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2, APRIL 2014
Synchrophasor-Assisted Zone 3 Operation
Pratim Kundu and Ashok Kumar Pradhan, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractZone 3 operation of distance relay serves as a remote
backup in case of primary failure. Conditions, such as power
swing, load encroachment, and voltage and transient instability,
cause incorrect zone 3 operation. The detection of faults during
such stressed conditions poses a further problem. This paper
proposes a synchrophasor data-based technique for correct zone
3 operations by discriminating the fault from different stressed
situations. This discrimination is accomplished using impedances
calculated from voltage and current signals from synchrophasors
placed at strategic locations. The proposed method is tested in the
IEEE 39-bus New England system and found to be accurate.
Index TermsDiscrete Fourier transform (DFT), distance re-
lays, synchrophasor, zone 3 operation.
I. INTRODUCTION
B LACKOUTS in power utilities throughout the world have
raised a concern over zone 3 maloperation of distance re-
lays. A distance relay takes a decision based on local voltage
and current measurements. During stressed conditions, such as
power swing, load encroachment, and voltage instability, the
impedance trajectory enters the zone 3 characteristic and the
relay may misinterpret this situation as a fault. The zone 3 re-
gion of a distance relay covers a large area and an incorrect deci-
sion increases stress in the system, leading to cascade trippings
[1][3]. Recent India blackouts in July 2012 were triggered due
to zone 3 maloperation resulting from load encroachment [4].
Power-swing blocking (PSB) schemes use a rate of change of
impedance for swing detection [5]. The timer therein is difficult
to set as the swing frequency varies from 0.1 to 5 Hz. Another
limitation of this technique is the detection of fault during swing
conditions. To overcome these issues, the method in [6] uses the
r-dot method to identify fault during the power swing but it has
a relatively longer decision time. The rate of change of swing
center voltage is another method [7] where the decision time
may be high due to the influence of transient at the initial period
of the fault. A fault detector using a superimposed component
of current is proposed which has limited performance for the
power angle close to 180 and for a high-resistance fault [8],
[9].
During overload and voltage instability situations, the protec-
tion zone with the longest reach is more susceptible to encroach-
ment into its operating area which causes maloperation. The
shape of the relay characteristic is important for avoiding such
Manuscript received January 23, 2013; revised April 30, 2013; accepted July
24, 2013. Date of publication August 21, 2013; date of current version March
20, 2014. Paper no. TPWRD-00104-2013.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India (e-mail:
pratimkundu.ee@iitkgp.ac.in; akpradhan@ee.iitkgp.ernet.in).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2276071
0885-8977 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO.
unwanted operations. Conventionally, the load encroachment
under normal operating conditions can be avoided by choosing
the zone 3 settings carefully. A rectangular characteristic pro-
vides resistive fault coverage and avoids overlapping with the
load region in the impedance plane [2], [10]. But fixing a shape
of the relay characteristic for a large system becomes a com-
plex issue. The analysis of the relay decision during voltage in-
stability is another complex task. An adaptive scheme utilizing
rate of change of voltage with time ( ) is proposed in [3]. It
requires careful analysis for setting the threshold for ( ) to
discriminate switching events, such as line switching, capacitor
switching, reactor switching, etc. Control strategies for relay op-
erations during the voltage instability situation have been pro-
posed in [11]. A voltage stability index for the relay is sug-
gested in [12] considering it as a static phenomenon. Emergency
control action during voltage instability is suggested in [13].
From the relay operation perspective, these methods are not
helpful since they cannot discriminate a fault from a voltage in-
stability situation. In this context, a transient component-based
technique has been proposed in [14] to distinguish the fault from
other power system events. However switching operation in the
system gives rise to a transient component which the algorithm
may misinterpret as a fault. In addition, training-based methods,
such as an adaptive neurofuzzy inference system and support
vector machines, have been applied for assisting the relay deci-
sion during fault [15], [16]. These methods need a large number
of training patterns to be generated and have limited perfor-
mance to distinguish the fault from other stressed situations. The
wavelet-based detection of fault is proposed in [17] where the
choice of wavelet function for various conditions becomes diffi-
cult. Integrating wavelet and modal transform, the symmetrical
fault detection method is proposed [18].
