some if not all of the different shades of meaning have arisen because
there has been so much talk in the United States about guns and gun rights, and because
there is a sizable cohort of people for whom those topics are intensely important. But
whatever the reason for the differences, the question arises whether human carry
firearm should be treated as a corpus cluster of its own, a separate CPA pattern, a
distinct word sense. Or maybe two or three!
There is no single right answer to that question; it all depends on what level of gran-
ularity you think is appropriate, and that depends on what it is about the meaning of carry a
[firearm] you are trying to figure out. This resonates with a point that was made by
Kilgarriff, which I didnt fully appreciate until just now, literally as I am finishing this paper:
[A] task-independent set of word senses for a language is not a coherent concept. Word
senses are simply undefined unless there is some underlying rationale for clustering, some

context which classifies some distinctions as worth making and others as not worth
making.186
This statement was made with respect to word-sense disambiguation in the field of
Natural Language Processing, but I think it applies to legal interpretation as well. In writing
definitions that will appear in dictionaries, lexicographers know that the dictionary will be
consulted by all kinds of different people who are looking for all kinds of different
information about all kinds of different words. This compels a one-size-fits-all approach to
definition-writing. But there is no reason to think that the level of granularity at which a
dictionary is written is one that will best serve the needs of a particular legal issue.
So what we see is that examining corpus data about a single word can yield ideas about
how to argue very specific legal issues and at the same time contribute to the study of broad
questions of interpretive methodology. However, with respect to both of those levels of
analysis, it helps to be able to think like a linguist as well as like a lawyer.
186.I Dont Believe in Word Senses, supra note 129, at __, reprinted in Practical Lex-
icography, supra note 129, at 150.

Appendix
Corpus Data
KWIC search; no collocates ............................................................................................. a1

Collocate search: car ........................................................................................................a9
Collocate search: truck................................................................................................... a12
Collocate search: glovebox, glove, compartment ........................................................... a14
Collocate search: trunk .................................................................................................. a15
Collocate search: seat, backseat, frontseat ..................................................................... a16
Collocate search: gun(s), pistol(s), firearm(s), rifle(s), or shotgun(s) ............................. a17

KWIC search; no collocates
human carry object
1 Be wary of everything . # The pregnant woman may be carrying a bomb rather than a fetus ; a bicycle or a baby
2 to enjoying the great outdoors . For instance , Mad Dog carries a bookbag full of second-hand clothing , a bivy sack , and
3 happened : # " Lindsay was going up the stairs , carrying a ceramic teacup . She had just come out of the shower
4 This way , I figured , I would probably get to carry a couple of bottles home with me . " I did inquire
5 may stand tall . May stand and walk and swag . Carry a fan . Crash a car . Stack bags and hang a
6 to Paris later . " And you do n't have to carry a guidebook , lightening the load in the daypack , " Tsang
7 and Charles Bronson 's vengeful character , Sliwa has never carried a gun . " I do n't like weapons , " he
8 , 34 , co-founder of Robot Foundry # My dad always carried a hacksaw blade in his toolbox . Once , when I was
9 injurer has some problematic risk factors ( such as carrying a knife ) , the personal risk factors for causing a nonsports
10 a sports injury . Although some problematic behaviors ( such as carrying a knife or gun ) are also risk factors for unintentionally
11 - NIGHT WEASEL 'S HENCHMEN sit up eagerly as WEASEL enters carrying a large stack of cash . He smiles crookedly . WEASEL It
12 game today , " Jack proclaims . PLUMB ON I was carrying a little .31-caliber full-stocked caplock that Jack had built
13 done over there . How he had once been allowed to carry a machete in school and how he had cut people with that
14 body of a Filipino farmer disguised as a devout Catholic woman carrying a machete inside his voluminous peasant skirt and hoping to kill
15 wearing his little Browns uniform with No. on the back and carrying a miniature bat , stepping in against Tiger pitcher Bob Cain .
16 of acid being thrown in his face and the necessity of carrying a pistol inside his coat for -- for months on end ,
17 social activism , with only one in five saying they have carried a placard in a demonstration # . # BOOMERS HAVE : #
18 and flowers . # PHOTO (COLOR ) : Bob Lilly carries a plant toward its new home on planting day in spring 1992
19 bangs it on the wooden pulpit . A beautiful young woman carrying a plastic bag full of Lenin shot glasses sidles up as he
20 from a 20-foot-high tower while wearing fatigues and boots and carrying a rifle . " At West Point , " he says ,
21 hit it everywhere , " said Stacey , who not only carries a similar club in his bag but also the reputation as one
22 new planet , " she 'd said . Briana was carefully carrying a small potted plant . " Not too much water , "
23 . These men could ski undetected downhill in darkness while carrying a sniper rifle , a 2.35-inch rocket launcher and snowshoes . "
24 He rises impassively , exits through the back door . He carries a think manila envelope under one arm . Ardelia who is helping
25 and settled onto the couch . # Trish came through , carrying a wet rag toward the bathroom . # " There 's a
26 . The coast was clear , however . He wanted to carry Agatha in his arms , like a bride . Every time he
27 No ? I ca n't believe that . Michael returns , carrying an empty jug he found in the weeds . Clorox . He
28 roof that leaked . " She came over early one morning carrying an old beat-up suitcase and said she had to leave San Pedro
29 learned to take Straven 's advice , but he was n't carrying any gun , so perhaps I should consider him among the
30 smoked now and then , and to hide the odor he carried around a little bottle of Binaca . " # Wilson played trumpet
31 . The couple traveled to 40 countries in all , always carrying art back and forth . # " It 's like the guy
32 , " a precursor to baseball . He has to be carried at times - he weighs 63 pounds - and in one case
33 ORANGE FLAMES sparkle across the moors . The TORCHES are being carried by several members of a small village . The VILLAGERS are
34 the bread move through the air unassisted . Catherine saw it carried by the hand of Christ . She died at thirty-three , the
35 fifties . More than a month had passed since he 'd carried colorful paper afghanis with their detailed etchings of
36 rapidly improving computing processing power that can now be carried comfortably in a wearer 's pocket and the computer vision
37 review its editorial position on gun ownership and the right to carry concealed weapons . # Just the other day , in a television
38 trust us with their main security codes , even though Bee carried everything needed to directly reload their programming .
39 looking to save a step , or you just want to carry fewer products when you travel , this all-in-one could be worth
40 him . MRS . ACKERMAN comes back to MISTY 's booth carrying fire poker . # MOM # (Seeing MRS . ACKERMAN1s purchase
41 us long distance through her dreaded phone calls . When we carried her ashes into her apartment building for a final gathering , I
42 arms pull her up . Her father 's arms . He carries her back to the safety of the plane . She 's sobs
43 the bed . Now , all these years later , Francesca carried her brandy and walked slowly up the stairs , her right p104
44 With a last glance at the forest , she turned and carried her load of herbs into the wayhouse . Hadder-a-Blaecdel was not
45 'd never make it . # Lifting her gently , he carried her to the clearing near his house and animal clinic . He
46 's arms went comfortably around Annabel 's chubby middle and carried her with a confident ease she had yet to feel herself .
47 I was one of them . I hoped that I could carry him back to dry land .
48 same track we 've been using through the jungle . Ramos carries him in his arms . I walk in front of him ,
49 least 4 a.m. and Halsey was so drunk Koutnik had to carry him into his room at the team hotel . That afternoon ,
50 for numbers of days leaking through his fingers-nightmares of carrying him on his shoulders in a mass ICBM evacuation from Brooklyn
51 two more blackshirts rushed forward . They seized Mont p122 and carried him suspended by the arms out of the room through a door
52 the local EMTs put the victim into a body bag and carried him to the fishing-access parking lot . In the distance he could
53 kind of people ? " demanded Nonna Ngeng . " Mahouh carried his dishes and stones . They must have known that he ,
54 more , " Eliot reminds him . # Dale stands and carries his drink to the tableaux to get a closer look . The
55 hates to be in touch all the time . He never carries his wireless phone and sets his pager so only urgent messages
56 I go . " He scrabbled around in the yard , carried in armfuls of blackened logs and stacked them on the hearth where
57 back-to-school shopping . Then we helped my husband , Steve , carry in the outdoor furniture , packed our bags , and took off
a1
58 -- she hides Marcelin in the bundle of wood she had carried into camp , hoists the branches onto her back , and is
59 Xavier 's cousins , all old enough and strong enough to carry it . The strangers came behind , the one of them that
60 He got up , helped me out of the coat , carried it around the detector stanchions unsearched , and helped me put
61 hot water on a washcloth , wring it out , and carry it back to the bedroom . I lay it on her forehead
62 here . " Reassured , I picked up some deadfall and carried it back to the edge of the landing ramp . I arranged
63 power back Fisher absolutely loves . In the third quarter he carried it five times and averaged 6.6 yards a carry . In the
64 . ooo . . . this bag , I have been carrying it for one thousand miles . It might as well have been
65 medicine chest , and refusing Lorenzo 's help ( I always carry it myself , wary of the influence of others upon the medicaments
66 an incredible snaggle if you do n't gather it up and carry it right . I 've pulled trotlines into the boat and ended
67 tah chin that had not touched the ground . He carefully carried it to the counter . She watched him take two plates from
68 even some Texas ten-gallon hats . Quite a few people are carrying knapsacks , blankets and so on , apparently anticipating a not
69 ! Again and again our hands had lightly touched as we carried Lilya away . The streets outside began to hiss with rain ,
70 a lunch pail was , so I wondered how I 'd carry lunch all the way to school in the mop-bucket . Already ,
71 Dad laughed , scooped me up in one arm , and carried me inside the house . " Lois ! " he shouted .
72 " Are you crazy ? " she says . # She carries me to the station wagon and puts me in back . She
73 up the phone to stop Antonia from dialing Morocco , then carry my daughter down the stairs and walk her over to mamita Viki
74 # DIANA (CONT 'D ) They 're inoffensive . They carry no weapons . # Garth looks at her for a long moment
75 started to happen more frequently . The low point was being carried off the soccer field and taken to the emergency room , after
76 Because he had all that weight , he asked me to carry our 500 feet of fixed rope and a few pitons and carabiners
77 that they sounded like gunfire , which was unfortunate . We carried our cream and gold invitations in our hot hands . We breathed
78 trouble controlling impulses be seen as different from trouble carrying packages ? Why should an inability to maintain sobriety or a
79 titles . His ads had photos of the local rescue squad carrying people from the theater on a stretcher . And the fact that
80 peaceful streets of Haddonfield . A large group of PROTESTORS carry PICKET SIGNS in front of the campus gates . Rallying against the
81 , for after mass in the cathedral , the bishop personally carried Saint Philip 's arm in procession from S. Reparata to the
82 campsite to campsite , but kids can and should begin to carry some gear almost as soon as they clamber down from the kid
83 to make similar sales pitches . Like Logan , all were carrying some sort of product , either in big bulky briefcases or
84 back door , closing it softly . Wolf Man ! He carried something in his hand . A gun ? Darkness was falling fast
85 over at Yeyo , I wished she did n't have to carry such a big load on her head . If only I had
86 waited . He 'd forgotten how much work it was to carry supplies door-to-door , even though he had walked no farther
87 grabbed him up and run him out of there . Forrest carries Tex out of the jungle and into the clearing . He sets
88 the untidy hair , and the cloth wrapped around the hand carrying the basket . She looked hot P223 and tired , and thinner
89 get to Kathmandu , even if it means I have to carry the bike . " Photograph Photograph I do n't know why my
90 up on the roof . Theo carries the chips . Meg carries the bottle . I bring out the folding chairs . There 's
91 guts , and used for bedding on a sled . We carry the bucket of blood back to the chum . The following day
92 grabbed her notebook and slipped out the door . While she carried the bulging mango basket to the road she wondered about her paper
93 out their deer , skinned them and used the hides to carry the choice chunks of meat back to camp . Along the way
94 a fish monger 's stall deep in Chinatown . Then I carried the creature 's butchered remains with me uptown a dozen or so
95 TV ) announcers mentioned it was him and that he was carrying the Ethiopian flag , " said Dan Batchelor , a Roswell
96 think we 'd better go meet them if Adela is to carry the flowers we 've gathered ? " " Aye , sure ,
97 PAM and JIM and the labrador SAGE trudge up a hill carrying the groceries to their modest little house tucked into a hill of
98 thos who aid him ; and they can keep him from carrying the holiest of water to that northern lake , where , if
99 the ridge towards where the stones indicate a landing area , carrying the last of the materials from the Cave of Swimmers . Alm
100 have to go back to Vietnam himself , would have to carry the photo and give it back . But how could he face
101 with toy guns fashioned from sticks . // Several older preteens carried the real thing . // Cassidy shuddered ; fear clawed up her
102 think that retaining anybody to do something so servile as just carry their bags around is a- well , it 's a relationship they
103 . # Later that day , as Michael and Katy were carrying their bags from the B &B; to the pier they saw the
104 Indian trail . If any ghosts still walk # there , carrying their corn , no one sees them , or perhaps they are
105 it 's not NRA policy to criticize gun owners who legally carry their guns in public . Yet the complaint still reverberates for
106 The door opened and the men filed out into the yard carrying their jumpsuits . On each parachutist , I noticed a piece of
107 dinner he followed the lawyers to Frank Pool 's tavern and carried their tankards to the bar for Frank Pool to refill . Abner
108 , she might have a gun . A lot of women carried them these days . And any woman hearing footsteps in a supposedly
109 wool blankets that smelled of dust and disuse , and he carried them to the front door and stood in the open doorway in
110 like what ? " # " Not with what you 're carrying there . " # " This sort of thing does n't interest
111 Ma , I have a job for you . Help me carry these basins upstairs . " He pressed a folded handkerchief to his
112 emblem of the Government of India . Kashmiris are required to carry these I-cards with them when traveling in public , and they are
113 your community . Do n't forget . FRANK-PEEBLES# She came in carrying this folder of news clippings and possible leads that were
114 after night ; at the end of each night he was carried to his bed to the applause of his sycophants and the
115 Valley , people left their houses and brought what they could carry to their front lawns . Many broke out their hibachis and began
a2
116 they wear feathers and shells in their twisted locks and they carry weapons . # It is acknowledged that the mother-consort has
117 shorts had deep pockets , so she would be able to carry whatever treasures she found . Her bounty would annoy her mother
118 're injured and you need a marine next to you to carry you back to safety , and the marine next to you is
119 . A sling with a wide strap eases the chore of carrying your rifle . Carry extra ammo in a container on your belt
120 . The most famous lighter was this Zippo . Soldiers always carried Zippos in World War II . They worked better than matches in
121 need it . # There was no preserving the meat to carry . He ate until his belly spasmed and threw the rest as
human carry object in vehicle

1 was a contraband dragon -- and then lit out of Texas carrying it in his trunk . He explained that coming to Red Star
2 and the other delivery men at Yasgur 's were planning to carry milk to the hordes , while my mother would help the Ladies
vehicle carry
1 # They told him the type of patient the craft could carry -- ambulatory or stretcher . Where they could take patients
2 Nicky stares after the bus . Another bus comes along , carrying # the same ad . # Nicky watches darkly . # 36
3 The violence struck a number of civilian vehicles . A minibus carrying 18 people fleeing the village of Tireh was hit by a missile
4 for farm workers . During summer 1950 and 1951 , ships carrying 300 -- 500 workers picked for various categories of work were
5 will be aided by the Navy ship USS Grasp , which carries a large underwater robotic vessel with video capability and
6 out of line . And in two minutes , a plane carrying a world famous fashion heir vanishes . But did someone on that
7 , flat-bed truck with slats up the sides , meant to carry animals . As the refugees push and shove and climb up a
8 train , said company spokesman John Bromley . One car was carrying appliances and the rest were empty . # Trade deficit soars to
9 buses , armored personnel carriers and trucks . Some carry arms . Thousands follow on foot . Interior Ministry units race
10 helicopters helped ferry supplies into the affected areas and carried casualties out despite the bad weather . Lieutenant Colonel
11 became a symbol of rural life renown for their ability to carry large loads over Mexico 's difficult terrain , but there is a
12 330 platform , will be bigger in size so capable to carry more load and more volume . TOMKINS# Now there 's great
13 trains . What they 're talking about is single cars , carrying no more than a dozen or so passengers each . The cars
14 and poured their blood on a B-52 bomber being converted to carry nuclear tipped cruise missiles . #
15 hours earlier by the road beside his rig , an eighteen-wheeler carrying onions . He raised his bottle to me as I entered the
16 from these and smaller Irish ports . These mail boats regularly carried passengers and their luggage as a means of subsidizing the cost
17 certainty that the very next ambulance stretcher would be carrying someone she loved , someone she 'd be unable to save ,
18 to fail me . " # As an open tumbrel cart carrying the condemned woman rolled through the streets to what is now the
19 trains do n't reflect the way Americans travel today . They carry the fewest passengers and lose the most money - money that could
20 a Smithsonian museum on the Enola Gay , the bomber that carried the first nuclear bomb dropped on Japan . The exhibit was
21 LEWIS : This vehicle was headed back down south to Florida carrying the money and it would be bringing the cocaine up from Florida
22 station on the Westside Trail . A sighing No. 3 electrobus carried them to a lodge of duroplast logs on the outskirts of town
23 with transportation . The company runs two shuttle routes : One carries workers from a church parking lot near William Cannon Drive and
human carry [gun]

