International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 62 (2013) 534540

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

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Unsteady thermal radiation mixed convection ow from a moving

vertical plate in a parallel free stream: Effect of Newtonian heating
P.M. Patil a, D. Anilkumar b, S. Roy c,
a
Department of Mathematics, J.S.Ss Banashankari Arts, Commerce and Shanti Kumar Gubbi Science College, Vidyagiri, Dharwad 580 004, Karnataka State, India
b
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Albany State University, Albany, GA 31705, USA
c
Department of Mathematics, I.I.T Madras, Chennai 600 036, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An unsteady mixed convection ow over a moving vertical plate in a parallel free stream is considered to
Received 11 January 2013 investigate the combined effects of buoyancy force and thermal diffusion in presence of Newtonian heat-
Received in revised form 5 March 2013 ing in which heat transfer rate from the surface is proportional to the local temperature and thermal radi-
Accepted 8 March 2013
ation effects. It is assumed that the unsteadiness is caused by the time dependent free stream velocity as
Available online 9 April 2013
well as by the moving plate velocity. The governing boundary layer equations with boundary conditions
are transformed into a non-dimensional form by a group of non-similar transformations. The resulting
Keywords:
system of coupled non-linear partial differential equations is solved by an implicit nite difference
Unsteady mixed convection
Moving plate
scheme in combination with the quasi-linearization technique. Computations are performed and repre-
Parallel free stream sentative set is displayed graphically to illustrate the inuence of the mixed convection parameter (k),
Thermal radiation Prandtl number (Pr), the ratio of free stream velocity to the composite reference velocity (e), stream wise
Newtonian heating co ordinate (n) and thermal radiation parameter (R) on the velocity and temperature proles. The numer-
1=2
ical results for the local skin-friction coefcient (ReL C f ) and wall temperature (GW(n,0)) are also pre-
sented. The numerical results are presented in graphs revealing some interesting features of ow and
heat transfer phenomena in this study. Present results are also compared with previously published
works and are found to be in excellent agreement.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Newtonian heating situations have been studied recently by Lesnic

In the formulation of mixed convection boundary layer ow
problems with heat transfer, the boundary conditions play a very
vital role. Merkin [1] has shown that there are four common types
of heating processes specifying the wall to ambient temperature
situations; namely, (a) constant or prescribed wall temperature;
(b) constant or prescribed wall heat ux; (c) conjugate conditions,
where heat is supplied through a bounding surface of nite thick-
ness and nite heat capacity. The interface temperature is not
known a priori but depends on the intrinsic properties of the sys-
tem, namely, the thermal conductivity of the uid and solid; and
(d) Newtonian heating, where the heat transfer rate from the
bounding wall with a nite heat capacity is proportional to the
wall temperature and is dened as conjugate convective ow. This
results in the temperature with the ambient conditions. This con-
guration occurs in many engineering devices, such as in heat
exchangers, where the condition in a solid tube wall is greatly
inuenced by the convection in the uid owing over it. The
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 044 22576617.
E-mail addresses: pmpmath@gmail.com (P.M. Patil), Anilkumar.Devarapu@
asurams.edu (D. Anilkumar), sjroy@iitm.ac.in (S. Roy).
et al. [2,3] to examine the free convection boundary layer over ver-
tical and horizontal surfaces embedded in a porous medium.
Boundary layer ow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet with
Newtonian heating effects is examined by Salleh et al. [4].
The phenomenon of boundary layer behavior over a moving
plate in a parallel free stream has more important practical appli-
cations such as the aerodynamic extrusion of plastic sheets, the
cooling of an innite metallic plate in a cooling bath, the boundary
layer along material handling conveyers, the boundary layer along
a liquid lm in condensation processes, paper production etc. Tsou
et al. [5] have showed experimentally that the ow and heat trans-
fer problem from a continuously moving surface is a physically
realizable one and studied its basic characteristics. Chappidi and
Gunnerson [6] have studied the laminar boundary layer in two
cases Uw > U1 and U1 > Uw separately and formulated two sets of
boundary value problems. Afzal et al. [7] formulated a single set
of boundary conditions by employing the composite reference
velocity U = Uw + U1, where Uw is the moving plate velocity and
U1 is the free stream velocity, instead of considering Uw and U1
separately, irrespective of whether Uw > U1 or U1 > Uw.
Lin and Haung [8] were analyzed for horizontal isothermal plate
moving in parallel or reversibly to a free stream where similarity

0017-9310/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.03.027
 P.M. Patil et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 62 (2013) 534540 535

Nomenclature

Cf local skin friction coefcient b volumetric coefcient of thermal expansion

Cp specic heat at constant pressure e the ratio of free stream velocity to the composite refer-
f dimensionless stream function ence velocity
F dimensionless velocity component /(s) unsteady function of s
g acceleration due to gravity n,g,s transformed variables
G dimensionless temperature k buoyancy parameter
Gr local Grashof number l dynamic viscosity
k thermal conductivity m kinematic viscosity
L reference length q density
Pr Prandtl number w stream function
R Radiation parameter
ReL Reynolds number Subscripts
t,s dimensional and dimensionless time e condition at the edge of the boundary layer
T temperature i initial condition
U composite reference velocity 0 value at the wall for s = 0
UW moving plate velocity w,1 conditions at the wall and innity, respectively
U1 free stream velocity t, x, y denote the partial derivatives with respect to these vari-
u velocity component in x-direction ables, respectively
v velocity component in y-direction g,n,s denote the partial derivatives with respect to these vari-
ables, respectively
Greek symbols
a unsteady parameter
am thermal diffusivity

and non-similarity equations are used to obtain the ow and ther- been solved numerically using an implicit nite difference method
mal elds. Sparrow and Abraham [9] used the relative velocity in combination of quasilinearisation technique [17]. Results are
model where only one of the participating media is in motion. Kar- compared with some results reported by Tsou et al. [5], Soundalge-
we and Jaluria [10] presented numerical simulation of thermal kar and Murty [12], and Patil et al. [16] and are found to be in
transport associated with a continuously moving at sheet in excellent agreement.
material processing. The steady laminar ow and heat transfer
characteristics of a continuously moving vertical sheet of extruded 2. Analysis
material are studied close to and far downstream from the extru-
sion slot by Al-sanena [11]. Soundalgekar and Murty [12] have dis- We consider the unsteady thermal radiative laminar viscous
cussed the effects of power law surface temperature variation on and incompressible mixed convection boundary layer ow along
the heat transfer from a continuous moving surface with constant a semi-innite vertical plate moving with velocity UW in the x-
surface velocity. More recently, Cortell [13] extended the work of direction subjected to Newtonian heating effects. The x-axis is ta-
Afzal et al. [7] by taking viscous dissipation effect in the energy bal- ken along the plate in the vertically upward direction and the y-
ance. The effects of transpiration on the ow and heat transfer over axis is taken normal to it. Fig. 1 shows the coordinate system and
a moving permeable surface in a parallel stream are analyzed by physical model for the ow conguration. The buoyancy force
Ishak et al. [14]. The development of the boundary layer on a xed arises due to the temperature difference in the uid. The uid is
or moving surface parallel to a uniform free stream in presence of considered to be gray; absorbing-emitting radiation but non-scat-
surface heat ux has been investigated by Ishak et al. [15]. Patil tering medium. Moreover, the Rosseland approximation [18] is
et al. [16] have examined the role of internal heat generation or used to describe the radiative heat uxes where the heat ux in
absorption effects on the ow and heat transfer over a moving ver- the x-direction is considered negligible in comparison to the y-
tical plate. In this study, authors have considered the steady ow direction. All thermo-physical properties of the uid in the ow
and heat transfer characteristics. model are assumed constant except the density variations causing
Unsteady mixed convection ows do not necessarily posses a body force in the momentum equation. The Boussinesq approxi-
similarity solutions in many practical applications. The unsteadi- mation is invoked for the uid properties to relate density changes,
ness and nonsimilarity in such ows may be due to the free stream and to couple in this way the temperature eld to the ow eld
velocity or due to the curvature of the body or due to the surface [19]. Under these assumptions, the dimensional equations of con-
mass transfer or even possibly due to all these effects. Because of servation of mass, momentum and energy governing the unsteady
the mathematical difculties involved in obtaining nonsimilar mixed convection boundary layer ow over a moving vertical plate
solutions for such problems, many investigators have conned are given by:
their studies either to steady nonsimilar ows or to unsteady
@u @ v
semi-similar or self-similar ows. 0; 1
The present numerical study investigates the combined effects @x @y
of thermal radiation, Newtonian heating and thermal diffusion
on an unsteady mixed convection ow along a semi-innite verti- @u @u @u @ue @2u
u v m 2 gbT  T 1 ; 2
cal plate. The plate is supposed to move parallel to the free stream @t @x @y @t @y
velocity. The unsteadiness is induced due to the time dependent    
moving plate velocity as well as free stream velocity. The coupled @T @T @T k @2T 1 @qr
u v  ; 3
non-linear partial differential equations governing the ow have @t @x @y qC p @y2 qC p @y
536 P.M. Patil et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 62 (2013) 534540

 12
x U 1
n ; g y; wx;y;t mUx2 f n; g; s;
L mx
U2
s t; u U/sfg U/sF; U U 1 U w ;
m
 1
1 mU 2  
v  /s f n; g; s 2nfn  gfg ; T  T 1
2 x
T 1 Gn; g; s 10
where w is the stream function, which is dened as u = ow/oy and
v = ow/ox. Eq. (1) is identically satised, and Eqs. (2) and (9) re-
duce to
f
F gg /sF g  nReL /s1 /sF s F/s s
2
enReL /s1 /s s /s1 knG
n/sfFF n  fn F g g; 11

1R f
Ggg /sGg  nReL Gs n/sfFGn  fn Gg g: 12
Pr 2
The corresponding non-dimensional boundary conditions are:

F 1  e; Gg n1=2 1 G at g 0
13
F ! e; G!0 as g ! 1
Rg
Here f n; eta; s 0 Fdg fw where fw = 0. It should be noted that fw
is taken to be zero since the plate is impermeable. That is, there is
no suction or injection. Pr = m/am is the Prandtl number,
Fig. 1. Physical model and coordinate system.
R 16rSB T 31 =3kaR is the radiation parameter and we take
hs Re1=2
L =L (see Merkin [1]). Further, k is the mixed convection
parameter and e is the ratio of free stream velocity to the composite
reference velocity parameter, which are dened as
The initial conditions are: Gr U1 U1
k ; e : 14
u0; x; y ui x; y; v 0; x; y v i x; y; T0; x; y T i x; y 4 Re2L U U1 Uw
The physical boundary conditions for the problem are given by: where Gr = gbT1L3/m2 is the Grashof number referring to the wall
@T temperature and ReL = UL/m is the Reynolds number. Also, e = 1 cor-
ut; x; y U W t U W /s; v t; x; y 0; hs T responds to a xed (static) plate, while e = 0 corresponds to a mov-
@y
ing plate, respectively. It should be mentioned that in Eq. (11)
ut; x; 1 ! ue t ! U 1 /s; Tt; x; 1 ! T 1 5 positive sign with k i.e. +k corresponds to the assisting ow and -
kcorresponds to opposing ow whereas k 0 corresponds to the
The radiation heat ux qr under Rosseland approximation [18] is ta- forced convection ow case. It may be remarked that a single con-
ken as stant, Pr/(1 + R) known as Preffective [20], can display the effects
of radiation (R) and Prandtl number (Pr) when the sole interest is to
4rSB @T 4
qr  6 study the effects of radiation (R) and Prandtl number (Pr) for a wide
3aR @y
range of parameter values. In such situation a single parameter Pr/
where rSB is the StefanBoltzmann constant and aR is the Rosseland (1 + R) known as Preffective [20] could serve the purpose for the
mean spectral absorption coefcient. whole range of parameter values. Since the present study concerned
It is assume that the temperature difference within the ow are about the effect of Newtonian heating only for air (Pr = 0.7) and
sufciently small such that T4 can be expressed as a linear function water (Pr = 7.0), numerical results are presented by indicating
of temperature. Expanding T4 in a Taylor series about T1 as known Pr values of air (Pr = 0.7) and water (Pr = 7.0). Furthermore,
follows: we have assumed that the ow is steady at time s = 0 and becomes
unsteady for s > 0 due to the time dependent plate velocity
T 4 T 41 4T 31 T  T 1 6T 21 T  T 1 2    7 [UW(t) = Uw/(s)] and free stream velocity [ue(t) = U1/(s)], where
Further, neglecting higher order terms in the above equation be- /s 1 as2 ; a < 0 or a > 0. Hence, the initial condition (i.e. condi-
yond the rst degree in (T  T1), we get tions at s = 0) are given by the steady state equations obtained from
(11) and (12) by substituting /(s) = 1, d//ds = Fs = Gs = 0 when
T 4 3T 41 4T 31 T 8 s = 0. The corresponding boundary conditions are obtained from
In view of Eqs. (6) and (8), Eq. (3) becomes (13) when s = 0.
! The main physical quantities of interest are the skin friction
@T @T @T 16rSB T 31 @ 2 T 1=2
coefcient ReL C f and the wall temperature GW(n,0,s). These quan-
u v am 1 9
@t @x @y 3kaR @y2 tities are dened respectively, as:
 