A comprehensive scheme for discriminating a fault from
other stressed events is required to prevent maloperation of the
zone 3 element of relay. With the power system operation being
a dynamic phenomena, analysis based on local information
derived by the relay can lead to inaccuracy. With the advent
of a wide-area measurement system (WAMS), which provides
synchronized data over a large area, it is possible to monitor the
dynamics of a power system [19], [20]. This becomes a means
today for the operator to study behavior of a system in real time
and act accordingly.
This paper proposes a method for preventing zone 3 mal-
operation derived from time synchronized data obtained from
strategic locations in a system. The proposed method is car-
ried out in two steps using data obtained from synchrophasor
measurements. First, it identifies the possible disturbance region
using a change in measured line currents in the system and then
differentiates a fault from other stressed conditions using ap-
parent impedance measurements. The algorithm further detects
KUNDU AND PRADHAN: SYNCHROPHASOR-ASSISTED ZONE 3 OPERATION
the fault during stressed conditions to support zone 3 operation.
The proposed method is tested for the IEEE 39-bus New-Eng-
land system. For various events, such as different types of New
England fault, power swing, load encroachment and voltage sta-
bility in a system, the performance of the proposed method is
found to be correct.
II. PROPOSED METHOD
Incorrect zone 3 operation occurs in a power system at times
as relays cannot distinguish a fault from other events such as
power swing, load encroachment, and voltage instability. The
impedance seen by a distance relay enters the operating zone
even during a nonfault situation and may cause it to malfunction.
One of the reasons for this is that the relay uses local current and
voltage data to take the decision. Similarly, using local informa-
tion, a relay finds difficulty while discriminating a fault, espe-
cially a three-phase fault, which is balanced in nature, during
such stressed events.
Operating regions for various relays in an interconnected
power system overlap and during a fault, a number of relays
will see it in their different zones. For all other stressed con-
ditions, such as power swing, load encroachment, and voltage
instability, the impedance trajectories for relays do not enter
their operating regions simultaneously. The proposed technique
utilizes this fact and uses synchrophasor data from strategic
locations in the system to support zone 3 operation.
A. Synchrophasor Measurement Point Selection
The IEEE 39-bus New England system as in Fig. 1 is consid-
ered for explaining the proposed method. Synchrophasor mea-
surements are obtained from strategic points in the system as
marked in the figure which are listed in Table I. A bus with a
synchrophasor measurement in the system is known as P_bus
and the other buses are known as N_bus. The first measurement
point can be selected arbitrarily and then the measurement point
selection depends on network connectivity. Thus, the selection
of measurement points for a network may vary. The choice of
measurement points should be such that it fulfills the following
criteria:
1) Each line in the network should be either connected to a
P_bus or under zone 3 reach of minimum two P_buses in
the network.
2) Selection of buses for synchrophasor measurement points
at consecutive buses are to be avoided, provided it does not
violate constraint 1.
Steps for obtaining measurement buses in a system are as
follows.
Step 1) Select any bus in the system as the first measurement
bus.
Step 2) For a relay corresponding to a line connected to the
selected bus, the zone 3 region of operation in the
system is identified.
Step 3) Buses in the system with relays, which have an over-
lapping zone 3 region with the previously identified
section, are selected as measurement buses.
Step 4) The steps are repeated for each line connected to a
measurement bus.
661
Fig. 1. IEEE 39-bus New England system.
TABLE I
LIST OF BUSES WITH SYNCHROPHASORS
Step 5) The aforementioned steps are then repeated for sub-
sequent measurement buses.
B. Disturbance Detection
The disturbance detection step in the method aims to identify
measurement buses close to the disturbance area in the system.
To achieve this, transmission lines in the system are divided into
various groups and for each group, synchrophasor measurement
buses are listed. The process for dividing the network into dif-
ferent groups is as follows. To start, any line connected to a
P_bus is selected for a group. Any other line connected to the
previous one is added to the group, with a preference to a line
connected to an N_bus at the other end. If there is more than one
line which has the N_bus at both ends, then a separate group is
formed for each of the lines. Next, lines connected to the subse-
quent line and also connected to P_buses at their other ends are
picked up in the group. All of the P_buses in a group should have
a common zone 3 operation region. This process is repeated
until all lines in the system are enlisted into groups. Table II
lists the transmission lines for the 39-bus system into various
groups along with the measurement buses associated with each
group. As an example, for group 2, line 45 is selected first (bus
4 being a P_bus). Line 58 connected to the above line is next
selected for the group. Lines 78 and 98, which are connected
to 58 at one end and to a P_bus at the other end, are also added
to the group.
