SEKOLAH MENENGAH SERI TEMASIK

LESSON NOTE
CHEMISTRY SPM
4G
LESSON NO : 10 DATE: 30/8/2016

TIME : 2.00p.m.-3.45 p.m.

SUBMISSION DATE: 30/8/2016

Topic: Chapter 7: Acids and Bases

Subtopics and objectives:
Mastery in Preparing standard solutions
Mastery in Preparing dilutions
Mastery in Neutralisations

Name : _________________________________________

Class : ____________________________________

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Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
Preparation of Standard Solution

1. A standard solution is a solution with known concentration.

2. A volumetric flask (also known as standard flask) is an apparatus with a known
volume. Examples are: 100cm3, 200cm3, 250cm3, 500cm3, 1000cm3.
3. Volumetric flasks are used to prepare standard solutions. Beakers are not
suitable for this purpose because volumes measured by beakers and measuring
cylinders are not very accurate.
4. A volumetric flask can measure the volume of a liquid accurately, up to one
decimal point.

Activity 7.5: To prepare 100cm3 of 2.0moldm-3aqueous sodium hydroxide solution

Apparatus: Electronic balance, 100cm3 volumetric flask, filter funnel, dropper and
washing bottle

Materials: Sodium hydroxide solid and distilled water.

Procedure:

1. The mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to prepare 100cm3 of 2.0moldm-3

aqueous sodium hydroxide is calculated as follows:
Mass of NaOH required:
= Number of moles X molar mass of NaOH
= (_MV ) x (23 + 16 + 1)
1000
= (2.0 x 100)/1000 x 40
= 8.0g
2. 8.0g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solid is weighed accurately in a weighing bottle
using an electronic balance.
3. Sodium hydroxide solid is transferred to a small beaker. Sufficient distilled water is
added to dissolve all the solid sodium hydroxide.

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4. Using a filter funnel and a glass rod, the dissolved sodium hydroxide is transferred to
a 100cm3 volumetric flask.
5. The small beaker, the weighing bottle and the filter funnel are all rinsed with
distilled water and the contents are transferred into the volumetric flask.
6. Distilled water is then added slowly until the water level is near the level mark of the
volumetric flask. A dropper is then used to add water drop by drop to finally bring
the volume of solution to the 100cm3 graduation mark.
7. The volumetric flask is closed with a stopper. The volumetric flask is then shaken
several times to mix the solution completely. The solution prepared is 100cm3 of
2.0moldm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Preparation of a Solution with a Specified Concentration Using the Dilution Method

1. Dilution is a process of diluting a concentrated solution by adding a solvent such as

water to obtain a more diluted solution.
2. When a solution is diluted, the volume of solvent increases but the number of moles
of solute remains constant. Hence, the _concentration_ of the solution _decreases_.
3. If a solution with volume of V1 cm3 and molarity of M1 moldm-3 is diluted to
become V2 cm3, the new concentration of the diluted solution, M2 moldm-3 can be
determined as follows:

Number of moles of solute before dilution= M1V1/1000

Number of moles of solute after dilution = M2V2/1000

However, the number of moles of solute before dilution si the same as the number of
moles of solute after dilution,

M1V1 = M2V2 OR M1V1=M2V2

1000 1000

Where M1 = Initial molarity of alkali

M2 = Final molarity of alkali
V1 = Initial volume of alkali
V2 = Final volume of alkali

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Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
Activity 7.6 : To prepare 100cm3 0.2moldm-3 sodium hydroxide from a 2.0moldm-3
sodium hydroxide solution by the dilution method.

Apparatus: 100cm3 volumetric flask, 10cm3 pipette, pipette filter, filter funnel, dropper
and washing bottle

Materials: 2.0moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution and distilled water.

Procedure:

(A) To calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide solution that is required for
dilution

M1V1=M2V2
2.0 X V1 = 0.2 X 100

V1= ( 0.2 X 100 ) / 1.0 = 10cm3

(B) To prepare 100cm3 0.2moldm-3 sodium hydroxide by the dilution method.

