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Atoll 3.3.2
5. Neighbour Allocation
Technology evolution
UMTS Concepts
HSDPA Concepts
HSUPA Concepts
64 QAM 64 QAM
384 kbps DL 128 kbps UL R6 HSUPA
2x2 MIMO MIMO 2x2
5 MHz BW High-speed UL 5.8 Mbps
5MHz BW Up to 10MHz BW
5 MHz BW
WCDMA R8 Dual carrier R10 Dual Carrier Dual Band
16 QAM
Power Control 42Mbps DL 11.5MbpsUL 168 Mbps DL 23 Mbps UL
Fast link Adaptation
64QAM 64 QAM
2x2MIMO MIMO 2x2
Up to 10MHzBW Up to 20MHz BW
Up to 8 HSPA carriers
MIMO 4x2
R12 HetNet
Small Cells
UMTS - Release 99
Based on the WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) technique
Use of the same frequency all over the network (5MHz carrier)
Scrambling codes separate terminals in UL and cells in DL
No frequency planning like in GSM
A sophisticated power control is needed to maintain a good quality throughout the network
Pilot quality
CPICH Ec/Io
Ec: energy per chip (pilot signal)
Io: Downlink total noise spectral density
Soft handover
UMTS handover strategy different from GSM hard handover
Mobile in communication with several base stations simultaneously
Set of cells involved in soft HO = active set
Eb / Nt = ( C / R ) / ( I / W )
Eb / Nt = ( C / I ) . ( W / R )
Power control
Power control on traffic channel
Fast closed loop power control
(UE)
Objectives
Solve near-far-problem of CDMA in the uplink
Limit overall interference to maximize capacity
Ensure good reception for a maximum number of mobiles
Modelling in Atoll
DL/UL targets (dB) in the reception equipment properties
[UMTS Network Settings]
Different targets for each mobility
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is a 3GPP release 5 feature for UMTS
Designed for data service applications
Aimed to provide, for the downlink, significant reduced delays and peak rates up to 21 Mbps
Fully release 99 backward compatible
Can co-exist on the same RF carrier with R99 UMTS traffic
Based on:
The reported CQI from the UE
The UE (User Equipment) category
Low data rate (QPSK)
HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) is a 3GPP release 6 feature for UMTS
Designed for data service applications
Aimed to provide, for the uplink, peak rates up to 5,8 Mbps
Fully release 99 backward compatible
Can co-exist on the same RF carrier with R99 UMTS traffic
UE
NodeB (non serving)
NodeB (serving)
HSPA
Evolution HSPA+
Improvements modelled in Atoll Rel. 9 and Rel. 7-8
beyond
Use of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems in DL Rel.7
Use of multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver (2X2, typically) UMTS HSPA
R99 Rel. 5-6
2 techniques modelled in Atoll:
Transmit and receive diversity: improves the quality at the receiver
Spatial multiplexing (SU-MIMO): improves the cell throughput and capacity
5. Neighbour Allocation
Network Configuration
- Add Network Elements ACP
- Change Parameters
Basic Predictions
(Best Server, Signal Level)
Neighbour Allocation
Monte-carlo
Traffic Maps User-defined Values
Simulations
Cell Load
Conditions
Prediction Reports
6. Neighbour Allocation
Transmitter Parameters
Cell Parameters
Main parameters
Max power (dBm) Cell Transmit power
Main parameters
UL load factor (%)
UL cell load factor
Input used in the UL predictions
Cell Transmit power
DCH User n
HS-SCCH power (dBm)
The power allocated for each HS-SCCH
DCH User 2
DCH User 1
Number of HS-SCCH channels Other CCH
SCH
CPICH
DL HSUPA power (dBm)
The power allocated to HSUPA DL channels
Main parameters
AS threshold (dB)
Maximum difference between the pilot quality of the best server and the pilot quality of the candidate cells
Used to determine which cells, apart from the best server, will be part of the mobile active set
MIMO support
The MIMO technique (transmit diversity or spatial multiplexing) used by the cell when it supports HSPA+
List of neighbours
Access to a dialogue where you can set both intra-technology and inter-technology (UMTS-GSM/LTE) neighbours
What is HetNets?