Any disturbance in the system leads to a change in line cur-
rent values which is proportional to the severity of the event. A
line current-based detection technique is suitably applied here.
During normal conditions, the phasor sum of line currents ob-
tained from synchrophasors in a group is constant. The change
in phasor sum is referred to as the disturbance detection index
. Initiation of any abnormal condition in the system leads to
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TABLE II
DISTURBANCE DETECTION GROUPS
a sudden change in its value. A line can be assigned to more
than one group depending on the position of synchrophasors in
the system affecting the phasor sum of each group
(1)
where refers to the group number, is the positive-se-
quence current phasor measurement at the th instant, and is
the number of measurement buses in that group.
The disturbance detector index for each group is calculated
as
(2)
The index is calculated continuously using synchrophasor
measurements. For normal conditions, the index value for all
groups in the system is 0. Any change in the system affects
the value for one or more groups. The disturbance index
threshold is selected in such a way in order to identify any small
change in current resulting from variation in system condition
and is set as 1% of the predisturbance value. This calculation is
obtained for each group.
C. Impedance-Based Fault Detector ( )
Discrimination of a fault from other stressed conditions is
performed next. Group(s) with changes in their are selected
and analyzed for the detection of faults by using the apparent
impedance measurement-based fault detector. A group with the
highest deviation is given preference. The impedance is calcu-
lated using voltage and current obtained from synchrophasor
measurements.
The measurement points in the system are such that the relay
operating zones for various measurement points overlap. As a
result, during a zone 3 fault for any P_bus in a group, impedance
trajectories seen from all other P_buses in that group enter their
respective zone 3 operating characteristics. Further, for cases
of power swing, load encroachment, and voltage instability, the
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 2, APRIL 2014
seen impedance of all P_buses in a group does not enter the
operating characteristics simultaneously.
The index is calculated for each line connected to selected
measurement buses using (3). has a value of less than 1 if the
apparent impedance calculated using synchrophasor measure-
ment is less than the corresponding relay setting. During a fault,
the index value for all the measurement buses will be less than
1.
(3)
if
where if , where ,
if
and correspond to settings of zone 1, zone 2, and
zone 3, respectively, for the th line connected to a th measure-
ment bus of the selected group. is calculated individually for
each line connected to all measurement buses in a group.
The fault detector index is obtained as follows:
(4)
if
if
where weights
if &
if & .
The fault detector index is calculated using all measure-
ments in a selected group by using (4). A weight is asso-
ciated with each measurement which depends on the apparent
impedance. A negative weight is associated with the index
if the apparent impedance is less than the relay setting. The ab-
solute value of the weight is highest if the apparent impedance
calculated from synchrophasor measurements is less than zone
1, followed by zone 2 and then zone 3 characteristics of the relay
connected to those lines. The weight is positive when the calcu-
lated apparent impedance is greater than the relay zone 3 char-
acteristics. During a fault condition, the value of becomes
negative since all of the relays in the selected group see the ap-
parent impedance less than their relay settings. In case of other
events, the index value is positive. During a fault, if any P_bus
in a group sees it in zone 1/zone 2, all other P_buses in the group
may not see the fault in their respective relay operating regions.
For this reason, a high weight is associated for a zone 1/zone 2
fault situation. The algorithm detects a fault condition when
becomes negative whereas has a positive value for a nonfault
situation.
The selection of weights is based on the fact that the zone
3 reach extends up to the end of the adjacent line. The zone
2 reach is up to 100%120% of the line and zone 1 is limited
to 80%90%. Considering such a division for the zones, the
weights for each zone are assigned differently for subsequent
discrimination. The objective of this paper is to prevent zone
3 maloperations. Therefore, when a relay sees any disturbance
in lower zones, the algorithm gives higher priority to such dis-
turbances which is likely to be a fault. Zone 1 and zone 2 are
weighted high considering that the possibility of disturbance,
such as power swing, load encroachment, or voltage instability,
KUNDU AND PRADHAN: SYNCHROPHASOR-ASSISTED ZONE 3 OPERATION 663

Fig. 2. Block diagram of the proposed method.

affecting them is less compared to zone 3. The set of weights

remains the same for different networks.