1. Using a pipette and a pipette filter, 10.0cm3 of 2.0moldm-3 sodium hydroxide
solution is transferred to a 100cm3 volumetric flask.
2. Using a washing bottle, distilled water is added to the alkali in the volumetric
flask until near the graduation mark. A dropper is then used to add water
slowly in the volumetric flask up to the graduation mark.
3. The flask is stopped and is inverted several times to mix the solution. The
solution prepared is 0.2moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.

Conclusion

A 0.2 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution can be prepared by diluting 10.0cm3 of 2.0
moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution to 100cm3.

Activity 7.7 To find the end point of an acid-base titration during

neutralization using an acid-base indicator
Apparatus: 25cm3 pipette, pipette filter, 50cm3 burette, retort stand, retort clamp, conical
flask, filter funnel and white tile

Materials: Sulphuric acid of unknown concentration, 0.2moldm-3 potassium hydroxide

and phenolphthalein indicator.

Procedure:

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Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
 1. A clean 25cm3 pipette is rinsed with distilled water and then mixed with a little of
the unknown acid solution.
2. Unknown concentration of sulphuric acid is transferred using the pipette to a
clean conical flask. Three drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added to the
acid and the colour of the solution is noted.
3. A 50cm3 burette is rinsed with distilled water and then rinsed with a little of the
sodium hydroxide solution.
4. The burette is then filled with 25cm3 of 0.2moldm-3 potassium hydroxide and is
clamped to a retort stand. The initial burette reading is recorded.
5. The conical flask containing unknown concentration of acid is placed below the
burette. A piece of white tile is placed below the conical flask for clearer
observation of the colour change (Figure 7.7)
6. 25cm3 of 0.2moldm-3 potassium hydroxide is added slowly from the burette to the
sulphuric acid solution in the conical flask while swirling the flask gently.
7. Titration is stopped when the phenolphthalein indicator changes colour from
colourless to pink. The final burette reading is recorded.
8. Steps 1 to 7 are repeated until accurate titration values are obtained, that is, until
the difference in the volumes of sulphuric acid used in two consecutive
experiments is less than 0.10cm3.

Figure 7.7

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Results:

Volume of sodium hydroxide Rough Accurate

Final burette reading (cm3) 52.50 55.00 52.50
Initial burette reading (cm3) 0.00 5.00 2.00
Volume of sulphuric acid used 52.50 X=50.00 Y=50.50
(cm3)
Discussion:

1. In this experiment, the pipette has to be rinsed with unknown acid so that water
droplets on the inner wall of the pipette do not dilute the concentration of the
sulphuric acid.
2. The burette is rinsed with NaOH so that water droplets at the inner wall of the
burette do not dilute the concentration of the NaOH used.
3. The conical flask does not need to be rinsed with acid so that the value of acid is
accurately to be 25.0cm3. Otherwise, droplets of acid in the conical flask may
cause the volume of acid to exceed 25.0cm3.
4. The end point of titration is when the colour of the indicator changes sharply. The
colour of phenolphthalein is colourless in sulphuric acid solution (because pH<7).
At the end point, the colour of phenolphthalein changes to light pink (pH>7). If
phenolphthalein changes to dark pink, excess NaOH has been added.
5. In acid-base titrations, only 2 or 3 drops of indicator should be used. This is
because most of the indicators are weak acid or base that will affect the pH of the
solution if used in excess.

Graph of pH value versus volume of alkali added.

Conclusion:

1. The volume of sodium hydroxide used is calculated as follows:

Volume of NaOH used = Final burette reading Initial burette reading
2. Average volume of NaOH used = (X + Y)/2 = (50.00+50.50)/2 = 50.25cm3

Hence, __50.25____cm3 of 25cm3 of 0.2moldm-3 NaOH is required to neutralize the

unknown concentration of sulphuric acid.

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Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui