INTRODUCTION

Development of a country depends on the connectivity of various places with

adequate road network. Roads are the major channel of transportation for carrying goods and
passengers. They play a significant role in improving the socio-economic standards of a
region. Roads constitute the most important mode of communication in areas where railways
have not developed much and form the basic infra-structure for the development and
economic growth of the country. The benefits from the investment in road sector are indirect,
long-term and not immediately visible. Roads are important assets for any nation. However,
merely creating these assets is not enough, it has to be planned carefully and a pavement
which is not designed properly deteriorates fast. India is a large country having huge resource
of materials. If these local materials are used properly, the cost of construction can be
reduced. There are various type of pavements which differ in their suitability in different
environments. Each type of pavement has its own merits and demerits. Despite a large
number of seminars and conference, still in India, 98% roads are having flexible pavements.
A lot of research has been made on use of Waste materials but the role of these materials is
still limited. So there is need to take a holistic approach and mark the areas where these are
most suitable.
India has one of the largest road networks in the world (over 3 million km at
present).For the purpose of management and administration, roads in India are divided into
the following five categories:

National Highways (NH)

State Highways (SH)
Major District Roads (MDR)
Other District Roads (ODR)
Village Roads (VR)

The National Highways are intended to facilitate medium and long distance inter-city
passenger and freight traffic across the country. The State Highways are supposed to carry the
traffic along major centres within the State. Other District Roads and Village Roads provide
villages accessibility to meet their social needs as also the means to transport agriculture
produce from village to nearby markets. Major District Roads provide the secondary function
of linkage between main roads and rural roads.

1
 Point of view geographic and population of the state is the nation's largest state. State
Industrial, economic and social development of the state and the population of each village is
absolutely necessary to re-connect to the main roads. In addition to state important national
roads, state roads and district roads and their proper broad be made to improve the quality of
traffic point of view is of particular importance. Public Works Department to build roads and
improve connectivity in rural zones, Other District Road and State broad and improvement of
rural roads and main routes narrow construction of zones and depleted bridges and brides
reconstruction of the bases are transacted on a priority basis. Also under Pradhanmantri Gram
Sadak Yojana and pre-fabricated construction of rural roads linking the work of other district
roads broad Kilometres the scale bases are edited.

Successful operation of various schemes for the Public Works Department engineers
and supervisory boards in different districts of the engineers office has been settled.
Activities by planning, execution, and quality control etc. remove impediments find joy in
relation to the supervision over the activities are focused. Various schemes operated by the
Department of the Office of the Regional Chief Engineers and Chief Engineers office.

WHAT IS ROAD OR PAVEMENT?

Pavement or Road is an open, generally public way for the passage of vehicles, people, and
animals.

Pavement is finished with a hard smooth surface. It helped make them durable and able to
withstand traffic and the environment. They have a life span of between 20 30 years.

Road pavements deteriorate over time due to-

The impact of traffic, particularly heavy vehicles.

Environmental factors such as weather, pollution.

2
 PURPOSE

Many people rely on paved roads to move themselves and their products rapidly and
reliably.

FUNCTIONS

One of the primary functions is load distribution. It can be characterized by the tire
loads, tire configurations, repetition of loads, and distribution of traffic across the
pavement, and vehicle speed.

Pavement material and geometric design can eliminating moisture problems such as
mud consists of affect quick and efficient drainage. These and pounding (puddles).
Drainage system

Surface drainage: Removing all water present on the pavement surface, sloping,
chambers, and kerbs.
Subsurface drainage: Removing water that seep into or is contained in the
underlying sub-grade.

TYPES OF PAVEMENTS

There are various types of pavements depending upon the materials used; a briefs
description of all types is given here-

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

Bitumen has been widely used in the construction of flexible pavements for a long time. This
is the most convenient and simple type of construction. The cost of construction of single
lane bituminous pavement varies from 20 to 30 lakhs per km in plain areas. In some
applications, however, the performance of conventional bitumen may not be considered
satisfactory because of the following reasons

In summer season, due to high temperature, bitumen becomes soft resulting in

bleeding, rutting and segregation finally leading to failure of pavement.
In winter season, due to low temperature, the bitumen becomes brittle resulting in
cracking, ravelling and unevenness which makes the pavement unsuitable for use.