am = k/(qCp) is the thermal diffusivity. 2 @u
@y
The following transformations are used in Eqs. (1), (2) and (9) y0
Cf l Re1=2
L n1=2 /sF g n; 0; s 15
qU 2
 P.M. Patil et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 62 (2013) 534540 537

1=2
or ReL C f n1=2 /sF g n; 0; s; 16 algorithm [21]. To ensure the convergence of the numerical solution
to the exact solution, step sizes Dg, Dn and Ds are optimized and
h i
taken as 0.001, 0.001 and 0.001, respectively. The results presented
Gw n; 0; s  1 n1=2 Gg n; 0; s : 17
here are independent of the step sizes at least up to the fourth dec-
imal place. A convergence criterion based on the relative difference
between the current and previous iteration values is employed. The
3. Method of solution
solution is assumed to have converged and the iteration process is
terminated when the difference reaches i.e.
The non-linear coupled partial differential Eqs. (11) and (12)
n   o
under the boundary conditions (13) have been solved numerically  k  k
Max F g k1 k1
w  F g w ; Gg w  Gg w  < 10
4
21
using an implicit nite difference scheme in combination with the
quasilinearisation technique [17]. Quasilinearisation technique can
be viewed as a generalization of the NewtonRaphson approxima-
tion technique in functional space. An iterative sequence of linear 4. Results and discussion
equations is carefully constructed to approximate the nonlinear
Eqs. (11) and (12) under the boundary conditions (13) achieving The computations have been carried out for various values of
quadratic convergence and monotonicity. Pr0:7 6 Pr 6 7:0, k0:27 6 k 6 9:0, e0:1 6 e 6 0:9,
With the help of quasilinearisation technique, the nonlinear 0:5 6 a 6 1:0, 0 6 n 6 1 and R0 6 R 6 1:0. The edge of the
coupled partial differential Eqs. (11) and (12) under the boundary boundary layer g1 has been taken between 12.0 and 20.0
conditions (13) are replaced by the following sequence of linear or- depending on the values of the parameters. The results have been
dinary differential equations obtained for both accelerating /s 1 as2 ; a > 0; 0 6 s 6 1
and decelerating /s 1 as2 ; a < 0; 0 6 s 6 1 free stream
i i1
Ai2 F i1 Ai3 F n Ai4 F i1 Ai5 Gi1 Ai6 ;
i1
F i1
gg A1 F g s 18 velocities of the uid. Afzal et al. [7] have discussed only self-sim-
ilar solutions where all solutions along streamwise direction were
Gi1 i i1
Bi2 Gn
i1
Bi3 Gi1 Bi4 F i1 Bi5 ; made congruent using similarity transformations. Governing equa-
gg B1 Gg s 19
tions were nally reduced to a set of ordinary differential equa-
The coefcient function with iterative index i are known and the tions. In such cases, single asymptotic solution will not be able to
function with iterative index (i + 1) are to be determined. The corre- represent all physical solutions. Further, it is reported by many
sponding boundary conditions are given by other investigators also that there are dual solutions with different
asymptotic nature. In contrast, authors have captured non-similar
F i1 s; n; 0 1  e; Gi1 1=2 i1
g s; n; 0 n 1 G ; at g 0; solutions at each streamwise location in different time-step by
i1 i1 solving coupled set of partial differential equations. In this investi-
F s; n; 0 ! e; G s; n; 0 ! 0; as g ! g1 :
20 gation, authors have observed a single non-similar solution at each
streamwise location in different time-step. In order to verify the
The coefcients in Eqs. (18) and (19) are given by accuracy of the presented approach, steady state results of heat
    transfer rate [Gg(0)] are compared with the results previously re-
f d/s 1
Ai1 /s nfn ; Ai2 n / sReL /sF n ; ported by Tsou et al. [5], Soundalgekar and Murty [12], and Patil
2 ds
et al. [16]. Some of the comparisons are presented in Table 1 and
Ai3 n/sF; Ai4 nReL ; are found to be in excellent agreement.
The effects of buoyancy parameter k and Prandtl number (Pr)
 
d/s 1 on velocity and temperature proles (F(n,g,s),G(n,g,s)) for acceler-
Ai5 kn/1 s; Ai6 n ReL / se /sFF n ;
ds ating ow /s 1 as2 , a = 1.0, when R = 1.0, e = 0.5, n = 1 and
  ReL = 104 are displayed in Figs. 24 for Pr = 0.7 and Pr = 7.0. The ef-
i Pr/s f
B1 nfn ; fect of buoyancy assisting force k > 0 shows the overshoot in the
1 R 2
velocity proles F(n,g,s) in the vicinity of the plate for smaller Pra-
/snPr Prn Pr/sn ndtl number uids (air, Pr = 0.7) while for higher Prandtl number
Bi2  F; Bi3  ReL ; Bi4  Gn ; uids (water, Pr = 7.0), the velocity overshoot is not observed as
1R 1R 1R
shown in Figs. 2 and 3. However, the magnitude of the velocity
Pr/sn
Bi5  Gn F: overshoot enhances with mixed convection parameter k > 0
1R
while it decreases as Prandtl number (Pr) increases. The physical
Since the method is presented for partial differential equations in a reason is that the effect of buoyancy force is more in a smaller Pra-
recent study by Patil and Roy [17], its detailed description is not ndtl number uids (air, Pr = 0.7), due to the lower viscosity of the
provided here. At each iteration step, the sequence of linear partial uid, which results into enhancement in the velocity prole within
differential Eqs. (18), (19) were expressed in difference from using the moving boundary layer as the assisting buoyancy force acts like
central difference scheme in the g-direction and backward differ- a favorable pressure gradient. Hence, the velocity overshoot occurs.
ence scheme in n and s directions. Thus in each step, the resulting For higher Prandtl number uids (water, Pr = 7.0), the overshoot is
equations were then reduced to a system of linear algebraic equa- not appeared because higher Prandtl number (Pr) uids means
tions with a block tri-diagonal matrix, which is solved by Vargas more viscous uids which have less impact on the mixed

Table 1
Comparison of Gg(0) for k 0, n = 0, R = 0, e = 0 and selected values of Pr, the plate being isothermal (TW = constant) to previously published work.

Pr 0.7 1.0 2.0 7.0 10.0 100.0

Tsou et al. [5] 0.3492 0.4438 1.6804 5.545
Soundalgekar and Murty [12] 0.3508 0.6831 1.6808
Patil et al. [16] 0.35004 0.44401 0.68314 1.38625 1.68011 5.54610
Present work 0.35005 0.44403 0.68316 1.38627 1.68013 5.54612
538 P.M. Patil et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 62 (2013) 534540
Fig. 2. Effects of k and Pr = 0.7 on velocity prole for /(s) = 1 + as2, a = 1 when
e = 0.5, n = 1, R = 1, and ReL = 104.
Fig. 3. Effects of k and Pr = 7.0 on velocity prole for /(s) = 1 + as2, a = 1 when
e = 0.5, n = 1, R = 1, and ReL = 104.
convection parameter k. The effect of buoyancy opposing force on
velocity and temperature proles is also presented in Figs. 2 and 3
by a representative negative value of k k 0:27 to limit the num-
ber of lines in the gures. It is worthy to note from Figs. 2 and 3
that for opposing buoyancy ow k 0:27, the buoyancy opposing
force reduces the magnitude of the velocity signicantly within the
moving boundary layer for low Prandtl number uids (Pr = 0.7, air)
as well as for high Prandtl number uids (Pr = 7.0, water). The ef-
fect of time s is crucial for the velocity overshoot. In particular,
for a = 1.0, R = 1.0, e = 0.5 at n = 1 and ReL 104 when k = 3.0, over-
shoot in the velocity prole reduced approximately by 48% and
29% as time s increases from 0.0 to 1.0 for Pr = 0.7 and Pr = 7.0,
respectively. The effect of mixed convection parameter k is rela-
tively less signicant on the temperature prole G(n,g,s) as shown
in Fig. 4. Furthermore, Fig. 4 also shows that the effect of higher
Prandtl number uids (water, Pr = 7.0) results into a thinner ther-
mal boundary layer because of the higher Prandtl number uids
(water, Pr = 7.0) have lower thermal conductivity.
In Figs. 5 and 6, results are depicted for the skin friction coef-
1=2
cient and the surface temperature ReL C f ; GW n; 0; s for acceler-
ating and decelerating free stream ows with /s 1 as2 ,
a = 0.5 and a = 0.5 when R = 1.0, e = 0.6, n = 1 to understand the
Fig. 4. Effects of k and Pr on temperature prole for /(s) = 1 + as2, a = 1 s = 1 when
e = 0.5, n = 1, R = 1, and ReL = 104.
Fig. 5. Effects of k and Pr on skin friction for /(s) = 1 + as2, when n = 1.0, e = 0.6,
ReL = 104 and R = 1.
physical insight of the mixed convection parameter k and the Pra-
ndtl number Pr. Results reveal that Re1=2 L C f ; GW n; 0; s increase
with the increase of mixed convection parameter k. The physical
reason is that the buoyancy force k > 0 implies favorable pres-
sure gradient, and the uid gets accelerated, which results in thin-
ner momentum and thermal boundary layers. As the Prandtl
number increases from 0.7 to 7.0, the surface temperature (GW(-
n,0,s)) decreases with the mixed convection parameter k while skin
friction coefcient Re1=2L C f increases (see Figs. 5 and 6). Further, it
is interesting to note that for decelerating ow at a = 0.5,
Re1=2
L C f decreases monotonously with increasing time s for both
lower and higher Prandtl number uids. However, there is no im-
pact of unsteadiness, particularly in decelerating ows, on the sur-
face temperature (GW(n,0,s)). It is due to the Newtonian heating
effect applied at the wall, i.e. heat transfer rate from the surface
is proportional to the local temperature. In case of accelerating
ow, for example, a 0:5, R = 1.0, e = 0.6, ReL = 104 and n = 1 at
s = 0.5, Re1=2
L C f increases approximately about 55% and 40% as k
increases from 1.0 to 5.0 for both the cases Pr = 0.7 as well as for
Pr = 7.0, respectively, while (GW(n,0,s)) increases approximately
within 5%. Also, for decelerating ow, the percentage increase of
 P.M. Patil et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 62 (2013) 534540
Fig. 6. Effects of k and Pr on surface temperature for /(s) = 1 + as2, when ReL = 104,
n = 1.0, e = 0.6, and R = 1.
Fig. 7. Effects of k and s on velocity temperature prole for /(s)=1 + as2, a = 1 when
e = 0.5 k 2 R = 1, Pr = 0.7 and ReL = 104.
Re1=2
L C f is approximately about 22% and 26%, respectively as k in-
creases from 1.0 to 5.0 for Pr = 0.7 and Pr = 7.0.
Fig. 7 illustrates the role of stream wise co-ordinate n and time s
on the velocity and temperature proles (F(n,g,s), G(n,g,s)) for
accelerating ow /s 1 as2 , a = 0.5 when R = 1.0, e = 0.5,
k 2:0 and Pr = 0.7. When the moving plate moves faster, the
velocity overshoot is observed more near the plate within the mov-
ing boundary layer because moving plate causes faster movements
in the uid near the boundary. Hence, velocity and temperature
proles (F(n,g,s), G(n,g,s)) are increasing with stream wise co-ordi-
nate n while they are decreasing as time s increases from 0.0 to 1.0.
This clearly indicates that an increase in stream wise co-ordinate n
acts as a favorable pressure gradient and hence uid ows faster.
The overshoot near the plate reduces with time s. For example,
R = 1.0, e = 0.5, k 2:0, ReL = 104 and Pr = 0.7 at n = 1, overshoot in
the velocity prole reduced approximately by 29% as s increases
from 0.0 to 1.0. However, at n = 1, there is no change in the temper-
ature prole for unsteady case (s = 1) due to the Newtonian heat-
ing effects applied at the wall, i.e. heat transfer rate from the
surface is proportional to the local temperature.
Fig. 8 displays the effects of e (the ratio of free stream velocity to
the composite reference velocity) and radiation parameter R with
539
Fig. 8. Effects of e and R on velocity prole for /(s) = 1 + as2, a = 1 when n = 0.5
k 1 Pr = 0.7 and ReL = 104.
time s for accelerating and decelerating free stream ows on the
velocity prole F(n,g) for /s 1 as2 , a = 0.5 and a = 0.5 when
k = 1.0, n = 1.0, R = 1.0, ReL = 104 and Pr = 0.7. The velocity eld is
strongly dependent on e because it occurs in the governing
momentum equation as well as in the boundary condition for
F(n,g). It has been observed that the magnitude of the velocity
within the moving boundary layer increases with the increase of
e while decreases as s increases from s = 0.0 to s = 1.0. The physical
reason is that the assisting buoyancy force due to thermal gradi-
ents as well as increase in e increases the pressure gradient along
stream-wise direction which accelerates the uid for uniform mo-
tion when s = 0.0 causing the velocity overshoot near the surface
within the moving boundary layer. It is very interesting to note
that there is a large velocity overshoot near the wall due to the
decelerating ow. The velocity overshoot reduces signicantly in
case of unsteady low s = 1.0) as e increases. Furthermore, it is ob-
served that the velocity prole increases within the moving bound-
ary layer for decelerating ow as compared to the accelerating
ow. For example, for k = 1.0, ReL = 104 and Pr = 0.7 at n = 0.5 when
a decreases from 0.5 to 0.5 for a given time s = 1.0, the velocity
prole increases approximately about 109% and 85% at R = 0 and
R = 1, respectively, for e = 0.2. This clearly indicates that the effect
of moving boundary on decelerating ow is prominent and ther-
mal radiation affects the velocity prole.
5. Conclusions
An analysis is performed to study the effects of unsteady mixed
convection ow over a moving vertical plate in a parallel free
stream in the presence of Newtonian heating in which heat trans-
fer rate from the surface is proportional to the local temperature
and the thermal radiation. The unsteadiness is caused by the time
dependent free stream velocity as well as by the moving plate
velocity. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed
into a non-dimensional form by a group of non-similar transforma-
tions. The resulting system of coupled non-linear partial
differential equations is solved by an implicit nite difference
scheme in combination with the quasi-linearization technique.
The following conclusions may be drawn from the present numer-
ical investigation:
 The velocity prole exhibits signicant enhancement such as
5060% overshoot for low Prandtl number uids (air, Pr = 0.7)
as compared to the magnitude of the velocity for higher Prandtl
number uids (water, Pr = 7.0).
540 P.M. Patil et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 62 (2013) 534540
 The velocity and temperature proles are reduced approxi-
mately by 2530% in the presence of unsteadiness i.e. in
unsteady ow (s = 1.0) as compared to the steady ow.
 Results reveal that skin friction coefcient and surface temper-
ature are to increase approximately by 40% with the increase of
mixed convection parameter k from k = 1 to k = 5.
 An increase in the stream wise co-ordinate n acts as a favorable
pressure gradient and hence uid ows faster within the
boundary layer.
 The magnitude of the velocity within the moving boundary
layer increases with the increase of e (the ratio of free stream
velocity to the composite reference velocity).
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