Second law of thermodynamics

#Definition of the entropy: entropy is the measurement of disorder within a system, denoted as S. The
change in entropy S suggests that time itself is asymmetric with respect to the orderliness of an
isolated system. In other words, the system would be more disorder, chaotic as time increases.

*The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated systems will always increase
(if the process is irreversible). Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards the thermal equilibrium
the state of maximum entropy. To be simple, the entropy of the universe (the ultimate isolated systems)
only increases but never decreases:

Sf > S i where: Si is the initial state of entropy of the system

Sf is the final state of entropy of the system

The 2nd case of the law: if the process is reversible (in the condition where no boundary layer losses), the
level of entropy will remain to be a constant.

#Application: Pressure Cooker

*The reason why people use pressure cooker is because it cooks food faster than conventional cooking
methods and it also saves more energy. This process uses water or other cooking liquid to create
pressure and steam. The trapped steam inside the cooker increases the internal pressure and allows the
temperatures to rise significantly. After being uses, the pressure is slowly released so that the vessel can
be safely opened.

*The design of Pressure cooker:

-The container
-The sealing ring
-The lid
-The pressure regulator
-The lock
-The trivet, metal divider (additional accessories)
*The mechanism behind this invention: Heat capacities of gases

For all substances that expand when heated, the heat capacity at a constant pressure is greater than the
heat capacity at a constant volume. If a gas is heated at a constant pressure, the gas must expand;
therefore the volume must also increase and does positive work on the container or its surrounding
environments. In a pot which doesnt have any cover on it, no matter how much heat is supplied to the
water, the steam evaporates from the pot is always ay 100 0C. When the steam is trapped inside the
pressure cooker, the pressure also rises to a higher level, hence the temperature of the steam inside also
rise above the normal 1000C. The higher the pressure of the vessel, the shorter the cooking time.
Therefore, the heat is transferred directly to the food surface and the food is cooked faster than usual
methods like boiling and baking.

References:

2nd Law of Thermodynamics. 5 Sep, 2016,

https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Laws_of_Ther
modynamics/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics. 5 May, 2015,

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo2.html

Paul A. Tipler, Gene Mosca. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with modern Physics. 6 th edition. W. H.
Freeman and Company. 2008