3
 In rainy season, water enters the pavement resulting into pot holes and sometimes total
removal of bituminous layer.
In hilly areas, due to sub-zero temperature, the freeze thaw and heave cycle takes
place. Due to freezing and melting of ice in bituminous voids, volume expansion and
contraction occur. This leads to pavements failure.
The cost of bitumen has been rising continuously. In near future, there will be scarcity
of bitumen and it will be impossible to procure bitumen at very high costs.

RIGID PAVEMENTS

Rigid pavements, though costly in initial investment, are cheap in long run because of low
maintenance costs. There are various merits in the use of Rigid pavements (Concrete
pavements) are summarized below:

Bitumen is derived from petroleum crude, which is in short supply globally and the
price of which has been rising steeply. India imports nearly 70% of the petroleum
crude. The demand for bitumen in the coming years is likely to grow steeply, far
outstripping the availability. Hence it will be in India's interest to explore alternative
binders. Cement is available in sufficient quantity in India, and its availability in the
future is also assured. Thus cement concrete roads should be the obvious choice in
future road programmes.
Besides the easy available of cement, concrete roads have a long life and are
practically maintenance-free.
Another major advantage of concrete roads is the savings in fuel by commercial
vehicles to an extent of 14-20%. The fuel savings themselves can support a large
programme of concreting.
Cement concrete roads save a substantial quantity of stone aggregates and this factor
must be considered when a choice pavements is made,
Concrete roads can withstand extreme weather conditions wide ranging
temperatures, heavy rainfall and water logging.
Though cement concrete roads may cost slightly more than a flexible pavement
initially, they are economical when whole-life-costing is considered.
Reduction in the cost of concrete pavements can be brought about by developing semi-
self-compacting concrete techniques and the use of closely spaced thin joints. R&D
efforts should be initiated in this area.

TYPES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

4
1. PLAIN CONCRETE OR SHORT PAVEMENT SLABS

This type of pavement consists of successive slabs whose length is limited to about 25 times
the slab thickness. At present it is recommended that the paving slabs not be made longer
than 5,even if the joints have dowels to transfer the loads. The movements as a result of
fluctuations in temperature and humidity are concentrated in the joints. Normally, these joints
are sealed to prevent water from penetrating the road structure. The width of the pavement
slabs is limited to a maximum of 4.5 m

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Continuously reinforced concrete

Continuously reinforced concrete pavements are characterised by the absence of

transverse joints and are equipped with longitudinal steel reinforcement. The diameter of the
reinforcing bars is calculated in such a way that cracking can be controlled and that the cracks
are uniformly distributed (spacing at 1 to 3 m). The crack width has to remain very small, i.e.
less than 0.3 mm.

Reinforced pavement slabs

Reinforced concrete pavement slabs are almost never used, except for inside or
outside industrial floors that are subjected to large loads or if the number of contraction joints
has to be limited.

Steel fibre concrete

The use of steel fibre concrete pavements is mainly limited to industrial floors.
However, in that sector they are used intensively. For road pavements steel fibre concrete can
be used for thin or very thin paving slabs or for very specific application.

MINERALS USED

5
 Concrete is widely used in domestic, commercial, recreational, rural and educational
construction. Communities around the world rely on concrete as a safe, strong and simple
building material. It is used in all types of construction; from domestic work to multi-storey
office blocks and shopping complexes. Despite the common usage of concrete, few people
are aware of the considerations involved in designing strong, durable, high quality concrete.

There are mainly three materials used primarily-

Cement
Sand
Aggregate

CEMENT

Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind
other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term
caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed
rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that were
added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum,
cement, cement, and cement.

Cements used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-

hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) harden because of hydration, a
chemical reaction between the anhydrous cement powder and water. Thus, they can harden
underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction results in
hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water. Non-hydraulic
cements do not harden underwater; for example, slaked limes harden by reaction with
atmospheric carbon dioxide.

The most important uses of cement are as an ingredient in the production of mortar in
masonry, and of concrete, a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong
building material.