HetNets, or Heterogeneous Networks, are composed of traditional large macro cells and smaller cells
like
Macro cells (few km up to 35 km cell radius with a transmission power from 20 W to 40 W)
Microcells (maximum cell radius 2 km with a transmission power from 2 W to 10 W)
Small cells (10 m to 200 m cell radius with urban and in-building with a transmission power from 20 mW to 2W)
Micro cells
Macro cells
Layers management
You can define network layers with corresponding:
Priorities
Supported mobile speeds
Handover ping-pong*: base stations bounce the link with the mobile back and forth between cells.
Specific predictions*: Not applicable for coverage by signal level and coverage by transmitter
(3) Atoll calculates the best server indicator (IBS) for the best serving cell candidate and the other
potential serving cells
Best serving cell candidate: IBS = Ec/Io + Handover Margin + CIO
Other serving cells: IBS = Ec/Io + CIO
(4) The server with the highest best server indicator (IBS) will be considered as best server (for all
potential serving cells from all layers)
Usecase : 1 Macro site 900 MHz + 2 Micro sites 2100 MHz + 6 Small Cells 2100 MHz
The Small Cell 2 is the best serving cell candidate in this use case.
Step 3 : Atoll calculates the best server indicator (IBS) for the best serving cell candidate and
the other potential serving cells
Best serving cell candidate: IBS = Ec/Io + Handover Margin + CIO
Other serving cells: IBS = Ec/Io + CIO
Handover Margin applied for the CIO applied for all serving
cell candidate only cells.
Step 4: Atoll considers the cell with the highest IBS as the best server: Small Cell 2.
MICRO 2100
MACRO 900
Range expansion analysis: The UMTS/HSPA specific predictions are impacted by the new best
server algorithm:
Impact on a Pilot Quality analysis displaying the best server area per cell
The hatched area corresponds to an analysis taken into account different layers with different
Handover margin and CIO
The central area corresponds to an analysis without layer consideration
5 MHz 5 MHz
F2
F1 F2
F1
Restrictions
Only applies to HSDPA physical channels
The two carriers are adjacent and must belong to the same NodeB
Advantages
Doubles the peak rate from 21Mbps to 42Mbps and enhances the performance at cell edges
Facilitates an efficient load balancing between carriers in one sector
5. Neighbour Allocation
Available Predictions
Load Conditions
Coverage Predictions
Coverage predictions
UMTS dedicated coverage predictions
Coverage studies (CPICH RSCP)
Quality studies (CPICH Ec/Io and DCH Eb/Nt)
Handover areas study
Noise studies
HSDPA dedicated coverage predictions
Quality studies (A-DPCH, HS-SCCH, HS-PDSCH, CQI)
Throughput studies
HSUPA dedicated coverage predictions
Quality studies (E-DCH)
Throughput studies
Predictions settings
User and carrier / layer specification Tip text content and legend
Supported Layers
HS-PDSCH Ec/Nt
CPICH/HS-PDSCH CQI
Fast link adaptation modelling for a All HSDPA radio
Peak RLC throughput
single User bearers considered
Effective MAC Throughput
Etc.
Atoll determines the best HSDPA bearer that each user can obtain
Each HSDPA user is processed as if he was the only user in the cell => he uses the entire available
HSDPA power of the cell
Throughputs
Each HSUPA user is processed as if he is the only user in the cell => he uses the entire remaining
load of the cell
Inputs
DL power used and UL load factor of cells for R99 bearer connection
Available HSDPA power of cells for HSDPA bearer users
UL load factor, UL load factor due to HSUPA, UL reuse factor and maximum UL load factor of cells
for HSUPA bearer users
User description: terminal, service and mobility type
AS determination
Active Set / handover status also
shown in the map-window
Pilot availability
Point analysis setup Lower limit of the Active Set Best server threshold to be part of the
(identical as prediction (best pilot quality - Active Set Active Set (depending on the mobility
setup) threshold) type)
Inputs
List of points with their coordinates
DL power used and UL load factor of cells for R99 bearer connection
User description: terminal, service, mobility type and receiver height
Carrier selection
Results
5. Neighbour Allocation
5. Neighbour Allocation
Prerequisites
General Settings
Automatic Allocation
Possibility to specify pairs of cells which cannot have the same scrambling code
Exceptional pairs
Allocation strategy
Start allocation
Allocation constraints
First, second and third order neighbours
Option to prevent Atoll from allocating the same SC to 1st, 2nd, or even 3rd order neighbours
Reuse distance
Minimum distance required to allocate the same SC in two cells (can be defined in the cells properties)
If not defined in the cell properties, Atoll takes into account the default value
Exceptional pairs
Pairs of cells that cant share the same scrambling code
Allocation strategies
Clustered
Use a minimum number of clusters
Allocation options
Possibility to force the largest spectrum
possible
Conditions:
Allocation results
Allocation result
Calculate a coverage by
transmitter and display it on the Scrambling code or group of scrambling
map codes to be located on the map
Colours given to
transmitters
List of transmitters which
cells have the defined Red: transmitters which
scrambling code cells have the specified
scrambling code
Grey: other transmitters
Distribution table
5. Neighbour Allocation
Ec/No Receiver energy per chip divided by the total noise power density
The higher the Ec/No value, the better the signal can be dissociated from overall noise
No = consists of three important components : interfering ( non-orthogonal), power, thermal noise.
The Ec/No for a UE is the PCPICH measurement (RSCP) over total bandwidth (RSSI)
Ec/No [dB] = RSCP [dBm] RSSI [dBm]
The different throughput calculated for the RLC layer are the recommended throughput as
these are more realistic. Nowadays, the MAC throughputs are not really used. However,
they correspond to the value announced by the 3GPP standards (21 Mbits/s in DL in single
carrier and 42 Mbits in dual carrier).
Application Throughput
= ( )/
Average Effective RLC throughput in kbps (refer to previous formula)
Throughput scaling factor defined in the properties of the service used by the pixel (Traffic parameters / Services)
Throughput offset defined in the properties of the service used by the pixel (Traffic parameters / Services)
Transport Block size in kbits of the selected bearer (HSDPA radio bearers table)
TTI duration defined by the 3GPP: 2x10-3s
TTI is the minimum number of transmission between two TTI. This parameter is equal to 1 for all the UE categories
except categories 0 to 4 and 11 which are not used anymore. This value is available in the HSPA UE categories table
located in Parameters/UMTS Network Settings/UE categories.
How is the Peak RLC throughput calculated (displayed in the HSDPA bearer table): This
calculated throughput is linked to the number of RLC PDUs that can be considered in the
transport block. The RLC PDU size is 336 bits.
( . )
=
Transport Block size in kbits of the selected bearer (HSDPA radio bearers table)
TTI duration defined by the 3GPP: 2x10-3s
TTI is the minimum number of transmission between two TTI. This parameter is equal to 1 for all the UE
categories except categories 0 to 4 and 11 which are not used anymore. This value is available in the HSPA UE
categories table located in Parameters/UMTS Network Settings/UE categories.
The MUD factor available in the terminal properties has an impact on the HS-PDSCH Ec/Nt
used for the bearer selection (Reception equipment table), thus the throughput calculation
will be impacted by this parameter. For information, the recommended value for this
parameter is 0.75.
The parameter TTI used in different formulas is not impacting the calculation as its value is
1 in most cases. It can be different to one only for the first generation of 3G phones
introduced in the market: categories 0 to 4 and 11.