Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4. What is integrity?
integrity is the unity of character based on moral values. Consistency in attitudes, emotions
and conduct in relations to morally justified actions and values are also the part of integrity
of individual. It implies honesty, trustworthiness.
a. Purpose of designing
19. What is the use of Risk-Analysis? What are the three factors involved here?
Risk Analysis is used for the assessment of the hazardous associated with an industrial or
commercial activity. It involves identifying the causes of unwanted hazardous events and
estimating the consequences and likelihood of these events. Three factors involved in this
are:
a. Hazard Identification
b. Consequences analysis
c. Probability estimation.
i. Personal Risk: An individual, who is given sufficient information, will be in a position to decide
whether to take part in a risky activity or not. They are more ready to take on voluntary risks than
involuntary risks.
ii. Public Risks: Risks and benefits to the public are more easily determined than to individuals, as
larger number of people is taken into account. Involuntary risks are found here.
Strict liability means if the sold product is defective; the manufacturer concerned is liable for any
harm that results to users. Negligible is not at all an issue based.
24. Give the reasons for the Three Mile Island disaster?
An important barrier to educational attempt is that people belief change slow and are extraordinarily
resistant to new information.
Products that are not safe incur secondary costs to the manufacturer beyond the primary costs that
must also be taken into account costs associated with warranty expenses loss of customer will and
even loss of customers and so.
Open-mindedness refers once again not allowing a preoccupation with rules to prevent close
examination of safety problems that may not be covered by rules.
The problem was that, The output was maintained to satisfy an unexpected demand. The control
device was not properly reprogrammed to maintain power at the required level. Instead of leaving
fifteen control rods as required, the operators raised almost all control rods because at the low
power level, the fuel had become poisoned.
29.Define Collegiality?
i. Respect
ii. Commitment
iii. Connectedness
iv. Cooperation
i. Employees must see some of their own important goals as met by and through a group
in which they participate.
ii. ii. Employees must be treated fairly, each receiving his or her share of benefits and
burdens.
What is the relationship between the Loyalty to the company and Professional responsibility to
the public?
iii. An engineer might have professional obligations to both an employer and to the public
that reinforce rather than contradict each other.
Institutional Authority is acquired, exercised and defined within organizations. It may be defined as
the institutional right given to a person to exercise power based on the resources of the institution.
Expert authority is the possession of special knowledge, skill or competence to perform task or give
sound advice.
The basic moral task of salaried engineers is to be aware of their obligations to obey employers on
one hand and to protect and serve the public and clients of the other.
Options
.vi. Use objective criteria whenever possible. Agree on how something will be measured.
Define confidential information?
What are the criteria for identifying that information is labeled confidential at the workplace?
*Engineers shall treat information coming to them in the course of their as confidential.
* Identify any information which if it became known would cause harm to the corporation or
client. *
Confidential information is any information that the employer or client would like to have kept
secret in order to compete effectively against business rivals.
i. Privileged Information
iii. Patents
Rights Ethicists
Drawbacks:
Duty Ethicists
Contends that certain acts should be performed because they are inherently
ethical
(e.g. honesty, fairness)
This theory concludes that individuals who recognize their ethical duties
will choose ethically correct moral actions
Drawback this method does not always lead to a solution which maximizes the
public good
utilitarians
Attempts to achieve a balance between good and bad consequences of an
action
Tries to maximize the well-being of society and emphasizes what will
provide the most benefits to the largest group of people
Fundamental to many types of engineering analysis, including risk-benefit
analysis and cost-benefit analysis
Drawbacks:
Virtue Ethics
Conflict of interests is a situation in which two or more interests are not simultaneously realizable. It
is the disagreement between public obligation and self-interest of an official.
a. Financial Investments
b. Insider Trading
c. Bribe
d. Gifts
e. Kickbacks
What is a Bribe?
A Bribe is a substantial amount of money or goods offered beyond a stated business contract with
the aim of winning an advantage in gaining or keeping the contract.
What is a Gift?
Gifts are not bribes as long as they are small gratuities offered in the normal conduct of business.
ii. Moonlighting
Occupational crimes are illegal acts made possible through ones lawful employment. It is the secret
violation of laws regulating work activities. When committed by office workers of professionals,
occupational crime is called white-collar crime.
What are the essential elements of IPR?
i. Patents
ii. Copyrights
iii. Trademarks
Whenever the goals of a leader become permissible and also morally valuable, it is known as moral
leadership. Moral leadership also means that employing morally acceptable ways to motivate the
groups to move towards morally desirable ways. The ways are depending on the situations.
What are the questions that arise while considering the voluntary service in the field of
Engineering?
The following questions arise: should engineering profession encour age rendering voluntary
services with out fees or at moderate fees? Do the engineering professional societies really need
this?
Code of ethics is a frame work for arriving at good ethical choices. The code of ethics establishes a
frame work for ethical judgment for any profession.A code of ethics does not develop new moral
principles.
What are the common features involved in the code of ethics for Engineers?
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional duties.
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees.
Honesty is necessary to avoid deceiving and to be frank in giving all the relevant facts.It is also
necessary to be truthful in interpreting the facts. Honesty in technical data is essential to be honest
in engineers role and for the values guiding his studies.
What is meant by Competence?
Competence means being well trained and having proper experience in the relevant field and also
having the required additional skills planning and policy making.
Diligence means carrying out the given job carefully and in a prompt way.
Define Loyalty?
Loyalty refers to serving the interests of the clients. It includes avoiding conflicts of interests
maintaining confidentiality and expressing concern for the interest of the clients.
Ethical responsibility: The basic ethical responsibilities of managers are to produce a good product or
valuable service, only after taking into consideration maintaining respect for human beings, which
includes customers, employees and the general public.
Moral responsibility: As managers, engineers moral responsibility is to produce safe and useful
products that are also profitable.
Eyewitnesses give evidences in the court about what they have seen actually.
Expert witnesses are allowed larger freedom in giving evidence on facts in there areas of expertise
on explaining facts in commenting on the views of the expert witnesses of the opposite side and also
inreporting on the professional standards
Ethical values must be accepted and appreciated by the managers and employees with its full
complicated features.
The sincere use of ethical language has to be recognized as a justifiable part of the company.
The management has to create a strong confidence among the employees that the management is
more serious about ethics by establishing moral tone in words, in policies and also by personal
example.
What are the important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering project manager?
The important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering project manager are,
Conflicts of personality.
Consulting engineers are those involved in private practice. For the services rendered by them, they
will be paid some fees. They wont be compensated by salaries from employers. They are the sole
employer of their practice. So they have greater freedom to take decisions on the tasks undertaken
by them.
The rules framed by NSPE (National Society of Professional Engineers) in case of professional
advertisements are as follows:
The use of statements containing a material misrepresentation of fact or omitting a material fact
necessary to keep the statement from being misleading.
Statements intended or likely to attract clients by the use of slogans, jingles or sensational language
format.
Bacterias that are essential for life systems to be active are killed.High acidity results in reduced
growth and killing of fishes.Vanishing of greenery and destruction of forests.Germination of seeds is
affected affecting the growth of trees.
Technology transfer is a process of changing the technology to a new setting and implementing it.
Technology includes hardware such as machines and installations as well as techniques such as
technical, organizational and managerial skills and procedures.
Power Relationship
Job Elimination
Customer Relations
Biased Software
Stock Trading
Unrealistic Expectations
Political Power
Military Weapons
Property Embezzlement Data and Software Privacy
Cyber crimes
Computer Virus
Techno stress
Cyber Scams and Frauds
Internet Defamation
Software Piracy
Cyber Squatting
Inappropriate Access
Data Bank Errors
Hackers
Legal Responses
Professional Issues
Computer Failures
Computer Implementation
Health conditions
What are the problems of Defense industry?
a) Problem of waste and huge cost in implementing and maintaining a weapons system.
d) Every country allocates large amount of its resources to defense sector [India spent of
its resource for defense]
a. Ethical values in their full complexity are widely acknowledged and appreciated by
managers and employees alike.
b. The sincere use of ethical language has to be recognized as a legitimate part of corporate
dialogue.
c. The top level management must establish a moral tone in words, in policies, by personal
example etc.
Conflicts which arises in evolving the importance of projects and the department.
Conflicts of personality.
Hired Guns
Value-neutral Analysts
Value-guided Advocates
What are the characteristics of an engineer as expert advisers in public planning and policy
making?
Honesty
Competence
Diligence
Loyalty
o By outright lies.
o By half-truths.
o Through exaggeration.
The code of conduct will help the engineers to have a set of standards of behavior. They act as
guidelines for their behavior. It helps to create workplaces where employees are encouraged to make
ethical implications.
a. Computers failures
b. Computer implementation
c. Health conditions
a) Problem of invention
e) Application or uses
g) Resources of funds
a. Utility patents
b. Design patents
c. Plant patents
a) Prevent plagiarism.
What is the Importance of IPR? a. Give the inventors exclusive rights of dealing.
A trade secret is a secret formula, pattern, or device that is used in a business and provides a
commercial advantage.
Whistle-blowing is alerting relevant persons to some moral or legal corruption, where relevant
persons are those in a position to act in response, if only by registering protest. i.e. the employee
disclosure of an employers illegal or illegitimate practices to persons or organizations that may be
able to take corrective actions. The conditions to be met for whistle-blowing are
a. Need
b. Proximity
c. Capability
d. Last resort
a. Act of disclosure
b. Topic
c. Agent
d. Recipient
Open Whistle Blowing Individuals openly reveal their identity as they convey the information.
Anonymous Whistle Blowing Involves concealing ones identity.
i. If the harm that will be done by the product to the public is serious and considerable.
ii. If they make their concerns known to their superiors.
iii. If getting no satisfaction from their immediate supervisors, they exhaust the channels
available within the corporation, including going to the board of directors.
i. He or she must have documented evidence that would convince a reasonable, impartial
observer that his [or her] view of the situation is correct and the company policy wrong.
ii. There must be strong evidence that making the information public will in fact prevent the
threatened serious harm.
What are the two general ways to apply ethical theories to justify the basic right of professional
conscience?
i. Proceed piecemeal by reiterating the justifications given for the specific professional duties.
ii. Justify the right of professional conscience, which involves grounding it more directly in the
ethical theories.
Define Employee Rights?
Employee rights are rights, moral or legal, that involve the status of being an employee. They include
some professional rights that apply to the employer-employee relationship.
Sexual Harassment means continuous annoying and attacks on men or women on the basis of sexual
considerations. It also covers the harassment by female superiors on the male employees and sexual
harassment of employees by superiors of the same sex. It includes physical and psychological attacks,
coercion, misuse of authority and a variety of undesirable and indecent actions.
Define Discrimination?
What are the general procedures for implementing the right to due process?
i. Written explanations should be established that is available to all employees who believe
their rights have been violated.
ii. An appeals procedure should be established that is available to all employees who
believe their rights have been violated.
Strong preferential treatment involves giving preference to minority applicants or women over
better qualified applicants from other groups.
Any human being should imbibe honesty-honesty in acts, honesty in speech and honesty in beliefs.
Honesty is the fundamental virtue in human relationship even though in may be difficult to follow
some times.
Lying:
Deliberation deception:
With holding the information:
Maintaining confidentiality:
Courage: Courage is the tendency to face dangers and difficult jobs in rational ways and with self
control. A person with the quality of courage has the following characteristics.
Continues to run with his job or business even there are certain disturbance.
Gets involved with new popular ideas
Discuss with others even when there is a problem.
Co-operation: Co-operation means extending help to others, for a good cause. Co-operation may be
through an idea, a suggestion, an assistance or physical work which extends to others for common
benefit.
Service learning tells that one has moral responsibility to increase the desirable effects and to
decrease the harmful effects. Any service should increase the desirable result. Good citizen demand
civic virtue. It is the principle of not harming the surroundings .It also includes living peacefully,
respect for others, protecting the environment and being normally and ethically good.
Values are mainly related to individuals and since they are related to justice, they remain the some
for every one. E.g. truth, honesty, empathy, self respect. Values do not change from individual to
individual.
Ethics is common to a group of individuals; the group may be religious or professional. Ethics is
mostly based on some code or law and judgment of any action is based on code of conduct or law.
Ethics change from individual to individual
Culture commonly refers to conduct of a group. E.g system of worship, marriage.It may differ from
society to society, nation to nation or religion to religion.
Spirituality raises a man above the materialistic world into a realm where he seeks peace and real
happiness
Morals are how we judge others. Morals have a greater social element to values and tend to have a
very broad acceptance. Morals are far more about good and bad than other values. We thus judge
others more strongly on morals than values. A person can be described as immoral, yet there is no
word for them not following values. Morality can be described as a core set of values and beliefs that
act as a guide when formulating courses of action .
Ethics are professional standards. Ethics are thus internally defined and adopted, whilst morals tend
to be externally imposed on other people. Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with human
values and conduct, moral duty, and obligation. Basically, ethics is concerned with what people might
describe as right and wrong human conduct.
Human values are the foundation of social order, justice and progress. Human values are social and
ethical norms common to all cultures and societies, as well as religions. They represent a melding of
social progress and spiritual growth.
Membership criteria
Professionalism as independence
Qualities of professionals
Models of professional roles : Savior, Bureaucratic servant, Guardian, Social servant, Social enabler
and catalyst, Game player.
What do u understand by the term moral dilemma? Differentiate with moral autonomy.
Moral dilemmas are kind of situations where a difficult choice has to be made. The sorts of
complexity and murkiness that may be involved in moral situations are,
Vagueness
Conflicting reasons
Disagreement
Moral autonomy:
Self-determining
Independent
Personal Involvement
Exercised based on the moral concern for other people and recognition of good moral reasons
SUBJECTIVE QESTIONS
Engineering projects can be viewed as social experiments. Compare them with standard
experiments. In what ways are they similar and how do they differ?
1. There are uncertainties in the abstract model used for the design calculations;
2. there are uncertainties in the precise characteristics of the materials purchased;
3. there are uncertainties in the precision of materials processing and fabrication;
4. there are uncertainties about the nature of the stresses the finished product
5. will encounter.
6. Engineers do not have the luxury of waiting until all the relevant facts are in before
commencing work.
7. At some point, theoretical exploration and laboratory testing must be bypassed for the sake
of moving ahead on a project.
8. Indeed, one talent crucial to an engineer's success lies precisely in the ability to accomplish
tasks safely with only a partial knowledge of scientific laws about nature and society
Second, the final outcomes of engineering projects, like those of experiments, are generally
uncertain.
Often in engineering it is not even known what the possible outcomes may be, and great risks
may attend even seemingly harmless projects
A jumbo airplane may bankrupt the small airline that bought it as a status symbol
A nuclear reactor, the scaled-up version of a successful smaller model, may exhibit unexpected
problems that endanger the surrounding population, leading to its untimely shutdown at great cost
to owner and consumers alike.
Third, effective engineering relies on knowledge gained about products both before and after they
leave the factory-knowledge needed for improving current products and creating better ones.
Usually engineers learn from their own earlier design and operating results, as well as from those of
other engineers, but unfortunately that is not always the case. Lack of established channels of
communication, misplaced pride in not asking for information, embarrassment at failure or fear of
litigation, and plain neglect often impede the flow of such information and lead to many repetitions
of past mistakes. Here are a few examples:
1.The Titanic lacked a sufficient number of lifeboats decades after most of the passengers and crew
on the steamship Arctic had perished because of the same problem.
Sweden's worst ever bridge collapse on Friday as a result of which eight people were killed." Thus
reported the New Civil Engineer on January 24, 1980. Engineers now recommend the use of floating
concrete bumpers that can deflect ships, but that recommendation is rarely heeded as seen by the
1993 collapse of the Bayou Cannot bridge that cost 43 passengers of the Sunset Limited their lives.
3. Valves are notorious for being among the least reliable components
of hydraulic systems. It was a pressure relief valve, and a lack of definitive information regarding its
open or shut state, which contributed to the nuclear reactor accident at Three Mile Island on March
28, 1979. Similar malfunctions had occurred with identical valves on nuclear reactors at other
locations. The required reports had been filed with Babcock and Wilcox, the reactor's manufacturer,
but no attention had been given to them
Engineering demands practitioners who remain alert and well informed at every stage of a project's
history and who exchange ideas freely with colleagues in related departments.
Experimental Control.
The experimental subjects are human beings or finished and sold products out of the experimenter's
control. Indeed, clients and consumers exercise most of the control because it is they who choose
the product or item they wish to use.
Engineering can be appropriately viewed as just such a natural experiment using human subjects.
Informed Consent
Viewing engineering as an experiment on a societal scale places the focus where it should be-on the
human beings affected by technology, for the experiment is performed on persons, not on inanimate
objects.
When a manufacturer sells a new device to a knowledgeable firm that has its own engineering staff,
there is usually an agreement regarding the shared risks and benefits of trying out the technological
innovation.
Informed consent is understood as including two main elements: knowledge and voluntariness.
1. First, subjects should be given not only the information they request, but all the information
needed to make a reasonable decision.
2. Second, subjects must enter into the experiment without being subjected to force, fraud, or
deception.
Knowledge Gained
Scientific experiments are conducted to gain new knowledge, whereas "engineering projects are
experiments that are not necessarily designed to produce very much knowledge,
When we carry out an engineering activity as if it were an experiment, we are primarily preparing
ourselves for unexpected outcomes.
The best outcome in this sense is one that tells us nothing new but merely affirms that we are right
about something.
For the purposes of our model the distinction is not vital because we are concerned about the
manner in which the experiment is conducted, such as that valid consent of human subjects is
sought, safety measures are taken, and means exist for terminating the experiment at any time
and providing all participants a safe exit.
What are the four features of engineers as Responsible Experimenters? Describe the
contemporary threats?
Viewing engineering as social experimentation does not by itself answer this question. Although
engineers are the main technical enablers or facilitators, they are far from being the sole
experimenters.
Their responsibility is shared with public, and others. Yet their expertise places them in a unique
position to monitor projects, to identify risks, and to provide clients and the public with the
information needed to make reasonable decisions.
From the perspective of engineering as social experimentation, four features characterize what it
means to be a responsible person while acting as an engineer:
Or, stated in greater detail as applied to engineering projects conceived as social experiments
1. A primary obligation to protect the safety of human subjects and respect their right of
consent
2. A constant awareness of the experimental nature of any project, imaginative forecasting of
its possible side effects, and a reasonable effort to monitor them
3. Autonomous, personal involvement in all steps of a project
4. Accepting accountability for the results of a project
Conscientiousness
People act responsibly to the extent that they conscientiously commit themselves to live according to
moral values, instead of a consuming preoccupation with a narrowly conceived self-interest.
By conscientious moral commitment we mean sensitivity to the full range of moral values and
responsibilities relevant to a given situation, and the willingness to develop the skill and expend the
effort needed to reach a reasonable balance among those considerations.
Conscientiousness implies consciousness: open eyes, open ears, and an open mind
Conceiving engineering as social experimentation restores the vision of engineers as guardians of the
public interest, whose professional duty it is to hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of
those affected by engineering projects.
Comprehensive Perspective
Conscientiousness is blind without relevant factual information. Hence showing moral concern
involves a commitment to obtain and properly assess all available information that is pertinent to
meeting moral obligations. This means, as a first step, fully grasping the context of one's work, which
makes it count as an activity having a moral import
Because engineering projects are inherently experimental in nature, they need to be monitored on
an ongoing basis from the time they are put into effect. Individual practitioners cannot privately
conduct full-blown environmental and social impact studies, but they can choose to make the extra
effort needed to keep in touch with the course of a project after it has officially left their hands. This
is a mark of personal identification with one's work, a notion that leads to the next aspect of moral
responsibility.
Moral autonomy
People are morally autonomous when their moral conduct and principles of action are their own,
in a special sense derived from Kant:
Moral beliefs and attitudes should be held on the basis of critical reflection rather than passive
adoption of the particular conventions of one's society, church, or profession.
This is often what is meant by "authenticity" in one's commitment to moral values. Those beliefs and
attitudes, moreover, must be integrated into the core of an individual's personality in a manner that
leads to committed action.
Viewing engineering as social experimentation can help overcome this tendency and restore a sense
of autonomous participation in one's work. As an experimenter, an engineer is exercising the
sophisticated training that forms the core of his or her identity as a professional.
Accountability
Finally, responsible people accept moral responsibility for their actions. Too often "accountable" is
understood in the overly narrow sense of being culpable and blameworthy for misdeeds.
2.i. Describe the roles of Codes of Ethics of various professional engineering societies? Indicate the
relative importance of the various categories of these roles.
5. How do the functions of standards, regulations and laws differ from one another in their effects on
engineering products and practice?
6. Explain Challenger case and then examine about the disaster if and how the principal actors in this
tragedy behaved as responsible experimenters within the framework of the engineering-as-
experimentation model? Under what conditions would you say it is safe to launch a shuttle without
an escape mechanism for the crew? Discuss the role of the astronauts in shuttle safety. To what
extent should they have involved themselves more actively in looking for safety design or
operations?
7. Should owners of passenger cars be protected against extensive front-end damage to their cars
when they or other authorized drivers back-end trucks or high-riding off-road vehicles that have
incompatible (or no) bumpers? Are these standards governing bumper location? What do they say,
and are they enforced?
8. A common excuse for carrying out a morally questionable project is If I dont do it somebody else
will. This rationale may be tempting for engineers who typically work in situations where someone
else might be ready to replace them in on a project. Do you view it as a legitimate excuse for
engaging in projects that might be unethical? Comment on the concept of responsible conduct
developed?
10. Engineering and medical practice are intimately linked in medical engineering. Its products range
from artificial limbs and organs to heart pacers and x-ray machines. Its engineers and medical experts
are experimenters with excellent track records, but failures do occur. For example, the State
University of New York at Albany admitted that its psychology department had conducted
electroshock experiments on patients who were not given fair explanation of risks and whose
consent had not been obtained. The machine itself was unsafe. Discuss the ethical implications of
this case.
A Trade secret is a secret formula, pattern, or device that is used in a business and provides a
commercial advantage. Trade secrets are formulas, patterns, devices, or compilations of information,
which are used in business to gain an advantage over competitors who do not possess the trade
secret. Trade secrets must not be in the public domain and the secrecy must be protected by the
firm, because trade secrets are not protected by patents.
Patents are documents issued by the government that allow the owner of the patent to exclude
others from making use of the patented information for twenty years from the date of filing. To
obtain a patent, the invention must be new, useful, and non-obvious. Trademarks are words, phrases,
designs, sounds or symbols associated with goods or services.
Copyrights are rights to creative products such as books, pictures, graphics, sculpture, music, movies,
and computer programs. It protects the expression of the ideas, but not the ideas themselves.
Whistle-blowing is alerting relevant persons to some moral or legal corruption, where relevant
persons are those in a position to act in response, if only by registering protest. i.e. the employee
disclosure of an employers illegal or illegitimate practices to persons or organizations that may be
able to take corrective actions. The conditions to be met for whistle-blowing are Need,Proximity
,Capability ,Last resort
13.How does the engineer act to safeguard the public from risk?
Provide the background material to support or to prove the faulty positions and actively take
part in the debate. Act as the model of a science court.
Record the statistics with caution i.e. give reasonable numbers.
Measure the risks and benefits on a relative scale rather than absolute scale
The minimum requirement is that a design must comply with the applicable laws.
Engineer must attempt to foresee potential misuses of the product by the consumer and must
design to avoid these problems.
Once the product is designed, both the prototypes and finished devices must be rigorously tested.