TYPES OF CEMENT:-

6
 Portland cement

Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in general use around the
world. This cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with small quantities of
other materials (such as clay) to 1450 C in a kiln, in a process known as calcinations,
whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form
calcium oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been
included in the mix. The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small
amount of gypsum into a powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most commonly
used type of cement (often referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient of
concrete, mortar and most non-specialty grout. The most common use for Portland cement is
in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate
(gravel and sand), cement, and water.

As a construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once
hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. Portland cement may be grey or
white.
Portland fly ash cement

It contains up to 35% flyash. The fly ash is pozzolanic, so that ultimate strength is
maintained. Because fly ash addition allows lower concrete water content, early strength can
also be maintained. Where good quality cheap fly ash is available, this can be an economic
alternative to ordinary Portland cement.

Portland pozzolana cement

Its includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolana , but also includes cements made
from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where volcanic ashes are available.

Portland silica fume cement

Addition of silica fume can yield exceptionally high strengths, and cements
containing 5 20% silica fume are occasionally produced. However, silica fume is more
usually added to Portland cement at the concrete mixer
SAND

7
 Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and
mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock
sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental

settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO 2), usually in the
form of quartz. The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate, for example
aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by various forms of
life, like coral and shellfish. It is, for example, the primary form of sand apparent in areas
where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean.
AGGREGATE
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that,
along with water and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good
concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals
or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete.
Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided
into two distinct categories-fine and coarse. Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand
or crushed stone with most particles passing through a 3/8-inch (9.5-mm) sieve. Coarse
aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19 inch (4.75 mm), but generally range between
3/8 and 1.5 inches (9.5 mm to 37.5 mm) in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse
aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making up most of the remainder.
Natural gravel and sand are usually dug or dredged from a pit, river, lake, or seabed.
Crushed aggregate is produced by crushing quarry rock, boulders, cobbles, or large-size
gravel. Recycled concrete is a viable source of aggregate and has been satisfactorily used in
granular sub bases, soil-cement, and in new concrete. Aggregate processing consists of
crushing, screening, and washing the aggregate to obtain proper cleanliness and gradation
Once processed, the aggregates are handled and stored in a way that minimizes segregation
and degradation and prevents contamination. Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly
mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy. Consequently, selection
of aggregates is an important process. Although some variation in aggregate properties is
expected, characteristics that are considered when selecting aggregate include:

8
 grading
durability
particle shape and surface texture
abrasion and skid resistance
unit weights and voids
absorption and surface moisture

Grading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for aggregate. Grading
limits and maximum aggregate size are specified because grading and size affect the amount
of aggregate used as well as cement and water requirements, workability.

FINE AGGREGATE:

Fine aggregate shall consist of sand, or sand stone with similar characteristics, or
combination thereof. It shall meet requirements of the State Department of Transportation of
Uttar Pradesh , Section 501.3.6.3 of the Standard Specifications for Highway and Structure
Construction, current edition.

COARSE AGGREGATE:

Coarse aggregate shall consist of clean, hard, durable gravel, crushed gravel, crushed
boulders, or crushed stone. It shall meet the requirements of the State Department of
Transportation of Uttar Pradesh , Section 501.3.6.4 of the Standard Specifications for
Highway and Structure Construction, current edition.

PROPORTIONING

9
 The following table sets forth the master limits of the job mix for the several grades of
concrete, and designates the quantities of materials and relative proportions for each grade of
concrete. For Air-Entrained High-Early-Strength Concrete, as required or permitted when
High-Early-Strength Cement is used, the proportions shall be as given in the table.

The quantities of aggregates set forth in the tabulations are for oven dry materials
having a bulk specific gravity of 2.65. For aggregates having a different specific gravity, the
weights shall be adjusted in the ratio that the specific gravity of the material used bears to
2.65 .

PROCEDURE TO CONSTRUCT PAVEMENTS

During construction of a cement concrete pavement, various steps are taken as below-

Survey of proposed work is done by experienced engineers or by any expert of survey, site
survey includes geographical details, soil properties and site investigation.
After survey , a team of experienced engineers and architecture prepare detailed plan of
work with the help of various soft ware's.
After that a engineer prepares detailed estimate of proposed work and also prepares a
estimate regarding equipments required and labours requirements.