The block diagram in Fig. 2 shows the main steps involved
in the proposed algorithm. Synchrophasor data can be obtained
from the phasor measurement unit (PMU) or distance relay with
GPS-based time synchronization [21]. The data obtained from
synchrophasors are assumed to be error free. Line current data
are used to detect any abnormal situation in the system and fol-
lowing that, the impedance-based fault detector data are used to
ensure whether it is a fault situation. Line currents and voltages
are obtained from synchrophasor data from strategic locations Fig. 3. (a) Disturbance detector during power swing for group 12.
(b) Impedance trajectory for measurement buses in group 12. (c) Fault
in the system. It identifies the group where the fault has occurred detector result during the power swing for group 12.
and thereby provides support to zone 3 of all relays of the group
and of the connecting lines from the group to other groups. After
a decision has been derived, the relays, as mentioned, are com- 1.2 s, following a three-phase fault at 1 s in the line, has led to
manded, depending on the output of the algorithm. In case of a oscillation in the system.
fault in the group, the output of such a unit should allow the zone From Table II, it can be seen that line 2629 is in group
3 operation of relays in that group. Zone 3 operation is a backup 12. Line currents from each of the three measurementsbus
protection and the time frame of operation is on the order of 1 s. 25 for line 2526, bus 27 for line 2726 and bus 29 for line
The latency associated with the synchrophasor measurements 2928are used for calculating using relation (2) and
due to communication is assumed to not be a problem with this plotted in Fig. 3(a). The initiation and clearance of the fault
method. results in index to have a sudden change in its value. The
two spikes in the figure show the change in the index. A change
III. RESULTS in index for group 12 indicates a disturbance in that group.
To ascertain whether it is an actual fault, the fault detector
The method is tested for the IEEE 39 bus of Fig. 1 with data
index ( ) is calculated using synchrophasor measurements
generated using EMTDC/PSCAD. Positive-sequence voltage
buses in group 12 using (4). The impedance trajectories during
and current are estimated from sample values using 1-cycle
the power swing condition using the synchrophasor measure-
DFT. The sampling rate for voltage and current measurements
ment at bus 25 for line 2526, at bus 27 for line 2726, and at
is maintained at 1 kHz. The results show the application of
bus 29 for line 2928 are shown in Fig. 3(b). The impedance
the algorithm for distinguishing faults from other events, such
plots are obtained by using synchrophasor measurements while
as power swing, load encroachment, and voltage instability.
the operating characteristics are for relays corresponding to the
Further, performance of the algorithm for faults during various
measurement buses for those lines. The impedance trajectory
stressed conditions is also presented.
for bus 29 enters its zone 3 region due to the power-swing
condition. This may result in unwanted zone 3 operation if not
A. Performance During the Power Swing
blocked. calculated using relation (3) for the measurement
During a power-swing condition, current and voltage in the at bus 29 for line 2928 is less than 1 and for the other two
system oscillate. As a result, the impedance seen by the relay measurements in the group, it is greater than 1. The fault
enters into different zones resulting in malfunction. To avoid detector index , calculated using of all measurements in
such an event, the relays need to be blocked. A blocking scheme the group, becomes positive. The plot for of group 12 for the
should be able to verify whether it is a fault situation or not. power-swing condition is shown in Fig. 3(c) where it is positive
In this case, clearance of the line connecting bus 26 and 29 at throughout, which confirms that there is no fault in group 12.
664
Fig. 4. (a) Impedance trajectory for the three-phase symmetrical fault during
the power swing. (b) Fault detector result for the three-phase symmetrical fault
during the power swing for group 12.
B. Performance for Fault During the Power Swing
Next, the algorithm is evaluated for various faults during an
ongoing power-swing condition and the results are provided
below.
1) Three-Phase Fault During Swing: For a fault during a
power-swing condition, a relay may fail in clearing it due to the
PSB action. To avoid this, the algorithm must be able to detect
the fault even during the power swing also.
The power-swing condition simulated for this is the same as
in case A. Another three-phase symmetrical fault is created in
the line connecting bus 26 and 28 at 1.5 s after clearance of the
first fault. The impedance trajectories for the case are shown in
Fig. 4(a). A fault in line 2628 results in impedance trajectories
calculated by synchrophasor measurements entering the zone 3
regions for corresponding relays at bus 25 for line 2526, at bus
27 for line 2726 and at bus 29 for line 2928. This results in
of each measurement calculated using (3) to be less than 1. For
the power-swing case , calculated for the measurement, bus
29 is less than 1, but in this case, for all measurements are
less than 1. The weight associated with each measurement for
calculating thus becomes negative. The fault detector index
, which was positive during the power swing, becomes neg-
ative with the inception of the fault shown in Fig. 4(b). This
confirms a fault condition in group 12 of the system.
2) Single-Line-to-Ground Fault During the Swing: A single-
line-to-ground fault, in an unbalanced fault case, is created in the
line connecting bus 26 and 28, 1.5 s after clearance of the first
fault. Similar to the previous case, impedance trajectories at bus
25 for line 2526, at bus 27 for line 2726, and at bus 29 for line
2928 for the fault in line 2628 calculated using synchrophasor
measurements are shown in Fig. 5(a). The fault detector index
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 2, APRIL 2014
Fig. 5. (a) Impedance trajectory for the SLG fault during the power swing.
(b) Fault detector result for the SLG fault during the power swing for group 12.
plot is shown in Fig. 5(b). The fault status for group 12 be-
comes high with the inception of the fault as the index be-
comes negative. The apparent impedance in this case is calcu-
lated, considering the availability of each phase measurement
from synchrophasor data.
C. Performance During Load Encroachment
An increase in loading condition in a system results in the
impedance trajectories of some relays to enter into their zone
3 characteristics, referred to as load encroachment. The relay
may apprehend this situation as a fault and issue a trip signal.
To avoid relay maloperation, the load encroachment situation
should be distinguished from a fault situation. For this, the
system is operated at a stressed condition with heavy loading in
many buses. In addition, a sudden change in the loading at bus
17 at 3.2 s is accomplished. The change in the loading condition
results in a change in the index value. As a case, the plot
for the index for group 9 (Table II) is shown in Fig. 6(a).
Impedance trajectories for the load encroachment situation
using synchrophasor measurements are shown in Fig. 6(b).
The impedance trajectories calculated using synchrophasor
measurements at bus 18 for line 18 17 and at bus 27 for line
27 17 enter the zone 3 region for relays in those buses. In
this case, if the operation of the relays is not blocked, then it
will result in maloperation. Impedance characteristics at bus
15 for line 1516 are beyond the zone 3 operation region of
the relay at that bus as shown in the figure. Similarly, for other
two measurements in the group at bus 19 for line 1916 and at
bus 24 for line 2416 (not shown in the figure), the impedance
trajectory does not enter the relay operating region.
After the detection of disturbance in group 9, the fault
detector index for the group is calculated in order to see
whether the disturbance is due to any fault or not. For this,
KUNDU AND PRADHAN: SYNCHROPHASOR-ASSISTED ZONE 3 OPERATION
Fig. 6. (a) Result for the disturbance detector during load encroachment for
group 9. (b) Impedance trajectory for load encroachment. (c) Fault detector re-
sult during load encroachment for group 9.
the fault detector index is calculated for all measurements
in the group. Index for two measurements which enter the
relay operation zone, is less than 1 and has negative weights
while the other three are positive. Thus, the fault detector index
becomes positive. The plot for index , shown in Fig. 6(c), is
positive throughout confirming a nonfault situation. Thus, the
zone 3 relay operation in group 9 can be blocked effectively by
such a strategy in order to avoid unwanted tripping due to load
encroachment.
D. Performance for the Fault During Load Encroachment
A fault during the load encroachment situation should be de-
tected for proper relay operation. A three-phase fault is simu-
lated in the line connecting bus 17 and 27 at 5 s during a load
encroachment situation as in case C. The impedance trajectory
plots for the situation are shown in Fig. 7(a).
It can be seen that initially due to load encroachment,
impedance trajectory calculated using synchrophasor measure-
ments at bus 18 for line 1817 and at bus 27 for line 2717
enters the zone 3 region. A fault in line 1727 is created at 5 s
which results in bus 27 for line 2717 to see the fault in its zone
1 region, and for line 1817 at bus 18 in the zone 3 region for
the situation. For measurements at bus 15 for line 1516, at bus
19 for line 1916 and at bus 24 for line 2416 (not shown in
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Fig. 7. (a) Impedance trajectory for the fault during load encroachment.