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of
their professional duties. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees,
and shall avoid conflicts of interest
Engineers shall build their professional rep utation on the merit of their services and shall not
compete unfairly with others.
Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity and dignity of
the profession.
Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide
opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision.
P.No.350, 359, 375- Engineering Ethics Mike W. Martin & Roland Schinzinger
Whenever the goals of a leader become permissible and also morally valuable, it is known as moral
leadership.
Moral leadership also means that employing morally acceptable ways to motivate the groups to
move towards morally desirable ways. The ways are depending on the situations.
23.. What are the questions that arise while considering the voluntary service in the field of
Engineering?
should engineering profession encour age rendering voluntary services with out fees or at
moderate fees?
o The code of ethics establishes a frame work for ethical judgment for any profession.
oA code of ethics does not develop new moral principles.
25. What are the common features involved in the code of ethics for Engineers?
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of
their professional duties.
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
Honesty is necessary to avoid deceiving and to be frank in giving all the relevant facts.It is also
necessary to be truthful in interpreting the facts. Honesty in technical data is essential to be honest
in engineers role and for the values guiding his studies.
Competence means being well trained and having proper experience in the relevant field and also
having the required additional skills planning and policy making.
Diligence means carrying out the given job carefully and in a prompt way.
Loyalty refers to serving the interests of the clients. It includes avoiding conflicts of interests
maintaining confidentiality and expressing concern for the interest of the clients.
Ethical responsibility: The basic ethical responsibilities of managers are to produce a good product or
valuable service, only after taking into consideration maintaining respect for human beings, which
includes customers, employees and the general public.
Moral responsibility: As managers, engineers moral responsibility is to produce safe and useful
products that are also profitable.
Eyewitnesses give evidences in the court about what they have seen actually.
Expert witnesses are allowed larger freedom in giving evidence on facts in there areas of expertise
on explaining facts in commenting on the views of the expert witnesses of the opposite side and also
in reporting on the professional standards
Ethical values must be accepted and appreciated by the managers and employees with its full
complicated features.
The sincere use of ethical language has to be recognized as a justifiable part of the company.
The management has to create a strong confidence among the employees that the management is
more serious about ethics by establishing moral tone in words, in policies and also by personal
example.
33. What are the important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering project manager?
The important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering project manager are,
Conflicts which arises in evolving the importance of projects and the department.
Conflicts of personality.
36. What are the rules framed by NSPE in case of professional advertisements?
The rules framed by NSPE (National Society of Professional Engineers) in case of professional
advertisements are as follows:
The use of statements containing a material misrepresentation of fact or omitting a material fact
necessary to keep the statement from being misleading.
Statements intended or likely to attract clients by the use of slogans, jingles or sensational language
format.
Bacterias that are essential for life systems to be active are killed. High acidity results in reduced
growth and killing of fishes.Vanishing of greenery and destruction of forests. Germination of seeds is
affected affecting the growth of trees.
Technology transfer is a process of changing the technology to a new setting and implementing it.
Technology includes hardware such as machines and installations as well as techniques such as
technical, organizational and managerial skills and procedures.
40. What are the ethical issues or questions that arise in environmental protection?
Who is affecting?
Some examples of pollution that affected the environment are Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl nuclear
plant explosion, Artificial rains, Meuse valley disaster at Belgium,Oleum gas leak in Delhi, HPCL
disaster in Vizag, Donova (USA)steel and chemical plantdisaster, Tehri Dam in U. P. state, etc.
Computers contribute to a variety of moral problems. In order to evaluate and act appropriately with
such problems, a new field of applied ethics termed as computer ethics has been developed.
When computers are the main objects of an unethical act, it will create some ethical issues. This
kind of act is called hacking.
The autonomy of computers means the ability of computer to make decisions without the
interference of human beings. This autonomous function of computers creates a lot of implication.
Computers failures
Computer implementation
Health conditions
.(a) What is meant by professional responsibility and discuss the theories about virtues?
Or (b) Explain Moral disagreement, moral absolutism, moral relativism and moral pluralism?