10
 Now excavation is done with the help of automatic machines and then a equipment is used
to cut nearby trees and root removal process.
And after these construction of soil sub grade , base coarse and then construction of
concrete slab is done.

PREPARATION OF THE SUB- GRADE OR BASE COARSE

The road sub grade has to be prepared carefully, in order to realize everywhere a
pavement structure of an adequate and uniform thickness. This allows to provide a
homogeneous bond between the concrete slab and its foundation which is important for the
later behaviour of the pavement structure.

For roads with a base, drainage of the water must be provided. Mud, leaves, etc. have
to be removed. When the base is permeable, it should be sprayed with water in order to
prevent the mixing water from being sucked out of the concrete.

However, if the base is impermeable (e.g. if the concrete is placed on a watertight asphalt
concrete interlayer) it can be necessary under warm weather conditions to cool down this
layer by spraying water on the surface.

The following points are important for roads without a foundation:

Drainage of all surface water;

Good compaction of the sub grade;
Filling and compaction of any ruts caused by construction traffic;
It is forbidden to level the sub grade by means of a course of sand. If the sub grade has to
be levelled, it is advisable to do this by using a granular material: either slag or coarse
aggregate e.g. with a grain size 0/20;
Provide an additional width of the sub grade for more lateral support.

It must always be avoided that water is sucked from the cement paste into the
substructure or the base. This can be accomplished by either moderately moistening the sub
grade, or by applying a plastic sheet on the substructure of the pavement. The latter work
must be done with care, to prevent the sheet from tearing or being pulled loose by the wind.

MIXING AND TRANSPORT OF CONCRETE

CONCRETE MIXING PLANT

11
 The concrete mixing plant must have a sufficient capacity in order to be able to
continuously supply concrete to the paving machines. The mix constituents and admixtures
have to be dosed very accurately. The number of aggregate feed bins has to equal at least the
number of different aggregate fractions. The bins shall have raised edges to prevent
contamination of the aggregate fractions. The equipment for loading the materials shall be in
good condition and shall have sufficient capacity to be able to continuously feed the bins. The
bucket of the loaders shall not be wider than the bins. The content of the cement silos and the
water tank are in proportion to the production rates.

For small works, permanent concrete mixing plants are often called on. In that case,
mixing plants that are inspected and that can deliver Indian quality certification concrete
should be used. Furthermore it is useful and even essential to have a communication system
between the concrete mixing plant and the construction site in order to coordinate the
batching and paving operations

TRANSPORT OF THE CONCRETE

Sufficient trucks must be available to continuously supply the paving machines. The
number depends on the yield at the construction site, the loading capacity of the trucks and
the cycle time (i.e. the transport time plus the time required to load and unload a truck). The
loading capacity and the type of truck to be used depend on the nature of the work, the haul
roads and the concrete paving machines. Usually, the specifications prescribe that the
concrete has to be transported in dump trucks as paving concrete consists of a relatively dry
mix having a consistency that makes transport and unloading in truck mixers difficult.
Furthermore, dump trucks can discharge the concrete faster. For small works and in urban
areas, the use of truck mixers is increasingly accepted. Under these circumstances an
admixture (e.g. a superplastisizer ) can be mixed in just before discharging the concrete.

The necessary measures have to be taken to prevent changes of the water content and
temperature of the concrete during transport. To this end, the specifications prescribe to cover
the dump trucks by means of a tarpaulin.

PLACING THE CONCRETE

Usually the concrete is placed using slip form paving machines which applies for all
categories of roads. This equipment meets both the requirements for quality and for the

12
envisaged rate of production. Conventional concreting trains riding on set up rails, are hardly
used any more for roadwork's in our country. For this reason this manner of execution will
not be dealt with here. However, the technique of manually placing the concrete using forms
is still applied in certain cases, such as for the construction of roundabouts with a small
diameter, at intersections, for repair work or when the execution conditions are such that slip
form pavers cannot be utilized. This occurs increasingly often in urban areas for the
construction of pavement surfaces of exposed aggregate and possibly coloured concrete.

SLIP FORM CONCRETE PAVING

PREPARATION OF THE TRACK RUNWAY
The quality of the runway for the tracks of the paving equipment [10] is undoubtedly
one of the most important factors that contribute to the realisation of a smooth pavement
surface. In connection therewith, the following criteria have to be met:
sufficient bearing capacity, so that the slip form paver can proceed without causing
deformations;
good skid resistance to prevent the tracks from slipping, especially when paving on a
slope;
Good evenness to avoid that the self-levelling systems have to compensate for excessive
differences in height. The track runway is a determining factor for the steering and
consequently its surface has to at least as smooth as the concrete paving surface itself.
The runway surface has to be permanently cleaned prior to the passage of the tracks.

The track runway has to be wide enough taking into account:

The greatest width of the paving machine plus an extra width (especially on
embankments);
The necessary space for placing the sensor lines.

EXECUTION
The supply of the concrete has to be arranged in such a way that a continuous
placement can be guaranteed without detrimental interruptions as each standstill can cause

13
unevenness's. This implies a sufficient capacity of the concrete mixing plant and of the means
of transportation of the concrete.
The concrete is discharged:
Either directly in front of the machine, using dump trucks. The concrete must be
discharged gradually, in order to limit the drop height. A crane is often necessary,
especially for larger working widths, in order to adequately spread the concrete mix;
or in the bin of a side feeder, for example if transport by dump trucks on the
foundation is impossible because of the presence of dowel chairs or reinforcement
steel;
Or in a supply container, from which the concrete is scooped with a crane.

It cannot be overemphasized that properly spreading the concrete in front of the slip
form paving machine is very important for the final quality of the work, especially with
regard to the smoothness. It is of great importance that in front of the slip form paver, a
constant and sufficient amount of concrete is available at all times so that a continuous paving
process can be guaranteed. The paver should never be used to push the concrete forward.

For large casting widths the concrete is preferably spread either by means of a
placer/spreader machine that operates in front of the paver or, by the slip form paver itself (side
feeder, spreading augers, wagon,). The use of a placer/spreader, allows the slip form paver
to proceed more steadily. The distance between the placer/spreader and the slip form machine
has to be kept small enough to limit changes in the water content of the concrete mix.

The paving rate has to match the concrete delivery rate, but the consistency of the
concrete and the evenness of the track runways must also be taken into consideration. In
practice, the optimum speed of the paving machine lies between 0.75 and 1 m/min. A steady
progress of the paving operations without detrimental interruptions guarantees quality,
whatever type of machine is used.

All regulating devices of the paving machine have to be tuned before any paving is
started. However, this regulation should also be monitored during the entire course of the
paving process and adjusted if necessary, so that the concrete pavement is executed correctly:
thickness, flawless edges, surface smoothness. Some machines are equipped with a dowel bar
inserter or an anchor bar (also called tie-bar) inserter. Dowel bars are inserted in the fresh

14
concrete down to the correct elevation after the vibrator but before the tamper bar. The dowel
bar inserter preferably operates in a continuous operation. Every precaution must be taken to
place the dowels correctly and not to disrupt the evenness of the concrete surface
(composition of the concrete, paving speed, etc.).

The use of a 'super smoother' (longitudinal floating tool) is highly recommended and
in some specifications it is even made compulsory whenever a slip form paver is used and
especially for pavements for high speed roads. The super smoother is a beam float suspended
from the backside of the slip form machine and that moves back and forth in the longitudinal
direction while simultaneously traversing the freshly finished concrete surface. It allows to
eliminate small finishing errors or any remaining high and low spots behind the slip form
paver. This improves the driving comfort and limits the nuisance caused by unevenness's with
a short wave length (noise, vibrations). Small traces of cement slurry produced after the
passage of the super smoother, are subsequently removed by dragging a section of burlap or a
drag plate. The super smoother can also be used for other road categories, including bicycle
paths.

MEASURES TO OBTAIN A GOOD EVENNESS

A good evenness depends primarily on the following factors:
concrete mix with an uniform consistency, adapted to the paving machines and the
working circumstances,
a regular supply of concrete and a uniform spreading in front of the paver,
correct operation of the paving machines, which in turn depends on the setting of the
forms or the sensor lines, the quality of the track runways, the regulation of the sensors,
etc.,
steady progress of the paver, without interruptions and with a speed compatible with the
consistency of the concrete and the working circumstances, use of specific tools or
equipment to eliminate small bumps after the paving machines: correction beam, super
smoother, etc.
EXECUTION OF JOINTS
All the equipment that is necessary to make joints in the fresh or hardened concrete must
be present at the construction site.
The saw blades have to be suitable to the quality of the concrete, i.e. to the hardness and
the abrasion resistance of the aggregates. It is useful to have spare equipment available in
case of a defect.

15
 The beam for making a construction joint shall be rigid and shall allow the realization of a
straight joint perpendicular to the axis of the road. This beam has to be adapted to the type
of pavement (jointed pavement, continuously reinforced concrete pavement).
TRANSVERSE JOINTS
1. CONTRACTION JOINTS
Crack onsets are executed to avoid uncontrolled (wild) cracking of the concrete by
shrinkage. Contraction joints have a crack onset which extends to a depth of one third of
the slab thickness and can be equipped with dowels.
On main roads, the contraction joints are usually made by sawing. The saw cutting should
occur as soon as possible, usually between 5 and 24 hours after placement of the concrete.
It is obvious that the concrete should have hardened sufficiently in order to prevent the
edges of the joint from being damaged. In case of high temperatures, special equipment is
available to execute saw cutting within 3 hours subsequent to the placement of the
concrete. In that case, light equipment is used to make saw cuts of about 2.5 cm deep.
Every saw cut that has not instigated a crack within 24 hours is deepened up to 1/3 of the
slab thickness.
Making crack onsets for contraction joints in the fresh concrete is a technique that is
practically no longer applied except for country roads or municipal roads whenever the
traffic intensity and evenness requirements permit so.
To make such a joint, a thin steel blade (no more than 6 mm thick) is vibrated into the
fresh concrete to a depth of 1/3 of the slab thickness

The joint can be made both with flexible and with rigid joint strips. In the first
method, a thin plastic strip twice as wide as the depth of the crack point plus 2 cm is laid on
the fresh concrete. The steel blade is positioned in the middle of the strip and is subsequently
vibrated into the fresh concrete. In the second method the rigid joint strip is inserted into a
groove priory made by vibrating the steel blade in the concrete. The top of the strip must be
flush with the pavement surface.

16
 After having made the crack onset, the concrete surface along the joint should be
smoothened again. However, manual corrections should be kept to a minimum as much as
possible, since they can cause spalling of the joint edges later.

2. EXPANSION JOINTS

Expansion joints are only used exceptionally. In these rare cases, they have to meet the
necessary requirements so as not to cause difficulties later.

The execution of expansion joints requires special attention when using slip form paving
machines.

Special attention shall be paid to the following:

The wooden joint filler board shall be firmly attached to the base by means of
metal stakes, so that it cannot move while the concrete is being placed;
The height of the joint filler board shall be slightly(2 to 3 cm) shallower than the
thickness of the concrete slab, in order not to hinder the placement of the concrete.
As soon as the slip form paving machine has passed, the concrete above the joint
filler board shall be removed over a width at least equal to the thickness of the
board, so that no concrete arch is made at the top of the joint;

3. CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

Construction joints also called end-of-day or working joints - are made at the end of
the daily production or when the paving process is interrupted for at least 2 hours. The face of
these joints is plane, vertical and perpendicular to the axis of the pavement. They are always
doweled.

17
 Upon resuming the paving the fresh concrete is placed against the concrete that has
already hardened. The concrete is consolidated on both sides of the joint with a separate
manual needle vibrator.

LONGITUDINAL JOINTS

Longitudinal joints run parallel to the axis of the road and are only necessary if the pavement
is wider than 4.5m. They can be provided with tie bars.

1. LONGITUDINAL CONTRACTION / BENDING JOINTS

These joints are realized between adjacent concrete lanes that are executed simultaneously.
They are saw cut in the hardened concrete, no later than 24 hours after the concrete has been
placed. The depth is at least 1/3 of the thickness of the slab.

2. LONGITUDINAL CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

These are joints between two adjacent concrete lanes that are executed successively.

CURING
Curing is the process of increasing hydration in cement; after setting the concrete, curing
process is done till 20 to 25 days.
There are some method of curing-

Shading concrete works

Covering with hessian & gunny bags
Sprinkling of water
By pounding
Membrane curing

PROTECTION OF THE CONCRETE PAVEMENT

1. PROTECTION AGAINST DRYING OUT

The quality of hardened concrete, and in particular, the durability of the surface,
depends directly on the protection of the fresh concrete against drying out. It is detrimental
both to the strength and to the shrinkage (risk of cracks forming) and also to the durability
when the fresh concrete loses water. As a result of their large exposed areas, pavements are

18
greatly subjected to drying out. E.g. at an ambient temperature of 20C, a relative humidity of
60 %, a temperature of the concrete of 25C and a wind speed of 25 km/h, 1 litre of water
will evaporate every hour from every m2of pavement surface. Note that the upper surface
layer (a few cm thick) of the concrete only contains about 4 litres of water per m2.

A curing compound is usually used to protect road concrete against drying out [43]. This
coating is sprayed on the concrete top surface and on the vertical surfaces immediately after the
paving train has passed and, if applicable, after the concrete surface has been broomed.

In case of an exposed aggregate finish, the setting retarder must also have the property
that it protects the concrete against drying out. If not, the concrete must be covered with a
plastic sheet as soon as the setting retarder is applied. As stated above, subsequent to the
removal of the skin of concrete mortar, the concrete is protected against drying out a second
time by spraying a curing compound or by covering the surface with a plastic sheet. The latter
method is particularly used in urban areas on coloured exposed aggregate concrete.

The curing compound has to be applied at a rate of at least 200 g/m2 and its
effectiveness coefficient shall be greater than 80%. Curing compounds are pigmented white
or have a metallic gloss so as to better reflect sunlight which limits the warming up of the
concrete.

2. PROTECTION AGAINST RAIN

Concreting is stopped if it rains. Furthermore, the necessary measures have to be taken to

prevent that the concrete surface is washed out by rain. This applies both to freshly spread
concrete that has not been compacted yet and to smoothed concrete. Plastic sheets or mobile
shelters are suitable means of protection.

3. PROTECTION AGAINST FROST

19
When concrete is placed in cold weather (see also 8.4.1) the pavement surface has to be
effectively protected against frost in such a way that the temperature at the surface of the
concrete does not drop below + 1 C for 72 hours after placement. This protection can consist
of, for example, non-woven geotextile or polystyrene foam plates with ballast.

4. PROTECTION AGAINST MECHANICAL INFLUENCES

(TRAFFIC SIGNPOSTING)

Every necessary measure shall be taken to protect the fresh concrete from damage due to all
kinds of mechanical influences (cars, bicycles, pedestrians, animals, etc.).

In urban areas these measures are even more necessary.

SPECIAL MEASURES

WORKABILITY PERIOD

It must always be ensured that the concrete is processed as quickly as possible,

certainly within 2 hours after batching including the surface treatment and the protection
measures. In hot, dry weather an even shorter workability time has to be observed (maximum
90 minutes). Unless special precautions are taken that have been approved by the manager of

20
the works, concrete can only be laid if the air temperature at 1.5 m above ground under
thermometer shelter does not exceed 25c.

Furthermore, all necessary measures shall be taken to keep the water content of the
concrete as constant as possible from the time of batching until completion of the placement.

PAVING INTERRUPTIONS

Whenever the supply of concrete is interrupted, the driver of the paving machine shall
immediately take the necessary measures to lower the speed of the paving train and to ensure
that the machine stops as little as possible.

For a short interruption, the machine should be stopped before the deposited concrete
in the vibrating chamber has dropped to such a level that the vibrators become visible. If the
supply is interrupted for more than 60 minutes (45 min. in hot weather), a construction joint
has to be made.

Upon a long-lasting defect of the paving equipment, the supply of fresh concrete has
to be stopped immediately and an attempt must be made to complete the current paving
phase. If the circumstances and the elapsed workability time no longer make a proper
completion possible, the concrete, that has been deposited but not yet finished, has to be
removed.

To achieve a continuous profile, particular care is taken of the execution of the

construction joints, both at the end of the day and every time work is resumed. The concrete
is compacted preferably with a separate vibrating needle before the paving machine is
passing in order to obtain properly compacted concrete on both sides of the joint.

PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE ON A SLOPE

When placing concrete on a slope of less than 4 % it is recommended to work uphill,

in order to prevent tension cracks at the surface. Furthermore, the consistency of the concrete
and the working speed of the paver have to be adapted to the working conditions.

However, if the longitudinal slope is more than 4 %, unevenness can occur as

concrete falls back when the machines have passed. In that case, a suitable composition of the

21
concrete mix has to be realized and it is recommended to work downhill. It must be ensured
that enough concrete is deposited in front of the paving machine to prevent the concrete from
sliding down. Concrete pavements have been successfully executed on slopes of 10 to 12 %.
At one time the slope was even 18 %.

OPENING TO TRAFFIC

Usually, a concrete pavement is only opened to traffic 7 days after the concrete has
been laid and after, in the presence of all parties, any possible cracks have been recorded. A
concrete pavement of less than 7 days old, can be opened to traffic if the contractor provides
proof that the concrete has reached the minimum compressive strength stipulated in the
specifications.

Presently, special compositions of the concrete mix allow an early opening to traffic,
i.e. between 24 and 48 hours after placement. These mixes are used, for example, for
pavement repair works to reduce the nuisance to the public as much as possible.

It is pointless to talk about quality if not all employees, each at his own level, make a
special effort to understand the rules of good practice, upgrade their know-how and act
accordingly.

COST ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENTS

The selection criteria of type of pavement, flexible or rigid, should be based not on
the initial cost of construction but life cycle cost, which includes the discounted maintenance
and pavement strengthening costs that are incurred during the design life of the pavement.

INITIAL COST

This is the cost of construction of the pavement which mainly depends upon the
pavement thickness, governed by the strength of sub grade soil and traffic loading, cost of
materials and cost of execution of the work. the above have a wide range of variability across
the country and is difficult to generalise.

MAINTENANCE COST

22
 The maintenance cost includes the maintenance of pavement during the design life of
pavement to keep the pavement at the specified service level. In case of rural roads,
maintenance of these roads is to be done by the respective state government from its available
financial resources. most of the states have poor past performance record to maintain such
low volume roads through other schemes, mainly because of having inadequate funds for
maintenance of road infrastructure in the state.

LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

Life cycle cost analysis can be defined as a procedure by which a pavement design alternative
will be selected , which will provide a satisfactory level of service at the lowest cost design
life.

RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN AND COSTOF CONSTRUCTION PER

KILOMETERS

The design of rigid pavement depends upon the CBR value of sub grade , design axle load of
commercial vehicles during the design life, which is generally 20 years or more for rural
roads, a typical pavement composition for rural road is given below :( refer: SP:62-2004):

MAINTENANCE COST OF RIGID PAVEMENT

The average yearly maintenance cost of rigid pavement will be about Rs. 10000per
km for a single lane rural road to cover filling of sealing compound in the joints, requires of
concrete spalling etc.

LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT

23
 Period of analysis has been considered as 20 years, being the design life of concrete
pavement in rural area. the discount rate of 10% has been taken. inflation rate of 5% has been
considered for future rise in prices of materials.

CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT VS BITUMINOUS

PAVEMENT- A COST ANALYSIS

24
25
 CONCLUSION

Indias economical growth plan of over 6% per annum for the next 20 years will, to a
great extent, depend on an efficient road infrastructure, not only national highways but other
roads too, including link roads for rural connectivity, which can provide fast movement of
goods and people with safety and economical cost to the user. government of India has drawn

26
up Pradhn Mantri gram Sarak Yojana(PMGSY) for implementation of rural connectivity. it is
estimated that in the next 7 years, road works under PMGSY worth Rs. 1,20,000 crores are to
be constructed .

Since road pavements are an important part of these projects, costing about 50% of
the investment , a careful evaluation of the alternatives is necessary to make the right choice
on a rational basis, which may be comparatively more beneficial to the nation.

27