(b) Fault detector result for the fault during load encroachment for group 9.
impedance trajectory plot), the fault is beyond its zone 3 region.
The fault detector result for group 9 is plotted in Fig. 7(b).
During the load encroachment issue in case C, the impedance
trajectories for two measurements in group 9 were in zone 3 re-
gions and, therefore, the weights (W) associated during calcu-
lation of index are small. With the fault in the zone 1 region
for one measurement bus, the weight associated becomes high.
This results in the fault detector index to be negative. Before
the fault condition, index shows a positive value and with the
inception of a fault, the index becomes negative. This confirms
a fault situation by the method in group 9 of the system. This
result shows that the algorithm can successfully detect the fault
situation in any line of a group even during load encroachment.
E. Performance During Voltage Instability
During voltage instability, voltage at various buses in the
system declines rapidly [3]. Due to the LV level in buses, the
impedance trajectory may enter into the zone 3 region causing
it to maloperate. The performance of the proposed algorithm
during a voltage instability situation is evaluated here. An in-
crease in the reactive load in some selected buses over a period
of time leads to a drop in the voltage level of the system. The
positive-sequence voltage plot for some of the buses is shown
in Fig. 8 at such a condition. The impedance trajectory for syn-
chrophasor measurements at bus 27 for line 2726 is shown in
Fig. 9. It is seen that due to a drop in the voltage of bus 27, the
impedance trajectory enters the zone 3 region of the relay at that
bus.
As shown in Fig. 8, many buses in the system are affected
during a voltage instability situation due to which most of
the groups listed in Table II will be affected. In this case,
the index for two measurement groups 9 and 12 is shown
666
Fig. 8. Bus voltage plot for the voltage instability case.
Fig. 9. Impedance plot for bus 27 during voltage instability.
Fig. 10. (a) Fault detector result during voltage instability for group 9. (b) Fault
detector result during voltage instability for group 12.
in Fig. 10(a) and (b), respectively. In both figures, the fault
detector index is positive, confirming a nonfault situation.
F. Performance of the Fault During Voltage Instability
A three-phase fault at 3.05 s in line connecting buses 26
and 27 during the voltage instability situation as in the afore-
mentioned case is used to test the algorithm. The index for
two measurement groups 9 and 12 are shown for this case in
Fig. 11(a) and (b), respectively. The index becomes nega-
tive with the inception of fault at 3.05 s, confirming a fault in
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 2, APRIL 2014
Fig. 11. (a) Fault detector result for the fault during voltage instability for group
9. (b) Fault detector result for the fault during voltage instability for group 12.
group 12 while for group 9, it is still positive, thus ensuring no
fault there. This ensures the accuracy of the algorithm in distin-
guishing a voltage instability condition from a fault and, thus,
preventing relay maloperation.
IV. CONCLUSION
Relay maloperation may disrupt the smooth operation of a
power system. Distinguishing the fault condition from other
stressed events to prevent relay maloperation becomes imper-
ative. The method proposed for such an objective is based on
the application of synchrophasor data. Synchrophasor measure-
ments are obtained from strategic locations in the system. The
lines in the system are divided into various groups and for each
group, synchrophasor measurement buses are listed. A current
phasor-based detector is used to identify any change in the
system due to the initiation of any disturbance. This detector
helps to identify measurement buses close to the disturbance in
the system. Another index calculated from synchrophasor data
is used to distinguish a fault from other power system-stressed
conditions. The fault detector index is applied to groups where
the disturbance detector detects abnormal behavior. Test results
on the IEEE 39-bus system show the capability of the proposed
method to enhance the protection decision for zone 3 operation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the Department of Science
and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, for sponsoring the
project Protecting power systems using wide-area measure-
ments- SR/33EECE009/2009, through which the research was
conducted.
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Pratim Kundu received the B.Tech degree in elec-
trical engineering from West Bengal University of
Technology, Kolkata, India, in 2009 and the M.S. de-
gree in electrical engineering from the Indian Insti-
tute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India, in
2013, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. de-
gree in electrical engineering.
His current research area is the protection of power
systems using wide-area measurements.
Ashok Kumar Pradhan (M94SM10) received
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, India, in 2001.
He has been with the Department of Electrical En-
gineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,
India, since 2002, where he is currently a Professor.
His research interests include power system relaying
and monitoring.
Prof. Pradhan is a Fellow with the Indian National
Academy of Engineering.