1 select a few select cabdrivers who are tested and trained to carry and protect themselves . What does that -- those two provisions
2 a very personal choice . I think most people that are carrying concealed are very upstanding , responsible citizens who
3 stick . More importantly , the liberalization of concealed carry gun laws in those states that had recently enacted these laws ,
4 clearly ready to go , " says Franklin . " Open carry is out there on the frontiers and it 's not clear gun-rights
unclear
1 into a full-care residential facility . They saw no reason to carry along my high-school yearbooks " ? he held up a copy of
2 horse , through the glimmering frost back to the sheep , carrying leftover biscuits , a jar of jam and a jar of coffee
3 that tool as part of our official test because few thieves carry one . Bike Club (Winner Intl. ) : 800/527-3345 ;
4 's rulers that they demanded visitors forfeit any scrolls they carried so they could be copied for the library (although apparently the
Irrelevant
1 . That means if you 're playing for the ball to carry 20 yards , you 'll have to swing harder than you would
2 hostile press than the Gipper did when he came along and carried 44 of the 50 states ? I do n't think so .
3 must provide borrowers with more information about the cost of carrying a balance . In monthly statements , you 'll receive an
4 . " A few days later , The Dallas Morning News carries a banner headline : BROADCAST.COM FOUNDER PLANS TO BUY
5 Prospector mission followed in 1998 . Those three missions carried a battery of remote-sensing instruments that made it possible
6 the timeless advice from Teddy Roosevelt : " Speak softly and carry a big stick , " end of quote . I promise you
7 room . " He told me , ' Your wife is carrying a female child . ' I said , ' I have a
8 carries enough tanks , ammunition , food and other supplies to carry a full division , 15,000 Marines , through 30 days of heavy
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9 around similar patterns and color schemes . A store will carry a given line for about 12 weeks , then it is replaced
10 impression on Governor Gist . The governor 's opinion will carry a great deal of weight when the state legislature meets to choose
11 Brown left CNN three years ago , her evening news show carried a memorable tagline : " No bias . No bull . "
12 preventing ovarian cancer in a unique group of women -- those carrying a mutation in the BRCA gene -- might fit the bill .
13 kept separate from policymaking , military ranks have always carried a powerful , patriotic image for the Indian public . Indian
14 Navajo thought is dissipated through English words that carry a somewhat different connotation . On the other hand , the
15 species Tetrahymena pyriformis . An E. coli strain carrying a toxin-making factor outperformed a harmless strain only when
16 Burt Reynolds , she played a pop songwriter who can not carry a tune . (Excerpt-from- " Star WALLACE : (Voiceover)
17 . # Rosenberger remembers thinking White 's frame should have carried about 225 pounds . # White 's case bounced around the medical
18 P4 , and P9 , respectively . By comparison , DQB1*0503 carries Ala 86 , Ala 71 , and a negatively charged Asp 57
19 63 New Bond Street : Fenwick 's shiny new beauty hall carries all the greats , with guru John Gustafson on hand for personal
20 were being priced extraordinarily cheaply , as though they carried almost no risk at all . He went looking for a way
21 of beeswax crayons in colors so hard and bright that they carried an elemental cheer . The boxes contained many colors , but not
22 the best possible way . The stock cruise image I 'd carried around for years , of a casinolike vessel thronged with
23 loyalty to her husband ; an unwieldy emotional elixir to be carrying around inside . She wondered what surprises tomorrow would
24 , and Barlata represents that spirit . But sometimes people get carried away . ( These people are often called tourists . ) One
25 linen-wrapped corpses , some of them very small , are being carried away . The agony is over for those small children , but
26 , colors you can imagine-even if you let your imagination get carried away . This was n't no class thing . To tell you
27 of corruption . But inevitably , emerging-market oligarchs get carried away ; they waste money and build massive business empires on a
28 pink sweater with a black brasseire under it . I got carried away again . But I 've solved the problem . When I
29 Too good a show , in fact , for I got carried away one day and beat my opponent , a young ruffian I
30 until he collapsed , slicing the air with his spear and carrying away the arm of a man who 'd struck him on his
31 to cape and skin the ram , all the while being carried backward on the moving carpet of rocks . The falling and shifting
32 springs while energy is being stored are , in turn , carried by a support made out of , for example , steel .
33 a peppercorn , hatch from a brood of thousands of eggs carried by the mother under her abdomen (known to most lobster-meat fans
34 accuracy and completeness , with the personal wounds as they are carried by the survivors and those who are in one form or another
35 have main bridges repaired by year 's end . # Newspapers carry daily reports of power stations , telephone exchanges ,
36 with metallic films . The metal forms a fine lattice that carries drug molecules it can release for up to six months . Although
37 by CT . If C is greater than 0x8000000 , a carry exists . The byte in the output buffer , B , is
38 larger cable networks available to advertisers and many of them carry extended financial news coverage . # ABC scored a prime-time
39 a high risk of remaining that way as adults , and carrying extra weight increases the risk of heart disease , diabetes and a
40 father from her in many ways , too , leaving her carrying far more weight than a girl her age ever should have had
41 And , she adds , it appears that postmenopausal women who carry fat around their middle (as opposed to on the hips and
42 103 yards . # Marcus Miller led the way with 18 carries for 81 yards and a one-yard touchdown , while Scotty Smith had
43 low-risk , and may work , whereas a more aggressive approach carries greater risks . " Provocations Not all analysts share the view
44 , but the defection of rank-and-file members had helped Bush carry heavily-Democratic West Virginia , providing Bush with his
45 soul adrift , so much star dust , # meant to carry her name in mine , # sharing the same root , Chana
46 , Mr. Paulson pinpointed those mortgage bonds that he believed carried higher ratings than the underlying loans deserved . # Goldman
47 lot of people say , ' He dumped you . You carried him through that last month , and then he dumped you .
48 energy of thousands of tons of water lifts him up and carries him toward the shore . # This is the scene daily at
49 wrong . Her rapist had gotten his wish . Cindy was carrying his baby CINDY The baby represented violence . It was my rapist
50 his mother . He only recently acknowledged to me that he carried his unexpressed tears with him every day of his life . And
51 Cosell . These cookie-cutter sportscasters today could n't carry Howard Cosell 's lunch bucket . None of them is like Cosell
52 systems are changing over from copper wires to fiber optics that carry hundreds of calls on one cable and to separate out an individual
53 call . Like the textures , it was something he 'd carried in his head that had somehow spilled out into the world .
54 tailback Stephen Davis , who rushed for 24 yards on six carries in his preseason debut against the Patriots and , according to
55 Tibbetts , 1999 ) . # The use of surveys also carries inherent shortcomings . There are always concerns over social
56 stop . It 's as if the rage he 's been carrying inside of him his entire life is now coming to the surface
57 the specificity of the earlier work 's feminist polemic is not carried into Trio A , the later , more abstract dance continues to
58 Uncle , and she should n't begrudge her cousin because he carried it in his veins . But she 'd been duchess-of-honor for her
59 and community negotiation and physical courage that it took to carry it out , and the performances , readings , music , and
60 . The job required it and I tried my best to carry it out KING In other words , if they 'd have assigned
61 Fans pull air out of the tipping and aeration floors and carry it to the biofilter where it is forced through a wet scrubber
62 of meaning in which the semiotic expression of sacred word carried its own contextually specific connotations and the visual
63 first . But once the tournament gets going , the Masters carries its own weight . " There 's a different vibe in the
64 in Brown 's interpretation , was Mary Magdalene herself , who carried Jesus 's royal blood in her womb and bore him a child
65 Cottage Grove , OR 974240061 ; ( 541 ) 942-9547 ; carries Kitchen Sprouter ( 2 stackable 8-inch square trays ) for $12.95.
66 night of August 28 , 1968 . The networks had just carried live coverage of a full-on police riot , nightsticks flying ,
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67 quickly and just keeps soaring ; testers note that the club carries lots of momentum through thick lies ; the eight-setting
68 doctor , I was forced by fear of aggressive attorneys to carry malpractice insurance . Even with little or no evidence of
69 close by the Great Southern Highway , the one that would carry me toward my goal , and so , after issuing a last
70 , Turkey , and the United Arab Emerites . He will carry messages from Gorbachev for each leader but will not be
71 an inner fire now as well . " But they only carry messages to me from my Lord . I always knew it would
72 quite a substantial playlist of hit records whose labels carry misrepresentations of one sort or another , from phony composer
73 in five years . Now , Hornes , 25 , is carrying more than $60,000 in student debt and working at an Irvine burger
74 of both head and heart , like an animal made to carry much more than it should . Act Three . The snow is
75 # Molecular biological studies have shown that overt cancers carry multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations , which seem to
76 D. Dingell , a Michigan Democrat , would require cable to carry non-commercial educational channels - the number depending on
77 has huge stores (70,000 to 140,000 square feet ) that carry not only electronics , but everything from auto accessories to
78 childhood , the stories had usurped even what slim memories they carried of their lives , enriching the reality to the point past true
79 under the midnight sky . // Taking another breath , she carried on , around the outside of the garage to the patio-through the
80 ratty kids next door were playing so loud , hollering and carrying on , I could n't hear myself think . I wish that
81 her out . Had her mother forgotten her silent pledge to carry on , to be waiting if and when PJ summoned the courage
82 family for support . Or we just bury our pain and carry on . # Karla F.C . Holloway , Ph.D. , a Duke
83 is difficult for everyone . My wife knows it and patiently carries on . I have not beat her again since she let her
84 you can make at home . CHARLES-GIBSON-# (Off-Camera) You carry on . I 'm just going to eat . WOLFGANG-PUCK-# Okay ,
85 dived through the window . After the shock the guests carried on . The odd man out was Bobby Hoffman , Ivanov 's
86 Thomas Paine , William Wordsworth , and William Blake . She carried on a famous debate with Edmund Burke about the merits of the
87 rehearsal-dinner toast in ' Rachel Getting Married , ' she 's carrying on a long tradition of uncomfortable , sometimes even lethal ,
88 associate of the Gambino crime family , pleaded guilty to carrying on a racketeering enterprise with the underlying offenses of
89 ) He claims that " in fact , human affairs are carried on after a most irrational fashion . " (n64 ) belief
90 is tested and true . We have able prosecutors that have carried on and tried these types of cases before . So we are
91 a bitch and one of his very best friends . After carrying on at such length earlier in the day about their need to
92 . Everyone assumes those cars will be fueled by stored energy carried on board as a liquid and distributed nationally . To create
93 alien hands syndrome and certain other new mannerisms , such as carrying on conversations with his dead wife while writing reports or
94 a given location , but there are still enough left to carry on for the species . MILES-O'BRIEN# For their predators , the
95 for misdeeds and old grudges . A few simply preferred to carry on in predatory packs , knife-armed and ruthless . Most were
96 , silence reigned for one blissful moment before Nina started carrying on in Spanish . I only made out bits and pieces ,
97 of Robert Moses and Lyndon B. Johnson seem to have been carried on in the merry mood of hanging judge . Strachey 's best-known
98 of the Gulf of Mexico . # The salt glacier is carrying on its back river sediments that are also miles thick . This
99 dustry . Weavers on several of the Yaeyama Islands have also carried on local traditions of making and using fiber banana cloth . Some
100 salaried job in the city , while Borzu needed him to carry on pastoral tasks and to maintain the family 's nomadic life
101 out of the Earth , out of silent space ... people carried on so much about love , sometimes she felt curious as to
102 in the papers this morning about NATO saying , prepare to carry on the bombing campaign alone as the instrument of coercion into
103 he started to cry . Peter Jackson never had seen anybody carrying on the way Bantry was , not a pretty near grown man
104 Duke 's deep laugh boom over the Paiutes ' own , carried on the wind from the Indian encampment . # " A man
105 into the back of Hoang 's neck before being flipped and carried on up again , away from his limp body . # Jenny
106 she had miscarried one of the twins , but still was carrying one of the twins . BOWERS : Investigators say Montgomery
107 year and has miscarried twice in that time . She did carry one pregnancy to term , however , and as the two men
108 she said . " I do n't know , I never carried one this long . " He liked to drive one-handed , the
109 athletes say are setting them up . Visibility . NBA teams carry only 12 players , and these players , most of whom are
110 " The captain scanned one of the dataspheres a drone was carrying onto the shuttle . " Wait a nanocycle . That contains patterns
111 " Witnessed . " But , truth , now we must carry our danger with us. 5 . Lynn I should n't have let
112 was nothing found of planned violence or that they had ever carried out " any attacks . " But they were in a position
113 the NEA would have been legislated the power to establish and carry out " arts education " services and programs -- was won by
114 prosecuted if the government believes they are on the road to carrying out " violent jihad . " # Such a government posture would
115 of the Tutsis . French soldiers trained Rwandans who helped carry out , France shipped arms to the Hutu government , and Paris
116 than $3 billion over the next decade if they are all carried out . And although the city , with its unprecedented budget
117 tell authorities what he knew about the plot before it was carried out . He faces a 23-year sentence . # Defense attorneys say
118 alive . Thank you , God . ROTH : Some were carried out . The writing on the walls was a signpost for the
119 putting obstacles in the way of the Resident 's orders being carried out . They were said to have " viewed with intense dislike
120 as liberalization of consumer goods imports ) than were being carried out . Yet it is difficult to ignore the fact that ,
121 the correct software and she could pilot a hypersonic jet or carry out a preprogrammed sexual fantasy . # " Emma -- do n't
122 . Right-wing polemicist Maurice Barres declared the ritual , carried out amid drumrolls and anti-Semitic taunts from the crowd , more
123 their chances of satisfying their own needs , but rather to carry out an external order , which defies in principle the very chance
124 : All necessary screening procedures were carried out and nothing of concern was identified . No one was injured
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125 form red tag targets including how often red tagging should be carried out and who is responsible ; and # * build disposal processes
126 difficulties encountered by western European governments in carrying out autonomous economic recovery programs only reinforced the
127 from Europe . ) # Some licensing functions may even be carried out by nongovernmental institutions . In Germany , most
128 , and thus as work carried out by ourselves upon ourselves as free beings " (Foucault ,
129 classes , youth , and women . # According to research carried out by Pew polling in Pakistan , he enjoys a 68 percent
130 Jesus . # During the earliest excavations of the church , carried out by the Antiquities Department of the British Mandate in
131 " Kemalist democrats . " They are proud of the revolution carried out by the founder of the republic eight decades ago , but
132 the military regime , the military police had the role of carrying out day-to-day policing , but starting in 1988 , the military
133 and the highway patrol or state police officers will frequently carry out extensive searches of cars and drivers stopped for traffic
134 to determine fair land prices and seeks to have resettlement carried out gradually to allow farms to continue effective production .
135 what . Obviously , they have a plan that they 're carrying out here . Today was day four of their search efforts .
136 among some people a tendency to doubt whether Bob Dole will carry out his campaign commitments on the 15 percent tax cut , the
137 . # Nevertheless , they continued to work on him , carrying out hopeless resuscitation efforts , in deference to two
138 . What was different about the " heroic Anfal operations " carried out in 1988 was the bureaucratically organized , routinely
139 , collect , organize , evaluate , and use data , carry out investigations into social phenomena , report findings ,
140 the sense of actually having the equipment , the trucks to carry out logistical support for their forward units , but also on a
141 million U.S. bounty on his head , encourages young jihadists to carry out lone wolf attacks inside America . It comes in the second
142 's increase in the Department of Health Services budget to carry out long overdue and sorely needed toxic testing is a welcome
143 they were indexing video electronically , a task traditionally carried out manually by a lot of employees fortified with cases of Pepsi
144 I can always use good , enthusiastic men to help me carry out my directives . # # BARRIS # What kind of work
145 they have not poisoned the dialogue between the two leaders -- carried out over 12 phone calls , 2 video conferences and 3 face-to-face
146 on rangers in large part to detect developing problems and then carry out solutions devised by resource-management specialists and
147 years ago and 75 today . They 're they ones who carry out the home raids , going out , finding immigrants ordered out
148 , from coach Tony Bennett 's original recruiting class , carried out the ladder to cut down the nets . An hour later
149 swore to uphold the Constitution and carry out -- faithfully carry out the laws of this country , also has broken the law
150 such boundaries baseless . This thesis that it was impossible to carry out the Protocol later was articulated via the presumed
151 we mean that form of interrelation between hero and author which carries out the task of creating a whole hero as a defined personality
152 the body thinks for itseLf . In any case , Burns carries out the title 's reference to Renaissance painting in the
153 and then leaving town to -- and leaving his subordinates to carry out the trials . That just was beyond the pale for them
154 and competence in the White House and perhaps more importantly carry out the urgent task of bringing about Hillary Clinton ' s
155 designing suitable repairs , making the working drawings and carrying out the work , and if necessary making the special tools to
156 and reduction in the generation of hazardous waste . To carry out this policy , the legislature directed the Washington State
157 the Israeli government that are going to be called upon to carry out this resolution . It will be a responsibility of the Lebanese
158 reciprocal exchange of activities perceived as essential , or carried out unconsciously through the weight of tradition . 22 The many
159 bioslurry = 4.2 t bioslurry ha-1 ) . Minimum tillage was carried out using rotavator followed by planking to the depth of 4-6 cm
160 N/C ratio . Statistical analysis # Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS system (version 14 ) . The mean values
161 explains the total lack of regret among the youths who carried out violent acts across the country . # When the violence
162 , then ipso facto the dakhal group itself is expected to carry out violent reprisal against the new culprits . # In this
163 into a multinational force . This force will have authority to carry out whatever means it thinks necessary to maintain security and
164 framework used in this study should also be carried out with community college students of other
165 chose to believe , that the murders in Sarajevo had been carried out with the connivance of the Serbian government . With German
166 Authority swept up in its West Bank law-and-order crackdown , carried out with the help of the US security coordinator in the West
167 tend to be a vestigial part of games that has been carried over from ear lier forms . When people play games , they
168 president of the United States . I believe this disrespect is carried over from President Bush . Now , it is the right 's
169 do this . I ca n't leave you ... Voice-Overs have carried over into a ... DISSOLVE TO : INT . CREEK HOUSE -
170 disputes . They also want a $250,000 life insurance policy to carry over into retirement . # Officials with the association
171 in long-term care . The prioritization of services was carried over to Title IV . In the 1980s , Title IV (
172 . # The system removes plastic from the inclined belt conveyor carrying overs away from the screen . The three-inch slot of the vacuum
173 to support Obama . Murtha says he still expects Obama to carry Pennsylvania . The " Associated Press " is quoting a high-level
174 (rainfall that is not absorbed by soil ) and wind carry pollutants to the oceans . Something 's Fishy Modern fishing
175 pine into the wind . I ran and helped them . Carry 's face under the pine boughs looked like a brown , comely
176 held four rounds of double- ought buckshot . Faith 's shotgun carried six extra rounds in the side-saddle attached in front of the
177 of the national debt , Ose signed on . The move carries some risk for Ose , who put the GOP nameplate on a
178 telecom carriers . And the fact that the Internet 's networks carry streams of data rather than mainly voice calls has kept it
179 carry unitary conventional warheads , while the TLAM/D variant carries submunitions . The existence of traditional Army systems such
180 tells ya to furl sails . What d' ya say to carry that out , now , sor ? Eli cleared his throat ,
181 how you remember feeling at that time , when you were carrying that secret around . (END VIDEOTAPE ) ZAHN : Some interesting
182 clothes , cat , and motorcycle . Gisele had a kitty carry that she rode in , though she was happier when stuffed in
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183 n't have her in the house . On account of her carrying the baby ? Yes , Maggie said . Her mother has problems
184 ramblings from his inane analyst commentaries . Elway has been carrying the Broncos his entire illustrious career , so it is fitting he
185 . It takes guts to strike out on your own and carry the burden of your success on your shoulders alone . Thousands of
186 appeared modified with a two-phase thermosyphon . Copper lines carry the coolant through the loop from evaporator to condenser and
187 as speech was a clever lawyer 's ploy , and it carried the day in Rosenberger . But something was lost in the process
188 As far as Andersen 's lawyers were concerned , that deal carried the death penalty as punishment . Under securities rules ,
189 NBC had chartered a Pan American Airways DC - 6B to carry the films and kinescopes for its longer evening program from
190 attorneys pointed out , correctly , that such memos do not carry the force of law . What did carry the force of law
191 cut corners . So what we 've got to do is carry the full burden of that . BROOKS : But Clint Oster ,
192 to weeds . In theory , the jumping traits would also carry the genetic instructions to prevent the weeds from reproducing
193 three days , with your help , we 're going to carry the great state of Pennsylvania . I 'm so honored to be
194 , and other items to the space station . It was carrying the hopes of a US commercial spaceflight industry aiming to
195 this article ) . When exhibited in 1836 , the picture carried the inscription " Tete de Giuseppe Fieschi , 1790 -- 1836 ,
196 to carry this mutation , but for those women who do carry the mutation , their cancer risk is so high that it 's
197 her young daughter if she , too , learns that she carries the mutation. # Genetic counselors consider patients like
198 there is more to be learned about the currents that could carry the plutonium away from the sub . SU Officials say trying to
199 the state and its institutions by the Arab population , which carry the potential of a transition to violence . # The division
200 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors , this drug also carries the risk of lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly . If
201 Mail-Order Catalogs * Blissout (888 ) 243-8825 : This catalog carries the same signature spa , skincare and makeup lines featured at
202 , media outlets from Jakarta to Casablanca , while carrying the Saudi story , made no mention of the Iranian version .
203 What a message : If those who fought each other and carried the searing memories of the abject carnage of that war could
204 a few hours , President Bush addresses the nation. MSNBC will carry the speech live tonight with analysis leading up to it and after
205 who fights for the average person BUSH We 're going to carry the state of Wisconsin ZAHN Bush has n't forgotten he lost the
206 eyed her husband of twenty-one years . His broad shoulders carried the weight of his burdens . It was a sin to worry
207 man coming over the horizon in a little red boat , carrying the world 's vastness in his sails . After dipping his signal
208 ultimate slush pile . They held no interest ; they would carry their history no farther than the landfill . He put them in
209 in the drive . # When finally some itinerant black dog carries them away altogether , we go on as before . We have
210 made fascinates me . The fact that all three networks were carrying this , did anybody even watch that pageant ? I mean I
211 is gon na drop out of school . And if they carry this into adulthood , the national statistics are that one out of
212 the opening act for the more-important boys team . Children carry this message of second-class citizenship into adulthood . Boys
213 dramatically , and quarterback Jason Campbell is n't ready to carry this team . I smell trouble . Will we see winless ?
214 two hours per night . Meanwhile , CNN and PBS will carry three hours per night , and C-SPAN will have gavel-to-gavel
215 wire topped both the fences with a row of insulated posts carrying three strands of electrified wire down the middle of each V. The
216 said that since the building had begun , it should be carried through . Pena need n't have been a physics expert to know
217 . The foyer sets the stage . " Its yellow scheme carries through much of the first floor . FOR FAMILY AND FRIENDS As
218 that grows out of the complicated mix of feelings that Iraqis carry toward the U.S. and the West in general , love and hate
219 strong , I also have to thank my body because I carried twins , you know ? # DM : Tell me about your
220 the dwarves whether a pair of Harpies had come by recently carrying two frozen people . The dwarves shook their heads irritably .
221 , but understands that simply to walk away from the conflict carries unacceptable political risks , undermining his ability to
222 for its intended purpose carries additional dangers-cats can carry undetected diseases and parasites that can be dangerous to
223 . Both times she retreated to Oklahoma and her roots , carrying unexpected baggage of regret . Hill spoke of her feelings in an
224 in the world , the whole fantastical yada yada -- Jackson carries us to the Shire , home of the hobbit Bilbo Baggins (
225 the Palestinian- **26;157;TOOLONG conflict of 100 years long , carries with a backlog of hatred , animosity , unintelligible to this lot
226 problems in this field is the baggage that the term UFO carries with it . DAVID-MUIR-1-ABC-# (Voiceover) UFO
227 and because it is so unusual , I think , it carries with it a degree of responsibility . # But moral
228 the display feature . Consequently , any implementation will carry with it limitations . Scatterplots , for example , may be
229 faces , or to emphasize the air of coiled violence they carried with them . // It worked . // In contrast , the
230 its goals . # Third , a number of sanctions also carry with them secondary boycotts -- in other words , the impeding of
231 minute , full of the promise of the now life they carry within . What 's with the rest of us ? It turns
232 . This sound that was so devastating because for me it carried within it the totality of not understanding the inhumanity that
233 consciousness can replace ritual acts , that the Temple we carry within ourselves can not be destroyed , and that the world we
234 . " You lie before the Shrine itself . None will carry you away . " # Maeredhiel had nearly made up her mind
235 lie detector tests ? " THOMAS : Because the D.A . carried you in their pockets during ... J. RAMSEY : But then do
236 by redistribution by which you can sit and the government will carry you up . It does n't exist . It is not possible
237 Almighty , everlasting God , while the Blessed Virgin Mary was carrying your Son in her womb , you inspired her to visit Elizabeth
238 always pack at least one extra change of clothes in the carry - on bag . As a baby , our son was a
239 . # They arrive at the center , he said , carrying " years and years of records , sometimes decades , " showing
240 Roger Snyder rushed for 307 yards , averaging 12.8 yards a carry , and scored three touchdowns to lead Washington &; Jefferson
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241 , much is made of them and the meaning that they carry , how personal they are , how they strike this or that
242 . # Running back Perry Wilson had 86 yards on 10 carries , including touchdown runs of 20 and 37 yards , in Sharpstown
243 schedules and the blank pages of newsprint paper that also carry , indispensably , the advertisements their profits depend on .
244 , thus softening the tax bite that a one-time payout would carry . Besides the sheer numbers of steps involved , the multilayered
245 How 's my daughter-in-law and that grandbaby of mine she 's carrying ? " // " She 's great-finally getting over her morning sickness
246 s What had her husband done ? What guilt was he carrying ? Guilt ? Cathy asked herself . Why had she asked herself
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Collocate search: car
human carry object
1 17 " above the base disk makes lifting the mount from the car trunk or carrying it from the garage to the observing site even easier. Tubular With the mount
2 a little on the way home. By the time the car service driver had carried her box up the stairs, she was composed. The driver politely refused her
3 a nightmare. I wish I were able to get out of my car and carry it across these obstacles. Unfortunately, they are everywhere. So what is the
4 a so-called smart key that lets you unlock and start the car if you're carrying the key fob. A laser cruise control keeps Avalon a set distance from the
5 bet he was scowling. Three people jumped out of the news car, two carrying TV cameras. " I'm gon na get my horse, " Olivia muttered
6 boots are as clean and pressed as they were in the car. He is carrying Lila's clothes. Somehow he has had time to neatly fold them. #
7 car is parked at a lobster pound. Homer sits in the car watching Wally carrying Candy's bag to the door. Candy stands outside the car; she shakes
8 children stood on the stone porch. As we walked to my car, I carried a covered canary and knew that if I looked back at the upstairs window Rachel
9 Creech, who was deathly afraid of snakes, remained in the car. Campbell carried the burlap feed sack, reluctantly trailing Rudisell through broom sedge to the old dam
10 dancing fireflies. // The dog barely stirred as Brad climbed out of the car and carried him toward the house. Ashley had left every light on, as usual.
11 dateline.msnbc.com Mr-L-POTASH: This baby is being delivered back and forth in car seats and carried around. That tender membrane surrounding the skull fracture is still subject to
friction and
12 descent. # Luke carries two bulging bags of groceries from the car. Pamela carries flowers draped in thick lilac paper while Sue, with groceries in one arm walks
13 end to the other and prepared to camp out in the first car. They carried an alarm clock to make sure to wake up a half hour before the dawn
14 EXT. DRIVEWAY - NIGHT Gabriel lifts the sleeping Noelle out of the car. Carries her into the house. Mary shuts the door behind them. 327 INT.
15 Flemming I would call often, I went out to my car. Paul had carried out my things and put them in the trunk. He was waiting for me
16 Good Samaritans running to the nearest parking lot, locating an AED-equipped car, and carrying the victim to that car. Imagine if this could all be done within five
17 greater likelihood that the driver of a Mercedes Benz or other luxury car will be carrying a lot of money or will be in possession of valuables, such as jewelry
18 hands found these things automatically). When his mother came to the car, carrying the green and tan valise that was hers in miniature, his father twisted it
19 his black fingers. After she opened the house he returned to the car and carried Margaret, asleep through all of this, head bobbing beyond the bend of his
20 home to face the music after you've wrecked the family car. The ones carrying the chair are young men, mostly in military uniform. It's that older
21 I have to go. # He starts to move toward the car, still carrying the tire. Roland steps in front of him. They both keep moving.
22 in his tiny beige office figuring out who would drive what car, who would carry which flashlight and who would hit the door of the apartment first. # Shortly
23 like the Milky Way. Raymond Potter came out of the car smiling, and carried ## in a leg of wild boar, the ingredients for a ratatouille, a
24 looks up as his train comes into a station. Lisa enters the car, carrying a stack of comix. He stands, they kiss, he takes the comix.
25 New York Hilton with a friend. They had just left a car; each carried a bag filled with jewels. # Four men with knit masks pulled over their
26 n't resist seeing one so intriguingly described. Margaret hurried to her car and returned carrying a bundle wrapped in a cotton bedsheet. With Sylvia's assistance, she unfolded
27 often showing up in shorts, pulling his clubs out of the car trunk and carrying his bag, just like most of the regulars. He also takes notes,
28 or she jumped from the building or had been hit by a car and then carried to the sidewalk. The medical team put her on a litter, take the
29 Owl on the beach near Seacoast as I returned to my car. He was carrying the same type of heavy trash bag the pol ios used when they crossed in
30 place. # He threw his suitcase into the trunk of the car, then carried his metal toolbox and shoved it onto the passenger seat. Then he climbed into
31 promise me something else. " # They got out of the car, Cory carrying her untouched bowl of fruit salad in front of her. # " What's
32 radio system that allows users to pull the XM Radio tuner from the car and carry it into the home or office. # Meanwhile, IBiquity Digital Corp. of
33 seen Elizabeth all week. She will come out to the car and help him carry in the armfuls of fresh bread. The girls will be playing in the yard
34 shopping bag on his lap as Jon pushes him toward the car. Wendy also carries shopping bags. AT THE CAR -- Lenny is already inside. With Wendy's
35 thank you to the old man and then came toward the car. He was carrying a brown paper bag and a Styrofoam cup with coffee in it. When he
36 Tie a rope around the vine mass to put it in your car trunk or carry it home. # With your clippers, divide the vines into seven-foot sections,
37 time I see him, asking if he needs me to park his car or carry his luggage. With the economy down, we need something to boost us up
38 to ask him to trim her pecans. After she loaded the car, she carried the paddles back. A security light had come on and partially illuminated the porch
39 took her infant with her, would leave the baby in the car seat and carry her with her to look at the dog. Would tell a story about how
40 walking towards them with the intention of helping them out of the car, and carrying their cooler, as well as the umbrellas, windbreakers, hankies, espadrilles,
41 was night, and Ensel was lifting me out of the car seat. She carried me into the building, toward my living quarters. When we came to a
42 We left a note for his parents and took the rental car. # I carried him into the store, and we each chose fudgesicles. On our way out
43 went back to his desk. He made three trips out to his car, carrying boxes of junk, and when he came back for the last time his employees
44 who are trying to remove them. The crowd circles the car. Several people carry what clinic protectors sometimes call AKCs: signs that say ABORTION KILLS CHILDREN. One
45 wrecker yard with chunks and pieces of bodies still in the car. " # Carrying a small spade " for excavation, " Love approached the Corolla and examined the
46 you Wednesday. GRACE Yes, call. Sgt. Burke emerges from his car, carrying a plastic bag. GRACE (CONT'D) Is there news? Burke takes
47 - thankfully it wasn't full - then rescued two ladies from the car. Carried the last one out just before the whole thing blew up, according to round
48 , a fund-raising executive. " I don't normally think of car thieves as carrying weapons. It's very scary. For me, the wrong place at the
49 . " Hair Deborah home, Susan falls asleep in the car, so Rob carries Suze upstairs and puts her to bed. And there they on his chest,
50 . # * Carry all heavy gifts to and from the car before eating. Carrying heavy items causes you to bear down and tighten all muscles, including the abdominal
51 . It was red, the same color as my folks' car. I carried it home and put it in a pillowcase and stuck it under the mattress.
52 . JIM'S HOUSE - DAY Jim's dad gets out of his car, carrying his briefcase. INT. JIM'S HOUSE - CONTINUING Jim's dad comes in
53 . Lim watched as he lifted the house and then the car high overhead and carried them away. At the door a breeze filled the paper shells with a snap
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1 approached by VPRacing Fuels, which offered discounted methanol for his car if Gordon would carry VP's decal on his car. Bickford offered to go further: He and
2 night. Two were charged with stripping parts from a parked car and three with carrying a sawed-off shotgun and drugs in a car, police said. # " Crime
3 really need to see what she does all day? She drives her car and carries her dogs places and goes to openings of clubs. BEHAR: Do you think
4 turntable and a couple of little speakers I'd put in my car. Maybe carried 10 records. But no one cared. I just played them over and over
5 was right there to help remove her stretcher from the baggage car where they always carried the dying and the dead in those days. And I never forgot what she
vehicle carry object

1 a friend left in one car and were soon followed by a second car, carrying three more teenagers, including Anthony Simoene and Tom Maloney, who says he had
2 a nearby Union Pacific train, said company spokesman John Bromley. One car was carrying appliances and the rest were empty. # Trade deficit soars to' Grand Canyon
3 a waggon to launch from wherever the clients wished. Its open wicker car could carry six adults; indeed, the idea of six people of mixed sexes packed in
4 an editorial discussing the successful attack by a remotely controlled aircraft on a car apparently carrying Al Qaeda members asked rhetorically if the world had descended so far towards
anarchy that
5 Conestoga wagon drawn by four live horses and a float pulled by a car and carrying the world's largest peanut on two legs. Other wildly fanciful floats were backed
6 engines (much like the engine in a Mazda RX-7 sports car), can carry four passengers (a six-person version is on the drawing boards) and has a
7 first experiments with electrical vehicles. (Andreas Locomeli was planning a car that would carry people and cargo on metal rails from Rome to Ostia.) Then, twelve
8 one week ago Tuesday, she says, the target was a car that was carrying a Katyusha rocket about to be launched, which Israel sees as a more serious
9 really get that lucky, we continue to wonder, or had that car merely carried out a visitor being given the royal treatment? # We'll never know.
10 spell for the television reporter H-E-R-S-E. and which he would agree meant the car to carry the dead. In December on a Thursday, the minivan pulled up by Earl
11 to the east from the bomb site. Perhaps that was the car that was carrying the device. But it must have been an extremely powerful explosive, and I
12 who want one car that can do it all: A **39;1219;TOOLONG car that can carry the kids, climb snow-covered mountains, roam sandy beaches, haul hardware, move
13 with the candidate, into another dimension. # But eventually a car pulls up carrying Mrs. Nenette Cmarada, " Claudine's Mom, " as her nametag says,
14 " Sidebar OUR 100-MPG CAR OUR GOAL WAS SIMPLE: Create a car that can carry a family of four tinder its own power-no umbilical cord to the electric grid allowed
15 " threein-one " policy to encourage carpooling, demanding that every car on major thruways carry at least three passengers when passing through special zones from 4:30 p.m. to 7:30
p.m
16 , after Draper's wife runs off the road in a car that is also carrying his two children, he suggests she see a shrink to explore the possibility she
17 , along with stories of visits to Dursey Island on a cable car that can carry six people and one cow or one person and 10 sheep. # If you
18 . # Sita's mother and father were walking slowly toward a car that would carry them back to the main house. Bent and weary, they seemed oblivious to
19 . They're walking perhaps a hundred yards or so to a car waiting to carry them into Cape Town. Carole Simpson of ABC is in Johannesburg and has been
accompany (Southern)
1 , true to her no-frills nature, had declined his offer of a car to carry her and satchels of personal documents from a local hotel to his downtown law office
duplicate
1 -- thankfully it wasn't full -- then rescued two ladies from the car. Carried the last one out just before the whole thing blew up, according to the
irrelevant
1 and specifically kill certain cancer cells. # June designed his CAR T cells to carry receptors for an antigen called CD-19, found on the surface of some leukemia cells
2 And the nurse looks at us, I have her in the car seat, carrying around, the nurse says, good luck. I said, wow, that
3 at work to go out and buy it, just as car owners have to carry automobile insurance. But that means the Federal Government would have to subsidize people who
4 chief, says he's on the verge of giving Elliott a car that can carry them to the championship. # * On the Web: **27;101;TOOLONG # PONTIAC --
5 communication equipment. He could call an astronaut on the moon from that car. Carries its own air supply in case someone gasses the outside air. Totally bulletproof --
6 deadlier. Bullets became pipe bombs, and pipe bombs became car bombs. In carrying out his early errands, Fulton followed instructions handed down by his handlers in British
7 drug trafficking, kidnapping, extortion, bank robberies, and car theft, often carried out with the use of high-powered arms, has been especially visible (Prensa Libre
8 equipped with electronic systems that transfer road-use fees automatically, identifying your car from information carried by a sticker or transponder on the vehicle. Drivers from other
parts of the
9 for two car families and trips with a babysitter. # Evenflo car seats are carried by Toys-R-Us, retail stores, and national baby store chains. High Chair #
10 has gone in to some of the recent attacks. The Belfast car bombing was carried out in the constituency of Northern Ireland's first minister Peter Robinson, of the
11 It takes much wire - 85 pounds of copper in the average car - to carry high currents. Doubling the voltage halves that current. # Tiny 12-volt alternators are
12 of sinewy mountain roads near Frazier Park, Calif., and neither car seemed to carry the performance edge. We could confidently dive into a corner in the G37 and
13 that are unconscionable -- kneel or starve. CLANCY# The government points to car bombings carried out by its opponents like this one Thursday that it says killed at least 16
14 the contaminants that linger in the soil. Former parking lots and car washes often carry metals, PAHs, petroleum products, solvents, or surfactants. Demolished commercial or
15 up, go forward, back up, go forward rocking the car until momentum carries it onto the ramp. # Honey, are you all right? -- Honey
16 us to live below our means. We've never owned a new car or carried a balance on our credit card. # Why rent a movie when you can
17 waitress sighed and said, " I don't have a car. My brother carries me. He runs a ministry out of his home.. " # I
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18 was getting the hang of Gerald's route. Mom's car - it still carried her smell, a sort of perfumed Tide, despite the spliffs I'd begun
19 when the prime rises, but they lag when it falls. Car leases generally carry lower monthly payments than a loan for the same vehicle would, so leasing is
20 , crossing the snow-crusted lawns to the curb, her borrowed car. # They carried on this way until Rebecca died. During shiva, Lillian joined her brother and
21 , GM's chief negotiator. " It's alarming. Every car we make carries a $622 price tag for health care. " # That works out to a
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Collocate search: truck
human carry object
1 . DAY. KATHARINE'S VOICE CONTINUES. Hana comes out to the truck, carrying her small bundle. Caravaggio effects some introduction, beginning with the woman driver,
2 . Hay lugar para esconderla? We can't reach the truck if we're carrying her. Is there somewhere to hide her? Enrique thinks, trying not to
3 . Six men wearing helmets and rubber outfits jumped off the truck. One man carried an ax. Another fireman reached for a long hose and attached it to a
4 A few years back, I occasionally needed laborers to help unload a truck or carry some building materials. After many unsuccessful attempts to get the " Hungry, Will
5 a killing shot. By the time I'd fetched the truck, Rafael had carried the Coues off the hill and Dave looked mighty happy. " Will he make
6 an arm full of vegetable. She watches her parents exit the truck. Francesca carries her groceries, walking briskly through the front gate and entering the house. Richard
7 and his brother begin unloading gallons of paint from the bed of the truck and carrying them up the stairs. It takes each boy four trips. It is 3
8 and monitor him to avoid stranding him too far from the truck and having to carry him, in the humiliation of gracelessness, back to the truck. # At
9 big duffel bags on the front step and went back to the truck. Harry carried them inside. " Hey, I'd have done that for you. "
10 forklifts and cranes moving the loads of scrap out of the truck containers, workers carried it by hand or in pushcarts. From atop the factory's administration building,
11 harsh duties. The men unloaded crates and stuffed boxes from a flatbed truck, carrying the items to transports, three big trucks -- one of which was being worked
12 he and the other prisoners were ordered into an open-bed military truck. Four soldiers carrying automatic weapons sat across from them. # The soldiers told the Muslims that they
13 keep the peace while McCullum carried his belongings out to his truck. He carried out his clothes. Then, while the officer watched, he carried out a
14 Lucky for me. " Uncle Labe was waiting in the truck when Ben arrived carrying a large cardboard carton. " Sorry to keep you waiting. " " Fact
15 of fresh tortillas and other goods from the back of a white pickup truck and carrying them inside Taqueros, a fast-food Mexican restaurant in Mission Viejo that he owns with
16 of our house. The guy gets out of the UPS truck. He's carrying a big box. He puts it down on our front steps. My wife
17 or some such thing. When she got out of the pick-up truck, she carried her things with difficulty. And we stood there watching the driver help her.
18 parking lot just before noon Dec. 19 was stopped by a pickup truck whose driver carried a 12-gauge shotgun in his lap and stole a camera bag containing more than $
19 pushing it backward into a lightpole and a truck. The TRUCK'S OWNER, carrying mulch from the feed store, watches as his truck slides toward him. (
20 showed up with the fish fryer in the back of his truck. When he carried it into the back yard, he discovered she'd set up a table there
21 soldiers set out to patrol downtown Port-au-Prince in a white U.N. truck. They carry heavy automatic weapons, guns that can fire up to 200 rounds. Army Private
22 the sky. I followed him down the sidewalk to the truck. He was carrying his shotgun. # The back roads were dry, covered with patches of loose
23 then he stretched and fastened the tarp across the bed of the truck. Ellis carried a load of boxes and put them under the tarp, along with two old
24 trying to stretch a kink out. A worker emerged from the moving truck, carrying a large cardboard box. She smiled and spoke to him briefly, gesturing toward
25 want a sports car. Other times, we might want a pickup truck to carry something somewhere. The idea of car sharing is you have access to that when
26 while the Americans in Dickies and bandanas lined up at the lunch truck. She carried all her money with her all the time, clipped around her waist, cell
27 's license. That is the same license that the DMV requires truck drivers to carry in order to drive a truck. (he takes the license out of his

1 , outspoken, has even threatened to use his police force to arrest truck drivers carrying nuclear waste to Yucca Mountain. But that scenario is unlikely, but the mayor
2 9: 02 a.m. explosion. # -- Pieces of the rental truck used to carry the bomb were traced back to a Junction City agency where employees identified McVeigh as
3 attention.' That stopped me. # " We returned with the truck to carry loot for the soldiers, mainly furniture. They didn't keep all the stuff
4 been called up. Shagren said what sparked the proclamation was concern over truck drivers carrying dairy products not being able to drive more than 12 hours a day due to
5 know how I ever got out of Albemarle County in my truck since I was carrying that third person we called us.' I love you. P.S. The photos
6 ninety-day growing season. # That deer that I struck with the truck, and carried home, the one that I hung out in the barn: on the fifth
7 penetrated his brain. He was thrown into the back of a deuce-and-a-half truck and carried south in a pile of wounded and dying men, who may have saved his
8 's sister Baby Lou at shortstop). He had driven the truck today and carried a fourth of the box, and it was generally guessed he was the one
9 so far. The FBI is checking the records of all truck drivers licensed to carry hazardous materials. That includes explosives and poison. Now that is according to sources
10 time you've driven your tractor to tend the fields, and your truck to carry the crop to the refinery, and powered your refinery, the best-case " energy
ambigiguous
1 , I will still be on it. " # Inside her truck, Hill carried with her a Bible. It was found in Roberts' home that day in
2 around it built to keep things in and climbs on the truck itself to be carried off. One thing touches on another, that's what I'm pronouncing as
3 captured. I mean, she was driving a huge tractor-trailer truck up there, carrying supplies to the troops, and was captured by the enemy and came through her
4 Plants are knocked down and ears are harvested and tossed into truck beds to be carried home to the women of the family. # In Hopi tradition it is never
5 were allowed to take in what we wanted, and he hired a truck to carry beds, clothes, and food. # The saddest part for me was kissing

1 # Along the highway, ragged Iraqi civilians loot a burned-out truck that had been carrying flour. # Women turn from the looting to expose a single breast to U.S.
2 # As a measure of the size of the stockpile, one large truck can carry about 10 tons, meaning that the missing explosives could fill a fleet of almost
3 # In 1948 there was one tent, a bar truck, a truck to carry equipment and a fold-up two-holer toilet. Now it's like moving a town.
4 , is 800 feet deep and 1.5 miles long. The truck at right can carry more than 200 tons of ore. (Photo by Ashley Gilbertson for The New
5 . A couple weeks later, an Iraqi patrol found a tanker truck suspected of carrying chlorine for bombs. The Iraqis drove that back to Thrasher as well, without
6 a hearing Nov. 13. # The government alleges McVeigh rented the Ryder truck that carried the bomb on the afternoon of April 17, 1995, and he and codefendant
7 abundant circumstantial evidence. # The government will assert that the 20-foot Ryder truck that carried the bomb to Oklahoma City was rented from Elliott's Body Shop in
Junction City
8 bomb blasts in Iraq this morning. A roadside bomb blew up a truck, carrying construction workers on the outskirts of Baghdad. Three other bombs exploded in central Baghdad
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Collocate search: truck
9 boy was killed instantly. It is small consolation that Curry's truck wasn't carrying anything more dangerous than sand. Next time we may not be so lucky.
10 brought overcrowding and rising crime. # In June 2000, a truck contracted to carry canisters of mercury, a byproduct of mining, spilled 330 pounds of the poisonous
11 car after his arrest, and a rental agreement for the truck allegedly used to carry the bomb. # Although prosecutors were said to have been devastated by the ruling
12 case of a fifth wheel or gooseneck, the kingpin weight) a truck should carry was not standardized. Peter Frantzeskakis, Ford's chair on the SAE committee and
13 convoy with police cars as it traveled along Florida's highways. The truck was carrying nearly half a million ballots from Palm Beach County, which had already been ordered
14 engine, which carries water and a hose, and a rescue truck, which carries the " jaws of life " for extracting trapped people from contained spaces. With
15 February 14, 2005, Hariri and 21 others were killed by a truck bomb carrying 2, 200 pounds of explosives. (n7) <> The assassination of Hariri provoked
16 February 2007 car accident that involved a collision between Cannella's truck and a car carrying two individuals. The two passengers in the other car were killed. Police on
17 fellows. But that's a small price to pay for a truck that can carry you-and every last bit of gear-far off; the beaten track. Sidebar GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
18 going to drive into our home town of Endora, Iowa. One truck will carry the Octopus, another will carry the Tilt-A-Whirl with its blue and red cars,
19 guns surrounded a group of two hundred Jewish men. A truck was waiting to carry them away. Away to where? Jacob scanned the tiny figures for some sign
20 had, a wash like this would not have left the truck clean enough to carry food. CARL-JOHNSON-Tank: Even though the trailer's been cleaned, there's still
21 helped assemble the Dar es Salaam bomb, while Al-'Owhali rode in the truck that carried the bomb to the Nairobi embassy and tossed a stun grenade at a security guard
22 her life and prevented a massive forest fire. But what if the truck had carried a bunch of rapists or escaped convicts or terrorists? She was defenseless in the
23 IMAGES // Illustration Picture omitted: Target. In Pakistan, a truck that was carrying fuel to U.S. forces in Afghanistan -AFP / GETTY IMAGES // Illustration Map omitted:
24 imprinting chairs, control equipment and supplies for both. The truck I was driving carried my own personal workstation, a satlink for handling secure communications with the
main office
25 in Kenya and Tanzania. Prosecutors have not accused him of driving the truck that carried the bomb to the embassy in Kenya. # Because of an editing error,
26 in the attack in Nairobi, in an attempt to identify the pickup truck that carried the explosives. A8 # F.B.I. agents in East Africa have been granted nearly
27 in the Honjo police station. On September 4, the first truck arrived, carrying hadcuffed Koreans. They had already been attacked on the way and many were injured
28 KOTB: You're kidding me. TRAVIS: What was then a Sunbeam bread truck converted to carry musicians and instruments. KOTB: Come on. TRAVIS: And a horse trailer that was
29 'm being driven through enemy territory, feeling the creaking of this truck as it carries priceless gold " -she switched her gaze to Walt- " with no idea of how
30 morning the Marine mission in Beirut took a disastrous turn. A terrorist truck bomb carrying explosives wrapped around gas cylinders detonated inside the BLT barracks, killing
241 people and
31 Ms-ZEGA: We -- we started running and they had a truck for us to carry us up and then I realized, as soon as I got to the truck
32 music landmark, Tower Records on the Sunset Strip. And this armored truck is carrying something other than money; it's carrying the R-MAT test -- the Rhino Musical
33 News: voice-over The investigators today began piecing together the remnants of the truck that carried the bomb, looking for clues that may answer the critical questions who
made it
34 of whatever you throw at it. With the tailgate down, the truck can carry a couple of dirt bikes, a snowmobile, or the ubiquitous 4 x 8
35 Oklahoma City bombing investigation when it caught a picture of the truck believed to be carrying the explosives. Here in England, a surveillance camera helped solve one of the
36 on potential improvements. The four mobile production units, generator truck and two tractor-trailers carrying equipment -- roughly 33 cameras in use on a given night, plus 5 to
37 One of the reasons it was built was to act like a space truck to carry heavy objects into outer space, and one of the reasons to do that was
38 pickup truck full of purloined firewood. But with a single log truck able to carry $ 4,000 to $ 5,000 in timber at today's prices, there have also
39 piling up outside the clinic's garage, waiting for a truck with fuel to carry it to an incinerator. Unless relatives provide clean sheets, patients lie for days
40 Reaction's Exo disaster shelters are designed for easy transport. # One truck can carry anywhere from ten to sixteen nested Exo shells. # Each shell is light enough
41 relief workers in need of antibiotics don't find that the truck they are unloading carries only biscuits and blankets? How do they resettle a port town when residents look
42 she sounds out what words she can see on their signs as the truck swiftly carries her past them. " Wrong, " she quotes. " Evil, "
43 specially-equipped SUVs, full of heavily-armed federal marshals; an armored truck in the middle carries the gold. # CUT TO: # EXT. ANOTHER STREET - SAME TIME
44 standard tow/haul mode on all automatic transmissions that modifies shift points when the truck is carrying a heavy load. # Also at GMC, the Jimmy gets a new theft
45 still trying to determine if a second man helped rent a truck believed to have carried the bomb. Federal investigators have evidence linking the two main suspects in the case
46 that, Colonel? " " There is a distinct possibility that the truck was carrying a back-up tactical rocket, and that one-or both-rockets were dirty tac-nukes: low yield
47 the government's claim that it was McVeigh who rented the Ryder truck that later carried the bomb. STEPHEN JONES, Timothy McVeigh's Attorney: The witnesses describe
somebody
48 The old man was still crying, but silently. Then the same truck that carried the bodies of Goldmann and the vintner's family burst through the gate. Several
49 the same Ryder truck-rental office in Jersey City where he had rented the truck that carried the bomb. He was demanding his deposit back as the FBI swooped in.
50 the smoke also drove into the flame and after it this truck, which was carrying water. Everyone was killed. The firefighters who have already capped about 100 wells
51 thrift stores and threw out a great deal more. Then a truck arrived and carried off silver, china, rugs, paintings, furniture. Finally, they swept
52 when the Navy Seals fired at close range at a pickup truck they said was carrying a machine gun. # The Pakistanis not only saw no machine gun, but
duplicate
1 Monday, at Elliott's Body Shop, McVeigh rented the Ryder truck authorities say carried the bomb. On Tuesday, he drove to Oklahoma City. On Wednesday,
irrelevant
1 boat moving down his street as though it had a pilot. His truck was carried off a knoll of land, then carried back almost to where it came from
2 had brought it all with him, tossed in the bed of a truck and carried along. Maybe he planned to move in with me; I wouldn't know
3 the big root where Carry'd sat, but farther back to the truck. Carry was with her. They had their arms twined around each other. I looked
4 us down with solid walls of human flesh, the inertia of the truck would carry us a long satisfying way. I laid on the horn. Cleetis lost his
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Collocate search: glovebox, glove, compartment
human carry object
1 and pull it down. Head held high and tail straight up, Bud proudly carried the glove off to a mound of bark chips next to the pile of wood
2 like Richard III, both Stalin and Kaiser Wilhelm had withered arms, and frequently carried a glove or other prop to disguise them, McKellen speculated that Hitler's posture

1 for carrying a black magic marker in a vehicle's glove compartment and charged with carrying graffiti contraband. (The marker is considered contraband for teens in this area because
2 he announces, " we have some choices. " He unfolds a map he carries in the glove compartment. Figure out where you're going before you go there
3 miniature IR thermometer from Actron ($50) is small enough and inexpensive enough to carry around in the glovebox. actron.com -- M.A. Photograph: Use an IR thermometer to check
4 the autolocator before turning the car on again. He dug out the flashlight he carried in the glove box and clicked it on. Nothing happened. Of course,
ambiguous
1 suffocate, because Volvos have an opening from the trunk to the main compartment for carrying skis. I wanted him alive. Comfortable wasn't a priority. I forced
duplicate
1 he announces, " we have some choices. " He unfolds a map he carries in the glove compartment. Figure out where you're going before you go there
irrelevant
1 designated hitter, is listed as 39. However, German Mesa was considered to carry a major-league glove at shortstop. It isn't known whether the moves are permanent
2 Firebow was done, we had a pipe running through the life support compartment that carried a slurry of subsurface regolith. Anika Popalarkis had rigged a jacket of plastic around
3 . " Delores got up and looked into the cluttered engine compartment. The air carried the strong odor of gasoline, and she saw fuel drip from a severed copper
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Collocate search: trunk
human carry object
1 2133796 In 1822 a young man named Samuel Comstock boarded the whaleship Globe carrying a trunk full of garden seeds. But Comstock was not a naturalist; he
2 again to talk to her. She held up a small lidded box. She carried it to the trunk, set it down and opened the lid. " These
3 feel of warm wool against her skin as she was wrapped in a blanket and carried. The dark trunk of a car... # The driver wore the black uniform
4 hid in a trunk in 1997. # PHOTO (COLOR): Two men carry the trunk from Einhorn's apartment. A guru's glory days: An avant-garde
5 in shock. " Umph! " She crashed into the higher pagoda trunk. Carrying the narrow pole with her, she tumbled to the ground, unable to breathe
6 into the cold, dusty street. Marcel called a young Arab to help him carry his trunk, but argued on principle over the payment. His opinion, which
7 natives, and you consider what you want to unpack from the trunk that you carried from the old world. Rigor and information fluency matter, no matter the medium
8 reached the front of the line, men in white nurses' uniforms offered to carry El to the trunk. No, Karen said, she would do it,
9 strange man. Her two older brothers still living at home had been ordered to carry her little trunk down the stairs and out to Mr. Bates' buckboard. Her
10 That way, two people, one at each end of the trunk, could carry him through the forest to the highway, where they would flag down a vehicle
11 the household-staff palace, the etchings were folded, put into a trunk, and carried to the Farnese palace. 88 But 7,084 prints on paper are many, and even
12 they left behind a thin scrawl of blood. One, an animated trunk, carried his severed head inside a brown canvas poke. Another, a girl with braids
13 to read his mind. Then there was the climber who insisted the Sherpa porters carry his backbreaking steamer trunk all the way through the Icefall to Camp II. #
14 to the train and mounted one step and then turned to their driver, who carried Forrest's trunk, and said " You know Sylvie " and opened her clenched
15 where she found several white cardboard boxes from the bakery in the trunk. She carried them inside and walked back to the storeroom. # Maggie was working near the
16 who had already begun to move on. A rough-looking porter, laboring behind, carried my trunk upon his back. Our little parade reached dockside in good order.
17 " " There is always hope while -- " " Get two servants, and carry my trunk up here. " " My lady, you can not mean to
18 , and I manage to lift the whole heavy cooler out of the trunk, carry it to the door. The fans are whirling, beating the air. I
19 , her hair in cornrows. Her father was built like a football star and carried her trunk on his shoulder. Marla's mother came down -- the whole family
20 . He stumbled over a cobblestone, and would have dropped the trunk he was carrying if Bao hadn't caught it. " Can you turn into a bear?

1 , like those in Mazdas, opening a passage to the neatly upholstered trunk for carrying large objects. # Popular prices. General Motors officials hope that with Japanese features
2 after Nixon resigned, my father began selling the Mr. America Body Sculpting kits, carrying them in the trunk of his Chevy Impala and wholesaling them door to door.
3 and an empty gasoline can. (Never, under any circumstances, should you carry gasoline in your trunk.) Putting car care at the top of your list
4 but Nam didn't move any faster. Instead, Nam dropped the log she carried in her trunk. The mahout whipped again, and again, then hit Nam
5 following survival kit and keep it in your backpack. You might also like to carry it in the trunk of your car for the time you break down 40 miles
6 gutter, we had nothing of value to speak of and no reason to keep carrying stuff in our trunk, so we started throwing his junk away. My mother
7 have not used my " emergency relief kit " yet, but I continue to carry it in my trunk because it gives me peace of mind, especially when I
8 It was clear that something square and heavy with four legs or wheels had been carried in the trunk. Because the trunk was found in the open position it was
9 stuff and that is a vital part of the equation. You can't just carry it in a trunk across lines and the delivery systems is an area that we
10 was pretty sure it was a contraband dragon -- and then lit out of Texas carrying it in his trunk. He explained that coming to Red Star, well,
11 you time to get to a service station. Sand, ashes or kitty-litter, carried in the trunk, also can be a godsend for traction. As with most

1 . The two-door all-wheel-drive vehicle fits four adults, has a trunk big enough to carry their luggage, boasts auto-dimming " smart glass, " and features a shark-like snout
2 was no exterior access to luggage space. (The small rear " trunk " carried the spare.) // The DB2 weighed only 2,453 pounds, so it was fast
3 to the nation's highways. (Footage-of-David-R) RATHER: (Voiceover) And every one of them carries in the trunk a potentially deadly defect, says San Francisco attorney David
Rand.
duplicate
1 17 " above the base disk makes lifting the mount from the car trunk or carrying it from the garage to the observing site even easier. Tubular With the mount
2 often showing up in shorts, pulling his clubs out of the car trunk and carrying his bag, just like most of the regulars. He also takes notes,
3 Tie a rope around the vine mass to put it in your car trunk or carry it home. # With your clippers, divide the vines into seven-foot sections,
irrelevant
1 , the red tag says' the President.' This is his trunk for carrying hats? DIANA BROOKS: I guess. LARRY KING: He didn't wear
2 CDs, trying to choose something she would like, just in case the sound carried into the trunk, but he couldn't figure out what would be appropriate so
3 dug him from a bog in the townland of Clonycavan. His head and trunk carried marks of deliberate violence, inflicted before he was cast into the mire: His
4 officials could begin replacing a piece of the 70-year-old Orme Street trunk line, which carried sewage from Downtown. # He said workers may begin later today to spray concrete
5 parlor. In the hallway leading to the bathroom sat the pine trunk that had carried the family's possessions across an ocean. It was now a chest for clothes
6 pencil points at the ends of her arms, when the trunk of her body carries so much weight.) So much of her life these days rests in those
a15
Collocate search: seat, backseat, frontseat
human carry object
1 a first-floor neighbor, had seen Forestine get out of thedriver's seat and literally carry her father to the front door. Of course she called Hattie. Hattie decided
2 bearing a miniature No. 6 and a tiny Mark Martin car. # Denbek has carried a toilet seat with Gordon's picture in the middle to races at Darlington,
3 Field. In the eighth inning, the subject returned to his upper-deck seat, carrying a Philly cheesesteak, when a pop foul began coming his way. Subject reached
4 filled, but halfway down she saw what she thought was an empty seat. Carrying her valise, she made her way down the aisle and set it on the
5 free. That's when I realized that we weren't alone. A woman carrying a baby car seat was coming up behind us. I stepped onto the lawn
6 from the car. I picked up the black box by the convenient handle and carried it to a seat on the porch. Paul kissed me. My uncles'
7 from the post-funeral brunch, he had removed the crate from his back seat and carried it into the garage, where he set it atop his workbench, telling himself
8 glasses and short wavy hair, Suzanne lifted her sixty-five-pound daughter from the backseat and carried her inside. Brianne had missed the previous day of school with a low-grade
fever
9 hard-core Elvis fan in attendance. He wears mutton-chop sideburns and a gold chain and carries a seat cushion that's embroidered with the words, " I Want You,
10 his driveway. He parked the car, lifted Alice from her seat, and carried her up a sloping walk surrounded by flower boxes thick with blossoming azaleas. The
11 in showers of sparkling shards. Onlookers cheered, dragged him from his seat and carried him in triumph on their shoulders until police arrived and dispersed the crowd. #
12 in the ditch and removed the leather bag strapped to the seat, and he carried the bag in his right hand and walked, and then in his left hand
13 into the driveway. Krendler gathers up the grocery bag from the passenger seat and carries it toward the front door of his cottage, which also happens to be Lecter
14 Marine officers had taken the simple expethent of picking it up by its seat and carrying her here in it. # The sight triggered a thousand memories for Seth,
15 plate in such a short time. Paolo slid into the seat beside him, carrying his own plate. It would have been less embarrassing if they had finished together
16 ribs, and sternum. Unable to rise from a low bench seat, he carries a small folding stepladder to snug close to the front of the blind. His
17 rying to finish when he started to shriek and push her hand away. She carried the baby seat back into the living room, parked it near the sofa,
18 station when I discovered that I had left my wallet on my seat. # Carrying a heavy gym bag, I ran three blocks to try to catch up to
19 the mother's car. He grabbed the boy out of the back seat, carried him about 15 feet and laid him down on the side of the road.
20 took her infant with her, would leave the baby in the car seat and carry her with her to look at the dog. Would tell a story about how
21 was night, and Ensel was lifting me out of the car seat. She carried me into the building, toward my living quarters. When we came to a
22 We were going to have to buck him. I was going to have to carry JFK to the backseat of my car and take him to the vet on my
23 do us harm. " Is the man in the next seat in the plane carrying a bomb? " " Is the woman I met in the Internet chat room
24 , he bent down and picked up my body from the cold ground. He carried me to the backseat of his car, turned on the heat, pulled a
25 . " The article tells the story of a partially paralyzed baseball fan who was carried to his seat by friends to watch the " exciting game " in Dodger Stadium
26 . // When he arrives at Toyota Center tonight, the Rockets might have serfs carry him to his seat, bring cool beverages and fan him with palm leaves if
27 . We sat down for breakfast. A collection of covered silver chafing dishes were carried to my seat. OK, that's it. " Tony...? "

1 Law, a bicyclist must have operational brakes, a fixed seat and may not carry riders on the handlebars. (T) 82.1 10.7 7.1 1.75 15.38* (0.58
2 license, for example. # In the door pockets and back seat, he carries manuals of rules, citation tablets, maps, a cattle brand book, a
3 portable computers are attached to separate antennas. In the front seat, I'm carrying a gadget slightly larger than an electric shaver. It's Trimble Navigation's Scoutmaster
4 seat belt fit necessary for driver and front seat passengers. # If you frequently carry rear seat passengers, examine the ease of entry and exit to the rear passenger
5 told him that he had said he'd bought one, and that he was carrying it behind the seat of his pick-up. Mr-SPIES: (In court) So
6 . He envisions Andrea walking, getting drenched, then notices the old umbrella he carries in the back seat. He knows he is being foolish, and overprotective,
7 : Yeah. KEN: So that takes - go to the luggage. I carry it under my seat. But what's fascinating I found out by accident is

1 roomy comfort for four passengers. With a little scrunching, each back seat can carry three occupants. Furthermore, these sedans all offer a split bench in front so
2 cars are each driven by a 70-horsepower electric motor. They seat eight and can carry up to 20 passengers. Air-bag suspension systems cushion the ride. Sensors within the
3 lane of a road. When it is rebuilt, it will seat two and carry over 1,000 pounds. That's 1,000 pounds plus two 300-pound riders in the cab
irrelevant
1 And the nurse looks at us, I have her in the car seat, carrying around, the nurse says, good luck. I said, wow, that
2 ass. " They laced their hands together and eased the woman into a seat carry. With Shaun on the other side, she didn't weigh as much as
3 children riding in the front in rear-facing infant or car seats (which these days carry warnings against frontseat placement) or children or adults who were unbelted or improperly
belted
4 numbers: In his losing 1990 bid for a D.C. Council at-large seat, Barry carried the ward with 6,000 votes; the most Rolark has ever managed is 3,200.
5 Ocala, and Terry LaDey deplanes without incident, even checking under his seat for carry on articles. Terrance LaDey meets him beyond the metal detector, face concerned but
6 seat) is included that folds neatly into an oversized rear armrest. Headroom also carries well into the backseat, unlike its sportier competition in this group. The Volvo
7 she, for all I know, may have been in a stroller or a carry seat. How was she taken out of a Chuck E. Cheese? BAIRD:
8 this week of just how unpopular Gingrich is. The Democrats, in a seat carried last by a Democratic incumbent with 60 percent of the vote- they turned an off-year
9 to 9 percent for paraplegics. The results suggest that armrests reduce seat forces by carrying some of the body weight. # Key words: behavior, cushions, decubitus
10 've never known whether she likes me or not. She is the sort who carries her catbird seat around with her. I don't think she ever had anywhere
11 your cart: Nothing. Baby Katy gone. She had been sleeping in her carrying seat, a blanket over her head, inside your cart. And now the
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Collocate search: gun(s), pistol(s), firearm(s), rifle(s), or shotgun(s)
Human carry in vehicle

1 he grabbed his car, got out of the trunk and got the gun he carried for protection in the trunk of his car, and ran up and put his
2 I have rifles and shotguns and I still have the.45 pistol that I was carrying when I crashed a plane in Yugoslavia returning from a bombing mission in World War
3 right there, and I could easily have pulled out the 250/3000 Savage rifle I carried in my saddle scabbard and shot him. But I didn't. And sometimes
4 . We asked the Marine about the guns he was carrying in his car, the guns that got him into big trouble at the
5 carried on watercraft fall under the same laws as firearms carried in vehicles. # In addressing the increasing problems with boat theft and fake
6 metal detectors must be treated like guns -- disassembled and carried in the trunks of their cars. # " Metal detecting is very popular
All other
1 10-gauge blank. The result, in essence, is a bull-barrel shotgun. It carries like a lead pipe but shoots like a laser. Browning's BPS Game Gun
2 870 in 2001, they went the 16-on-12 route, making a gun that " carried like a heavy 12-gauge, hit like a wimpy one, and shot harder-to-find ammo
3 a 15-round magazine that is " the gun I trained on, the gun I carry, " he says. " You never know when a situation's going to
4 a.30/30. # The point of all this is that the deer rifle you carry every fall will make a fine moose gun, and that my friend need not
5 ad for North American Arms' mini-revolver touts that " NO gun is easier to carry or conceal. " # There has also been a push to conceal the growing
6 Along with what else? JACKIE: I -- because the gun. SHERRY: Carrying a gun... JACKIE: Two battery charges right now. That's... (
7 an officer's life from the way he shaves to the kind of gun he carries and the bullets he loads in it. # It tells him the circumstances under
8 and drive out the otters. Then Michael would shoot them with the shotgun he carried, barrel down, on a sling over his shoulder. Michael released the feist
9 and he takes off across the plain like he was shot from a gun, carrying all our momentum from the down hill -- hasn't broken stride, keep in
10 as my epitaph. I also decided to rid myself of the rifle. Why carry something I couldn't accurately shoot? By late afternoon I could hardly walk.
11 assault rifles and some kind of anti-tank weapon-possibly a 57mm recoilless rifle. I was carrying ammunition for the M-60 machine gun. Private First Class Harris, from Waukegan,
12 ATF and the FBI, which wanted to question him about the gun he was carrying at the time of his arrest. If he had been smart, he would
13 be 10, 15 minutes away -- and gives you a long gun that he carries on him at this point. That's what we're dealing with here.
14 be. When Marlin designed the Guide, they wanted a rifle that could be carried by... a big-game guide. Since guides have to pack their guns day in
15 border when the Marines said he fired at them with the.22-caliber rifle he was carrying. The Marines were 230 yards away in camouflage clothing, making it unlikely that
16 consider the situation of Ahmadi, the young judge. He packs a gun, carries no identification in case potential kidnappers try to determine whether he works for the government
17 consideration to the public itself. " Like Cooley, other gun advocates say they carry to prevent crimes. " I am not afraid of anything, because I have
disposing of several key federal allegations and pieces of evidence. The gun the Quarrells carried was excluded. Large boxes of sherds seized at both brothers' residences were
18
excluded
19 Early in grouse season last year, Hank had slipped. The shotgun he was carrying had the safety off. He tumbled forward and the gun went off, spraying
20 familiar voice, she dropped her cup and pack, reaching for the gun she carried in a belt holster in the small of her back, and began to turn
21 fast and offers the advantage of greater resolution for older eyes. Whatever gun you carry, practice with it until it becomes an unconscious extension of your arm. Larry
22 few days later that it's not NRA policy to criticize gun owners who legally carry their guns in public. Yet the complaint still reverberates for many gun owners,
23 figure that anyone who's going to commit a crime with a firearm is already carrying it around concealed, meaning that accepting the inevitable, shall we call it,
24 five of the white boys jumped him and he pulled out the gun he had carried just in case. But the boy didn't die. Susann met Jose about
freedom walks " to protest the current law, which allows gun owners to openly carry rifles but generally prohibits openly displayed sidearms. In recent months, open carry
25
demonstrations
26 frugal enough to reuse his old check stubs as notepaper. A gun enthusiast who carried a.45-cal. pistol in a side holster and a.22-cal. pistol in an ankle holster
27 go after misuse of a firearm, and if you use a firearm and you carry it in, if you use it in the commission of a crime, if
28 gradually builds up in the grooves of the rifling and robs accuracy. Gun stores carry the special bore cleaning solvents that do work on copper, and the " shot
29 happy to be confronted with a situation where a civilian draws a gun or is carrying one for any reason. Despite the civilian's good intentions, such a person
30 hard-drinking bully who didn't hesitate to threaten people with the 9mm pistol he always carried in his overalls. The man whom relatives knew was even scarier -- a wife
31 have the authority for the handcuffs. We do not carry a pistol. We carry mace and obviously they're not scared of the mace DORNIN Now the city of
32 his pants and fire. The man has a license for the gun and was carrying it legally. Sgt. Marshall Worling says police and the Blair County district attorney's
33 Humvees. The first Humvee, an opened-backed vehicle with a mounted machine gun, carried seven Marines, a Navy corpsman and a handcuffed Iraqi detainee. As if on
34 jacket and leatber pantaloons, witb bis broad-brimmed bat and Hawken plains rifle tbat be carried witb bim wberever be went; people deferred to bis opinion. Annika looked out
35 Jersey's most deadliest killer. He didn't carry a gun, but he carried a syringe. He's a former nurse who is being sentenced today for murdering
36 kicked open. Gunther &; Riman enter, Gunther with a gun, Riman still carrying the light stand. He immediately bashes the KNQR computer with it. Lisa looks
37 knees, but you know it is not the sort of gun the estranged husband carried when he unlocked that door in your old neighborhood, the old key in the
38 large can of pepper spray is less expensive than a large gun, easier to carry and more effective. Catching and releasing destructive animals is not a good idea-they might
39 long before I get there-adrenaline pumping, thumb at the safety, gun at port carry with the muzzle pointed where I'm expecting the first flush. Coal Country If
40 lots of guns, unlike his intellectual father. Clay showed me the pistol he carries, a semi-automatic Smith &; Wesson.45. He bragged that he can unzip his
41 me and understand what I'm talking about. " " What gun do you carry " I start off shootin' a.22 because it doesn't make as loud
42 mouth. The figure took a step forward and collapsed. The gun he was carrying clattered to the deck. Zavala made a move to retrieve the gun. It
43 must be engaged before the trigger can be pulled. When a nail gun is carried with its trigger depressed, an inadvertent firing can occur if the switch is accidentally
44 noblemen were staring past him, at her. She returned the pistol to her carrying bag. " H saw you were in trouble, " she said, surprised
45 NPCA). // " Our organization is not opposed to gun ownership and people carrying weapons, " says Laura Loomis of the NPCA, " but we just do
46 n't come unarmed if -- and I don't carry a gun. I never carry a gun. But certainly, I wouldn't come by myself at night.
47 n't know the first thing about how to responsibly handle a firearm, let alone carry one in public. Jenny invites us to come up front to practice loading a
48 of intuition about when someone has been skulking in ours. The gun I'd carried to do the LockTrans job was at the bottom of Lake Willoughby, far away
49 older for Ysidra Delgado, more worthy of her respect? Was the gun he carried into the bodega another stage prop for him? Was he too afraid of rejection
50 on our way with a certificate so we can apply for a gun permit to carry a concealed weapon. # Above the blackboard in front of the room hangs a
51 out what to do, but, then he remembered his.12-gauge shotgun he was carrying. Mr. LARSON: Oh, right, right. God, I don't
52 part of the 215-page book is where Moore reports conspiracy theories about the gun Holly carried on the plane. Jerry Dwyer, owner-operator of the charter service where Holly and
a17
53 passing from room to room -- sometimes he'd have a pistol (they both carried 9mm Blackhawks on their hips, like little cowboys) -- and sometimes Quentin would
54 rage blazed in those great golden eyes. Along with the shotgun, Harris also carried his revolver. He drew it now, and aimed it at the bird.
55 REMINGTON 870 16-GAUGE: THE FRAME-UP Uplanders cherish the 16-gauge as the gun that " carries like a 20 and hits like a 12. " To live up to that
56 replied. He was small, like most Afghan men; the machine gun he carried over his shoulder probably outweighed him, making him look like a toy soldier,
Representative Charles Collins, who sponsored legislation in Little Rock that allows gun owners to carry their weapons to church, and Vinny DeMarco, president of Marylanders to
57
Prevent Gun
58 rifle you shot him with? " He gestured roughly at the rifle Esterhazy had carried in, now lying on the floor. # He nodded miserably. # "
59 ru by the roadside. He also caught the tip of the rifle the boy carrying before it disappeared behind the rubble. The truck was serving its purpose well.
60 's distinctive tattoos. My first impulse was to bring up the gun I always carried and destroy the thing. # But I didn't, partly because its face
61 's good cause, and I'm going to let you have a gun to carry because there is an extended police response, and there is a lot of crime
62 seem underfoot, a noise clicked. Wood on rock, like a rifle butt carried too low. To my right the other m.g. opened at that first snick of
63 She reached into one pocket and checked the charge on the twenty-gauss energy pistol she carried everywhere. " Sure. I'd calculated there was a high probability of deflection
64 stranger. It scared us. So Sid bought me a little gun. I carry it all the time. " # " A gun? Right now? "
65 suggested, he should take the breechblock out of a captured German machine gun and carry it with him-you never knew when it might come in handy. Barkley checked his
66 suicide, perhaps? A car accident? Dallas and the sexy silver pistol she carried strapped to her left thigh? But there was no easy out for me.
67 swept from his head. He laughed, and pulled out the pistol he was carrying and pointed it at her. She stared back fearlessly and laughed at him.
68 Tchemov did not fall to his knees, nor did he unsling the rifle he carried across his back. He did not release his grip on Grarmy, but stared
the District's ban on large-capacity magazines and assault weapons and allow gun owners to carry firearms into post offices and other federal buildings and sites. This political gun
69
fight
70 the insurance issue force them into a settlement. # " Gun distributors won't carry your product if you don't have insurance, " said Tom Deeb, owner
71 the package. At 61/2 pounds in 12 gauge, this is a shotgun that carries easily in the turkey woods. Like all Mossbergs, it has a top safety
72 the signature American helmet. Baker said he saw the Afghan firing a rifle typically carried by the enemy, and Baker thought it was pointed at him. In fact
73 the vehicle in which he had been a passenger, leaving the gun behind but carrying two framed family photographs with him into custody. But even when edited into a
74 they buried him, Mama had a decision to make concerning that pistol he always carried with him. Seems everybody in Pittsylvania County coveted that pistol, and all kinds
75 they were like, Well, I think I should get a gun and start carrying it around school just to protect myself.' And then someone else was like
76 this, but I had my reasons for not doing so. The rifle I carried, a Sako 85 in.338 Federal, is one I've used on numerous
77 TV, a sniper wearing a red ski mask aimed his rifle at a woman carrying a shopping bag. Right then it hit me that I was going to have
78 up to my neck. In addition to my knapsack and rifle, I was carrying a canvas-covered 2-by-2-foot bulky map case that was slung around my neck and left shoulder
79 was in the thick of the action. He says he got the rifle he carries now in hand-to-hand combat. " We went through vicious battles with the Russians,
80 Wisconsin has become one of the most progressive states now for owning a gun and carrying concealed weapons. And we need to go back and look at this. You
81 " Jack's research indicates that most of the guns carried in the East during the l9th century were of.38 to.43 caliber.
82 , and frisk was a deterrent from the bad guys carrying guns, " he says. Police stops have declined from a high of
83 , chasing drug smugglers, and the modern guns he carried then were for serious business. # Now retired and living in Durango,
84 , people to privately conceal guns and firearms that they carry. That was a setback for you. Does this change anything? GOV-PAT-QUINN-(D)
85 , you know, cops always carry their guns but carry them very peacefully. I -- I -- I think it's worth trying
86 . We wouldn't carry guns. We would never carry guns. And one of them, we have a Facebook page displaying both
87 . We're not dangerous. Instead of guns we carry poker chips. MJ: You recently got attacked for calling the Amazon Kindle
88 ... DRUDGE: State troopers with guns. They were carrying guns when they -- when Paula Jones went into the... HOROWITZ: This
89 ? I know you're from Georgia. We can carry guns wherever we want to. I've carried guns. I mean,
90 4 letter (" Clamor to eliminate guns ignores concealed carry permit holders "), asks " Can anyone deny that these many lone
91 a single P-47 aircraft could mount eight machine guns, carry a 500 pound bomb and almost destroy the city of Caracas, Corrigan recommended
92 a struggle. It helped that the semiautomatic pistols cops carried had smooth butts, no exposed hammer like the Python's to accommodate.
93 a third of the men were without rifles. They carried bolo knives, or krisses, or wooden spears. Among the riflemen,
94 above him on the grassy bank. Their rifles were carried casually in crossed arms. Both were looking back toward the ranch house.
95 and rows of jogging troops and those riot guns they carry. " Then she goes out into the chaotic streets and ministers to the
96 And they would say, no. We wouldn't carry guns. We would never carry guns. And one of them, we
97 and wildly unsuccessful campaign for the rights of students to carry guns on public university campuses -- became rather quickly the subject of ridicule.
98 arm. " The men held rifles, and one carried a tomahawk covered with ornaments. Wright couldn't believe his luck: One
99 arming their officers with 9-to-18-shot semiautomatic pistols, many still carry six-shot revolvers that are hardly a match for the weapons many street criminals are
100 attack helicopter fleets to the early-' 60s-designed rifles troops carry on the ground. Key trends will be automation -- unmanned land, air
101 belt rig. Only Slapshot and Stitch brought rifles alongeach carried an HK416 strapped barrel-down on their left side. Extra ammo was secured in
102 busy in statehouses and courthouses removing restrictions on who can carry guns and where they can go with them. In 1987, fewer than
103 can carry guns wherever we want to. I've carried guns. I mean, I'm from Georgia. I'm a southerner
104 Colorado, but people perceive long guns, even when carried benignly, as more aggressive than handguns. " What if all the police
105 could hear the war; the thunder of the guns carried across the English Channel on easterly winds. Mail service to the trenches was
106 do. In response to the increasing number of people carrying guns inside their stores, Chipotle and Starbucks recently asked customers to refrain from
107 DUPE
108 entirely bare-footed. Most are armed with rifles, mainly carried on their shoulders, but at least one has a curved sword, as
109 exercise considerable caution. In addition to the guns he carried, he often drove rental cars on his rounds and took care to vary
110 five trucks, some with heavy-caliber machine guns, all carrying troops armed with AK-47 assault rifles and rocket-propelled grenades, were coming directly at
111 flinging babies into cauldrons or smuggling guns. # " Carrying an AK-47 rifle was a high point of my choral career, " says
112 from Oakley, including politicos and NFL players, were carrying guns and badges under the auspices of the village police, and when the
113 gas. # Two are armed with pistols; one carries an M-16. # As they scan the horizon, another armed Coast Guard
114 Hamas member more than $ 48,000 to buy guns to carry out attacks against Israel - including an M-16 rifle used to kill an Israeli
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115 Hawken is a replica of the rifles the mountain men carried. It comes in.50-caliber percussion or flintlock versions. $637, percussion;
116 He pauses. " What kind of guns did Christ carry? " he asks. " None that I know of. " Zambroski
117 helicopters are not equipped with the powerful guns and rockets carried by the larger Huey gunships. Mr-COLBURN: It seems like he was really
118 Hell. They moved stiffly, because the guns they carried under their sport coats or in the waistbands of their pants were uncomfortable and
119 himself with a pair of antique pistols his great-grandfather had carried in the Revolutionary War, the boy agreed to the journey, though he
120 his, he says. He collected guns and frequently carried one. # " I didn't do anything wrong, " Morrison says
121 hot topics. Did you know that non-American citizens can carry guns in the U.S.A. legally? Did you know that a convicted ISIS sympathizer
122 how it affects their fellow citizens. You want to carry pistols and rifles into Target and Starbucks? No problem. Freedom. You
123 I had my druthers, I wouldn't have guns carried by anybody in schools, but I have a lot of faith in the
124 I was growing up. I had pellet guns and carried a pocket knife when I was a kid. Dror was never interested in
125 impromptu pat-downs. And the temporary seizure of all firearms carried by Tijuanas local cops to see if any of the weapons have been used
126 juveniles JENNINGS Why do kids carry guns? Do they carry them for offensive reasons, for defensive reasons? Mr. HYNES: We've
127 killed a bill that would have allowed Tennesseans to openly carry guns without a permit and several other gun-related proposals, The Tennessean reported.
128 large-capacity magazines and assault weapons and allow gun owners to carry firearms into post offices and other federal buildings and sites. This political gun
129 law was passed, Mainers had been able to openly carry guns without a permit but needed permission if they wished to conceal them on
130 lay there remembering my dream. The guns I'd carry in Indonesia would be as heavy as the old sword downstairs, and many
131 located in Orange County, doesn' t allow firearms carried openly or concealed into the park, which helps explain why some enthusiasts boast
132 macho world, a city ruled by guns, whether carried by Somalis or United Nations soldiers. At different moments, everyone was afraid
133 militias -- those mushrooming armies of men with guns that carry out most of the killing here -- Iraqi brows begin to furrow. #
134 Most were armed with Soviet-made AK-47 rifles, and all carried big pouches full of wooden-handled " potato masher " hand grenades. They also
135 not carry pistols because they became pistols; did not carry switchblades because they were switchblades cutting through gatherings, shooting down statutes and pointing
136 of the artifacts exceeds $500, while drugs and firearms carry much steeper penalties. Bowman and others also wonder how well-equipped narcotics officers are
137 officials estimate that four of every five firearms that are carried into schools come from the students homes; they bring one of their parents
138 old gold claims dotted the creeks, and longtime residents carried guns. Up here, it was better to be safe than sorry.
139 on me, no doubt, the guns they now carried under their own coats. # I looked at McKnight and said as calmly
140 on the country again. Liberal hysteria about guns being carried near town halls knew no bounds. Inconveniently, the most widely reported example
141 one of the two forty-five Automatic Colt Pistols I usually carry. " Yes? Who is it? " " Open the door,
142 police officers that they be able to carry guns. Carrying arms doesn't send the right message and is risky around young people,
143 rack, we could see all the guns they were carrying. His bodyguard dropped one gun right in the aisle SALINGER voice-over Carlos returned
144 requirement; he owned six, two of these guns carried in France during World War II by his grandfather and greatuncle. Both men
145 retired TWA pilot Tom Ashwood(ph) worries the guns air marshals carry on board could get into the hands of others. Mr-TOM-ASHWOOD-1R: I mean
146 rifles that had fired them: Lee-Enfield bolt-action rifles, carried by British troops since the colonial era and replaced after World War II.
147 Second Amendment absolutistswho walked into the California State House openly carrying rifles to protest a gun control bill. # But first the background check
148 Second Amendment activists had stepped up a tradition of openly carrying firearms into Starbucks stores (" open carry " is legal to varying degrees
149 she says. For many of the women who are carrying guns, the appeal is not a symbolic demonstration of their Second Amendment rights
150 signatures for a petition asking Target to ban shoppers from carrying guns in its stores, the retailer this week asked customers to leave their
151 so most hunters owned two double guns. One was carried by a gun bearer. When you had emptied the first rifle, you
152 Some have tried to stylize the guns and those who carry them with choreography and artistic effects. Jon Woo is a leader in this
153 some just kids, nearly dwarfed by the guns they carried around like trophies. # Or the overburdened boat ride she took from her
154 St. Paul: State authorities issued about 41,000 permits to carry guns last year, down more than 30% from the year before, the
155 still have the authority to decide which school staffers may carry guns on campus. Higher education is stricter. The University System bans guns
156 suited to a world where children carry guns and adults carry their a coffins. " Something very, very wrong is happening; everyone
157 takeout restaurant, including a message about firing guns and carrying them that reads: " The V-posse is bustin' caps so beware'
158 tell their names or ranks. They didn' t carry guns, and Sugar wondered if they knew how powerless they' d be
159 terrifying moments, searched frantically for rifles we no longer carried, feeling awkward, uneven, and incomplete without them. We pretended like
160 the bill mandatory upon churches that calls guns to be carried on their property. It simply gives churches to have the right to have
161 the current law, which allows gun owners to openly carry rifles but generally prohibits openly displayed sidearms. In recent months, open carry
162 the number of public venues where guns can be legally carried. After the 2012 shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn.
163 them over the barrels of our rifles. A woman carries a child slung across her back in a kaross. She wears a New
164 to his saddle. In addition to the guns he carried a razor-sharp hunting knife. # Preacher was widely regarded as one of the
165 to his saddle. In addition to the guns he carried a razor-sharp hunting knife. Preacher was widely regarded as one of the most
166 to see people walking around, living their lives without carrying guns or getting shot at or wondering where the IEDs were hidden. They
167 tools, however, were not the battered firearms they carried, but the knives, hatchets, and machetes that hung from their belt
168 twenty of the enemy, working their machine guns, carrying ammunition, and the like. We were pretty sure that the telephone cable
169 up signs in the airport saying firearms can be legally carried in the airport. " He filmed and posted the incident, adding his
170 weapon? as a general rule, the machine guns carried by shooters in my platoons were always called 60s, even when they were
171 we'd go without. For firearms, we each carried T/C Contender handguns. Because this was September and marmots were still out,
172 were rusty, but the automatics and shotguns the guards carried were clean. I was challenged for form's sake and let pass.
173 which for the first time expanded where Georgians could legally carry firearms, including into public schools, bars, churches and some government buildings
174 with Africa. officers in helmets with guns, officials carried in hammocks by retinues of carriers, and slave caravans have long been represented
175 withered arms, so far from the guns they had carried and the grenades they had thrown. I was not K's doctor,
176 world. # The culture of drugs and guns many carry back to their native lands is wreaking havoc in nations that receive them in
177 You can see the leader distributing pistols. He is carrying an automatic rifle hidden in a plastic bag. The Israeli army claims that
178 you just have to be careful' cause you're carrying shotguns and you're covered in gear. Believe me, these are all
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179 " open carry, " epitomized last year by protests in which permitted gun owners carried firearms in plain view at Starbucks coffee shops. But the gun-rights community is split
180 # * On October 21, a man with a holstered gun and a woman carrying handcuffs walked into a Palo Alto high school and asked for a Los Altos girl
181 # Lisa's turnaround began two years ago when she inadvertently brought the gun she carried to work for protection onto school property in her mother's car, she said
182 ) filed a broader bill that would expedite firearm permits and allow gun owners to carry concealed weapons in many more places. // -- - Andrea Jones // EDUCATION //
183 , " said Steve. " Everybody's got a drop gun. Every cop carries one. It's the one you throw down on the ground by the guy
184 , he refused to discuss whether he continues to carry that gun. # Kenn carries his own licensed handgun. # " Mike has no security detail. He inherited
185 , I may, in fact, have stayed, but carrying the gun -- carrying a pi -- a l -- a loaded pistol in New York is a felony
186 . # # CREASY # It's a temporary license for the gun I'm carrying. I just went through all of this at the airport. # INT.
187 . # As we talked, Othman toyed with his.32 pistol, which he carries for protection whenever he returns to Abyan. Some insurgents believe he's allied with
188 . A sling with a wide strap eases the chore of carrying your rifle. Carry extra ammo in a container on your belt to eliminate the weight from your pack
189 . Chaindragger is already at his knees, breaking down the rifle. A shout carries through the hot, still air, and Bell looks out at the square once
190 . How much did you have? OFFICER-KEN-HAMMON# The, the gun that I was carrying only had eight rounds. CHRIS-CUOMO-1ABC-# (Voiceover) Sarita, let me ask you this,
191 . Hyh was also known to use a 9mm Suomi KP/-31 submachine gun. He carried with him only a day's worth of supplies and ammunition. Hyh carefully packed
192 . It's also a good idea to attach a bipod to the rifle or carry shooting sticks. The prairies and plains where pronghorns live offer few rifle rests.
193 . That's easy. If they want to carry a rifle, they can carry mine. #
194 . You think about what you're doing and cops carry a gun and we carry ourselves, that's it. So I take it one day at a time
195 ; it was his most prized earthly possession, and the same rifle he had carried since the last war, the one against the French and Indians. Crafted by
196 ? " No answer. Her hand automatically went for the needle gun she'd carried for over three years, but the personalized weapons were unavailable since the agency that
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Words, Meanings, Corpora: A Lawyer's Introduction To Meaning in The Framework of Corpus Linguistics

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Words, Meanings, Corpora: A Lawyer's Introduction To Meaning in The Framework of Corpus Linguistics

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Discussion Draft 1/26/2017

Words, Meanings, Corpora:

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4. See generally The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality (Markus Werning et al.,

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2 Word meaning in legal interpretation

2.1 The Dictionary Paradigm

6. The Dictionary is Not a Fortress, 2010 B.Y.U. L. Rev. at 195870.

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2.2 Words in context

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3 Collocation and related phenomena: A brief introduction

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Processing: A Festschrift in Honour of B.T.S. Atkins 138, 140 (Marie-Hlne

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4 From collocation to corpus lexicography

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and Meanings: Using Corpora for English Language Research and

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4.2 John Sinclair and the Cobuild project

Humanist Discussion Group (Dec 13, 2006, 7:44 am), http://dhhumanist.org/Archives/Virginia

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in John Sinclairet al., English Collocation Studies: The OSTI Report

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4.2.2 Corpus analysis meets lexicography

60. Id. at 8, 9198.

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Dictionaries: History and Development; Current Issues, in The Oxford Handbook of

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enthusiastic about what he describes as the overwhelming impact of corpora: At last

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100. The Cobuild Project, supra note 83, at 444.

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sell somebody out, sell a stock short

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113. Introduction to Cobuild1, supra note 63, at xvii.

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5 Do word meanings exist?

123. Id. at 109.

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5.2 Reasons for doubt

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5.2.1 Sense-division differences between dictionaries

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[2] to do something in spite of the possibility of (unfortunate consequences): to risk falling;

141. E.g., The Story of Websters Third 81 . [Additional cites to be added.]

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5.2.2 Some further problems regarding sense division

144. 524 U.S. at 12732.

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5.2.3 Core meanings and conceptual schemas